North America
UN M49 code | 003 – North America019 – Americas001 – Earth |
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North America is a continent[b] in the Northern and Western Hemispheres.[c] North America is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea, and to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean. Greater North America includes the Bahamas, Bermuda, Canada, the Caribbean, Central America, Clipperton Island, Greenland, Mexico, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Turks and Caicos Islands, and the United States.
Continental North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers (9,540,000 square miles), representing approximately 16.5% of the Earth's land area and 4.8% of its total surface area. It is the third-largest continent by size after Asia and Africa, and the fourth-largest continent by population after Asia, Africa, and Europe. As of 2021[update], North America's population was estimated as over 592 million people in 23 independent states, or about 7.5% of the world's population. In human geography, the terms "North America" and "North American" sometimes refer to just Canada, the United States, Mexico, and Greenland.[7][8][9][10][11]
It is unknown with certainty how and when first human populations first reached North America. People were known to live in the Americas at least 20,000 years ago[12] but various evidence points to possibly earlier dates.[13][14] The Paleo-Indian period in North America followed the Last Glacial Period, and lasted until about 10,000 years ago when the Archaic period began. The classic stage followed the Archaic period, and lasted from approximately the 6th to 13th centuries. Beginning in 1000 AD, the Norse were the first Europeans to begin exploring and ultimately colonizing areas of North America.
In 1492, the exploratory voyages of
Europe's colonization in North America led to most North Americans speaking European languages, such as English, Spanish, and French, and the cultures of the region commonly reflect Western traditions. However, relatively small parts of North America in Canada, the United States, Mexico, and Central America have indigenous populations that continue adhering to their respective pre-European colonial cultural and linguistic traditions.
Name
The
Waldseemüller used the Latin version of Vespucci's name, Americus Vespucius, in its feminine form of "America", following the examples of "Europa", "Asia", and "Africa". Map makers later extended the name America to North America.
In 1538, Gerardus Mercator used the term America on his world map of the entire Western Hemisphere.[20] On his subsequent 1569 map, Mercator called North America "America or New India" (America sive India Nova).[21]
The Spanish Empire called its territories in North and South America "Las Indias", and the name given to the state body that oversaw the region was called the Council of the Indies.
Definitions
The United Nations and its statistics division recognize North America as including three regions: Northern America, Central America, and the Caribbean.[22] "Northern America" is a distinct term from "North America", excluding Central America, which itself may or may not include Mexico. In the limited context of regional trade agreements, the term is used to reference three nations: Canada, the United States, and Mexico.
France, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Romania, Greece, and the countries of Latin America use a six-continent model, with the Americas viewed as a single continent and North America designating a subcontinent comprising Canada, the United States, Mexico, and Saint Pierre and Miquelon (politically part of France), and often including Greenland and Bermuda.[23][24][25][26][27]
North America has historically been known by other names, including Spanish North America, New Spain, and América Septentrional, the first official name given to Mexico.[28]
Regions
North America includes several regions and subregions, each of which have their own respective cultural, economic, and geographic regions. Economic regions include several regions formalized in 20th- and 21st-century trade agreements, including NAFTA between Canada, Mexico, and the United States, and CAFTA between Central America, the Dominican Republic, and the United States.
North America is divided linguistically and culturally into two primary regions,
.The southern portion of North America includes Central America and non-English speaking Caribbean nations.[30][31] The north of the continent maintains recognized regions as well. In contrast to the common definition of North America, which encompasses the whole North American continent, the term "North America" is sometimes used more narrowly to refer only to four nations, Canada, Greenland, Mexico, and the U.S.[32][33][34][35][36] The U.S. Census Bureau includes Saint Pierre and Miquelon, but excludes Mexico from its definition.[37]
The term Northern America refers to the northernmost countries and territories of North America: the U.S., Bermuda, Canada, Greenland, and St. Pierre and Miquelon.[38][39] Although the term does not refer to a unified region,[40] Middle America includes Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean.[41]
North America's largest countries by land area are Canada and the U.S., both of which have well-defined and recognized subregions. In Canada, these include (from east to west) Atlantic Canada, Central Canada, Canadian Prairies, the British Columbia Coast, and Northern Canada. In the U.S., they include New England, the Mid-Atlantic, South Atlantic states, East North Central states, West North Central states, East South Central states, West South Central states, Mountain states, and Pacific states. The Great Lakes region and the Pacific Northwest include areas in both Canada and the U.S.
Countries, dependencies, and other territories
Arms | Flag | Country / Territory[42][43] | Area[44] | Population (2021)[45][46] |
Population density |
Capital | Name(s) in official language(s) | ISO 3166-1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anguilla (United Kingdom) |
91 km2 (35 sq mi) |
15,753 | 164.8/km2 (427/sq mi) |
The Valley | Anguilla | AIA | ||
Antigua and Barbuda | 442 km2 (171 sq mi) |
93,219 | 199.1/km2 (516/sq mi) |
St. John's | Antigua and Barbuda | ATG | ||
Aruba (Kingdom of the Netherlands)[d] |
180 km2 (69 sq mi) |
106,537 | 594.4/km2 (1,539/sq mi) |
Oranjestad | Aruba | ABW | ||
The Bahamas[e] | 13,943 km2 (5,383 sq mi) |
407,906 | 24.5/km2 (63/sq mi) |
Nassau | Bahamas | BHS | ||
Barbados | 430 km2 (170 sq mi) |
281,200 | 595.3/km2 (1,542/sq mi) |
Bridgetown | Barbados | BRB | ||
Belize | 22,966 km2 (8,867 sq mi) |
400,031 | 13.4/km2 (35/sq mi) |
Belmopan | Belize | BLZ | ||
Bermuda (United Kingdom) |
54 km2 (21 sq mi) |
64,185 | 1,203.7/km2 (3,118/sq mi) |
Hamilton | Bermuda | BMU | ||
Bonaire (Kingdom of the Netherlands)[d][47] |
294 km2 (114 sq mi) |
12,093 | 41.1/km2 (106/sq mi) |
Kralendijk | Boneiru | BES | ||
British Virgin Islands (United Kingdom) |
151 km2 (58 sq mi) |
31,122 | 152.3/km2 (394/sq mi) |
Road Town | British Virgin Islands | VGB | ||
Canada | 9,984,670 km2 (3,855,100 sq mi) |
38,155,012 | 3.7/km2 (9.6/sq mi) |
Ottawa | Canada | CAN | ||
Cayman Islands (United Kingdom) |
264 km2 (102 sq mi) |
68,136 | 212.1/km2 (549/sq mi) |
George Town | Cayman Islands | CYM | ||
Clipperton Island (France) | 6 km2 (2.3 sq mi) |
0 | 0/km2 (0/sq mi) |
— | Île de Clipperton | CPT | ||
Costa Rica | 51,100 km2 (19,700 sq mi) |
5,153,957 | 89.6/km2 (232/sq mi) |
San José | Costa Rica | CRI | ||
Cuba | 109,886 km2 (42,427 sq mi) |
11,256,372 | 102.0/km2 (264/sq mi) |
Havana | Cuba | CUB | ||
Curaçao (Kingdom of the Netherlands)[d] |
444 km2 (171 sq mi) |
190,338 | 317.1/km2 (821/sq mi) |
Willemstad | Kòrsou | CUW | ||
Dominica | 751 km2 (290 sq mi) |
72,412 | 89.2/km2 (231/sq mi) |
Roseau | Dominica | DMA | ||
Dominican Republic | 48,671 km2 (18,792 sq mi) |
11,117,873 | 207.3/km2 (537/sq mi) |
Santo Domingo | República Dominicana | DOM | ||
El Salvador | 21,041 km2 (8,124 sq mi) |
6,314,167 | 293.0/km2 (759/sq mi) |
San Salvador | El Salvador | SLV | ||
Federal Dependencies of Venezuela (Venezuela) |
342 km2 (132 sq mi) |
2,155 | 6.3/km2 (16/sq mi) |
Gran Roque | Dependencias Federales de Venezuela | VEN-W | ||
Kingdom of Denmark )
|
2,166,086 km2 (836,330 sq mi) |
56,243 | 0.026/km2 (0.067/sq mi) |
Nuuk | Kalaallit Nunaat/Grønland | GRL | ||
Grenada | 344 km2 (133 sq mi) |
124,610 | 302.3/km2 (783/sq mi) |
St. George's | Gwinàd | GRD | ||
Guadeloupe (France) |
1,628 km2 (629 sq mi) |
396,051 | 246.7/km2 (639/sq mi) |
Basse-Terre | Gwadloup | GLP | ||
Guatemala | 108,889 km2 (42,042 sq mi) |
17,608,483 | 128.8/km2 (334/sq mi) |
Guatemala City | Guatemala | GTM | ||
Haiti | 27,750 km2 (10,710 sq mi) |
11,447,569 | 361.5/km2 (936/sq mi) |
Port-au-Prince | Ayiti/Haïti | HTI | ||
Honduras | 112,492 km2 (43,433 sq mi) |
10,278,345 | 66.4/km2 (172/sq mi) |
Tegucigalpa | Honduras | HND | ||
Jamaica | 10,991 km2 (4,244 sq mi) |
2,827,695 | 247.4/km2 (641/sq mi) |
Kingston | Jumieka | JAM | ||
Martinique (France) |
1,128 km2 (436 sq mi) |
368,796 | 352.6/km2 (913/sq mi) |
Fort-de-France | Martinique/Matinik | MTQ | ||
Mexico | 1,964,375 km2 (758,449 sq mi) |
126,705,138 | 57.1/km2 (148/sq mi) |
Mexico City | México | MEX | ||
Montserrat (United Kingdom) |
102 km2 (39 sq mi) |
4,417 | 58.8/km2 (152/sq mi) |
Brades[f]
|
Montserrat | MSR | ||
Nicaragua | 130,373 km2 (50,337 sq mi) |
6,850,540 | 44.1/km2 (114/sq mi) |
Managua | Nicaragua | NIC | ||
Nueva Esparta (Venezuela) |
1,151 km2 (444 sq mi) |
491,610 | 427.1/km2 (1,106/sq mi) |
La Asunción | Nueva Esparta | VEN-O | ||
Panama[d][g] | 75,417 km2 (29,119 sq mi) |
4,351,267 | 45.8/km2 (119/sq mi) |
Panama City | Panamá | PAN | ||
Puerto Rico (United States) |
8,870 km2 (3,420 sq mi) |
3,256,028 | 448.9/km2 (1,163/sq mi) |
San Juan | Puerto Rico | PRI | ||
Saba (Kingdom of the Netherlands)[47] |
13 km2 (5 sq mi) |
1,537 | 118.2/km2 (306/sq mi) |
The Bottom | Saba | BES | ||
San Andrés and Providencia (Colombia) |
53 km2 (20 sq mi) |
77,701 | 1,468.59/km2 (3,803.6/sq mi) |
San Andrés | San Andrés | COL-SAP | ||
Saint Barthélemy (France)[48] |
21 km2 (8.1 sq mi)[49] |
7,448 | 354.7/km2 (919/sq mi) |
Gustavia | Saint-Barthélemy | BLM | ||
Saint Kitts and Nevis | 261 km2 (101 sq mi) |
47,606 | 199.2/km2 (516/sq mi) |
Basseterre | Saint Kitts and Nevis | KNA | ||
Saint Lucia | 539 km2 (208 sq mi) |
179,651 | 319.1/km2 (826/sq mi) |
Castries | Sainte-Lucie | LCA | ||
Saint Martin (France)[48] |
54 km2 (21 sq mi)[49] |
29,820 | 552.2/km2 (1,430/sq mi) |
Marigot
|
Saint-Martin | MAF | ||
Saint Pierre and Miquelon (France) |
242 km2 (93 sq mi) |
5,883 | 24.8/km2 (64/sq mi) |
Saint-Pierre | Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon | SPM | ||
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 389 km2 (150 sq mi) |
104,332 | 280.2/km2 (726/sq mi) |
Kingstown | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | VCT | ||
Sint Eustatius (Kingdom of the Netherlands)[47] |
21 km2 (8.1 sq mi) |
2,739 | 130.4/km2 (338/sq mi) |
Oranjestad | Sint Eustatius | BES | ||
Sint Maarten (Kingdom of the Netherlands) |
34 km2 (13 sq mi) |
44,042 | 1,176.7/km2 (3,048/sq mi) |
Philipsburg | Sint Maarten | SXM | ||
Trinidad and Tobago[d] | 5,130 km2 (1,980 sq mi) |
1,525,663 | 261.0/km2 (676/sq mi) |
Port of Spain | Trinidad and Tobago | TTO | ||
Turks and Caicos Islands (United Kingdom)[h] |
948 km2 (366 sq mi) |
45,114 | 34.8/km2 (90/sq mi) |
Grand Turk (Cockburn Town) | Turks and Caicos Islands | TCA | ||
United States[i] | 9,629,091 km2 (3,717,813 sq mi) |
336,997,624 | 32.7/km2 (85/sq mi) |
Washington, D.C. | United States of America | USA | ||
United States Virgin Islands (United States) |
347 km2 (134 sq mi) |
100,091 | 317.0/km2 (821/sq mi) |
Charlotte Amalie
|
US Virgin Islands | VIR | ||
Total | 24,500,995 km2 (9,459,887 sq mi) |
583,473,912 | 22.1/km2 (57/sq mi) |
Natural characteristics
Geography
North America occupies the northern portion of the landmass generally referred to as the New World, the Western Hemisphere, the Americas, or simply America, which, in many countries, is considered a single continent[50][51][52] with North America a subcontinent.[53][54][55] North America is the third-largest continent by area after Asia and Africa.[56][57]
North America's only land connection to
Before the Central American isthmus formed, the region had been underwater. The islands of the West Indies delineate a submerged former land bridge, which had connected North and South America via what are now Florida and Venezuela.
There are several islands off the continent's coasts; principally, the Arctic Archipelago, the
The vast majority of North America is on the North American Plate. Parts of western Mexico, including Baja California, and of
The continent can be divided into four great regions (each of which contains many subregions): the
The western mountains are split in the middle into the main range of the Rockies and the coast ranges in California, Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia, with the Great Basin—a lower area containing smaller ranges and low-lying deserts—in between. The highest peak is Denali in Alaska.
The
Geology
Geologic history
Laurentia is an ancient craton which forms the geologic core of North America; it formed between 1.5 and 1.0 billion years ago during the Proterozoic eon.[64] The Canadian Shield is the largest exposure of this craton. From the Late Paleozoic to Early Mesozoic eras, North America was joined with the other modern-day continents as part of the supercontinent Pangaea, with Eurasia to its east. One of the results of the formation of Pangaea was the Appalachian Mountains, which formed some 480 mya, making it among the oldest mountain ranges in the world. When Pangaea began to rift around 200 mya, North America became part of Laurasia, before it separated from Eurasia as its own continent during the mid-Cretaceous period.[65] The Rockies and other western mountain ranges began forming around this time from a period of mountain building called the Laramide orogeny, between 80 and 55 mya. The formation of the Isthmus of Panama that connected the continent to South America arguably occurred approximately 12 to 15 mya,[66] and the Great Lakes (as well as many other northern freshwater lakes and rivers) were carved by receding glaciers about 10,000 years ago.
North America is the source of much of what humanity knows about
Canada
United States
The
- The American cordillera
- The Canadian Shield[69] Northern portion of the upper midwestern U.S.
- The stable platform
- The coastal plain
- The Appalachian orogenic belt
The geology of Alaska is typical of that of the cordillera, while the major islands of Hawaii consist of Neogene volcanics erupted over a hot spot.
Central America
Volcanic eruptions are common in the region. In 1968 the Arenal Volcano, in Costa Rica, erupted and killed 87 people. Fertile soils from weathered volcanic lavas have made it possible to sustain dense populations in agriculturally productive highland areas.
Central America has many mountain ranges; the longest are the Sierra Madre de Chiapas, the Cordillera Isabelia, and the Cordillera de Talamanca. Between the mountain ranges lie fertile valleys that are suitable for the people; in fact, most of the population of Honduras, Costa Rica, and Guatemala live in valleys. Valleys are also suitable for the production of coffee, beans, and other crops.
Climate
North America is a very large continent that extends from north of the Arctic Circle to south of the Tropic of Cancer. Greenland, along with the Canadian Shield, is tundra with average temperatures ranging from 10 to 20 °C (50 to 68 °F), but central Greenland is composed of a very large ice sheet. This tundra radiates throughout Canada, but its border ends near the Rocky Mountains (but still contains Alaska) and at the end of the Canadian Shield, near the Great Lakes. Climate west of the Cascade Range is described as being temperate weather with average precipitation 20 inches (510 millimeters).[72] Climate in coastal California is described to be Mediterranean, with average temperatures in cities like San Francisco ranging from 57 to 70 °F (14 to 21 °C) over the course of the year.[73]
Stretching from the East Coast to eastern North Dakota, and stretching down to Kansas, is the humid continental climate featuring intense seasons, with a large amount of annual precipitation, with places like New York City averaging 50 in (1,300 mm).[74] Starting at the southern border of the humid continental climate and stretching to the
Ecology
Notable North American fauna include the
History
Pre-Columbian era
The
Prior to the arrival of European explorers and colonists in North America, the
During the thousands of years of native habitation on the continent, cultures changed and shifted. One of the oldest yet discovered is the
The first recorded European references to North America are in
The Mayan culture was still present in
Post-contact, 1492–1910
During the so-called
On the North America's southeastern coast, Spanish explorer
Other European powers began to intrude on areas claimed by Spain, including the Caribbean islands. France took the western half of Hispaniola and developed Saint-Domingue as a cane sugar producing colony worked by black slave labor. Britain took Barbados and Jamaica, and the Dutch and Danes took islands previously claimed by Spain. Britain did not begin settling on the North American mainland until a hundred years after the first Spanish settlements, since it sought first to control nearby Ireland.
English settlements
The first permanent English settlement was in
Seven Years' War
With the British victory in the
American Revolution
In 1776, after various attempts to reconcile differences with the British, the Thirteen Colonies in British America sent delegates to the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia, who unanimously adopted the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, written primarily by Thomas Jefferson, a member of the Committee of Five charged by the Second Continental Congress with authoring it. In the Declaration, the thirteen colonies declared their independence from the British monarchy, then governed by King George III, and detailed the factors that contributed to their decision. With the signing and issuance of the Declaration of Independence, the thirteen colonies formalized and escalated the American Revolutionary War, which had begun the year before at the Battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775. Gathered in Philadelphia following the war's outbreak, delegates from the thirteen colonies established the Continental Army from various patriot militias then engaged in resisting the British, and appointed George Washington as the Continental Army's military commander.
As the American Revolutionary War progressed, France and Spain, both then enemies of Britain, began to ultimately see the promise of a potential American victory in the war and began supporting Washington and the American Revolutionary cause. The British Army, in turn, was supported by Hessian military units from present-day Germany.
In 1783, after an eight-year attempt to defeat the American rebellion, King George III acknowledged Britain's defeat in the war, leading to the signing of the Treaty of Paris on September 3, 1783, which solidified the sovereign establishment of the United States.
Westward expansion
By the late 18th century, Russia was established on the Pacific Northwest northern coastline, where it was engaged in maritime fur trade and was supported by various indigenous settlements in the region. As a result, the Spanish were showing more interest in controlling the trade on the Pacific coast and mapped most of its coastline. The first Spanish settlements were attempted in Alta California during that period. Numerous overland explorations associated with voyageurs, fur trade, and U.S. led expeditions, including the Lewis and Clark, Frémont and Wilkes expeditions, reached the Pacific.
In 1803, during the
Canada and Panama Canal
In 1867, colonial settlers north of the United States, unified as the dominion of Canada. The U.S. sought to dig a canal across the Isthmus of Panama in present-day Panama in Central America, then a part of present-day Colombia. The U.S. aided Panamanians in a war that resulted in its separation from Colombia. The U.S. subsequently carved out the Panama Canal Zone, and claimed sovereignty over it. After decades of work, the Panama Canal was completed, which connected the Atlantic and Pacific oceans in 1913 and greatly facilitated global shipping navigation.
Demographics
Canada and the United States are the wealthiest and most
Demographically, North America is ethnically diverse. Its three main groups are Whites, Mestizos and Blacks.[104] There is a significant minority of Indigenous Americans and Asians among other less numerous groups.[104]
Languages
The dominant
The French language has historically played a significant role in North America and now retains a distinctive presence in some regions. Canada is officially bilingual. French is the official language of the province of Quebec, where 95% of the people speak it as either their first or second language, and it is co-official with English in the province of
A significant number of Indigenous languages are spoken in North America, with 372,000 people in the U.S. speaking an indigenous language at home,[105] about 225,000 in Canada[106] and roughly 6 million in Mexico.[107] In the U.S. and Canada, there are approximately 150 surviving indigenous languages of the 300 spoken prior to European contact.[108]
Religions
Christianity is the largest religion in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. According to a 2012 Pew Research Center survey, 77% of the population considered themselves Christians.[109] Christianity also is the predominant religion in the 23 dependent territories in North America.[110] The U.S. has the largest Christian population in the world, with nearly 247 million Christians (70%), although other countries have higher percentages of Christians among their populations.[111] Mexico has the world's second-largest number of Catholics, surpassed only by Brazil.[112]
According to the same study, the
Canada, the U.S., and Mexico host communities of
The predominant religion in Mexico and Central America is Christianity (96%)..
Populace
North America is the
While the U.S., Canada, and Mexico maintain the largest populations, large city populations are not restricted to those nations. There are also large cities in the
Eight of the top ten
North America has also been witness to the growth of
Metro Area | Population | Area | Country |
Mexico City | 21,163,226† | 7,346 km2 (2,836 sq mi) | Mexico |
New York City | 19,949,502 | 17,405 km2 (6,720 sq mi) | United States |
Los Angeles
|
13,131,431 | 12,562 km2 (4,850 sq mi) | United States |
Chicago | 9,537,289 | 24,814 km2 (9,581 sq mi) | United States |
Dallas–Fort Worth | 6,810,913 | 24,059 km2 (9,289 sq mi) | United States |
Houston | 6,313,158 | 26,061 km2 (10,062 sq mi) | United States |
Toronto | 6,054,191† | 5,906 km2 (2,280 sq mi) | Canada |
Philadelphia | 6,034,678 | 13,256 km2 (5,118 sq mi) | United States |
Washington, D.C.
|
5,949,859 | 14,412 km2 (5,565 sq mi) | United States |
Miami
|
5,828,191 | 15,896 km2 (6,137 sq mi) | United States |
†2011 Census figures
Economy
Rank | Country or territory | GDP[143] (PPP, peak year) millions of USD |
Peak year |
---|---|---|---|
1 | United States | 26,949,643 | 2023 |
2 | Mexico | 3,277,601 | 2023 |
3 | Canada | 2,378,973 | 2023 |
4 | Dominican Republic | 273,703 | 2023 |
5 | Cuba | 254,865 | 2015 |
6 | Guatemala | 201,365 | 2023 |
7 | Panama | 190,306 | 2023 |
8 | Costa Rica | 141,527 | 2023 |
9 | Puerto Rico | 132,052 | 2023 |
10 | Honduras | 75,030 | 2023 |
Rank | Country or territory | GDP (nominal, peak year)
millions of USD |
Peak year |
---|---|---|---|
1 | United States | 26,949,643 | 2023 |
2 | Canada[144] | 2,139,840 | 2022 |
3 | Mexico | 1,811,468 | 2023 |
4 | Cuba[145] | 545,218 | 2021 |
5 | Dominican Republic | 120,629 | 2023 |
6 | Puerto Rico | 117,515 | 2023 |
7 | Guatemala | 102,765 | 2023 |
8 | Costa Rica | 85,590 | 2023 |
9 | Panama | 82,348 | 2023 |
10 | El Salvador | 35,339 | 2023 |
North America's GDP per capita was evaluated in October 2016 by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to be $41,830, making it the richest continent in the world,[146] followed by Oceania.[147]
Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. have significant and multifaceted economic systems. The U.S. has the largest economy in the world.[147] In 2016, the U.S. had an estimated per capita gross domestic product (PPP) of $57,466 according to the World Bank, and is the most technologically developed economy of the three.[148] The U.S.'s services sector comprises 77% of the country's GDP (estimated in 2010), industry comprises 22% and agriculture comprises 1.2%.[147] The U.S. economy is also the fastest-growing economy in North America and the Americas as a whole,[146][149] with the highest GDP per capita in the Americas as well.[146]
Canada shows significant growth in the sectors of services, mining and manufacturing.[150] Canada's per capita GDP (PPP) was estimated at $44,656 and it had the 11th-largest GDP (nominal) in 2014.[150] Canada's services sector comprises 78% of the country's GDP (estimated in 2010), industry comprises 20% and agriculture comprises 2%.[150] Mexico has a per capita GDP (PPP) of $16,111 and as of 2014 is the 15th-largest GDP (nominal) in the world.[151] Being a newly industrialized country,[101] Mexico maintains both modern and outdated industrial and agricultural facilities and operations.[152] Its main sources of income are oil, industrial exports, manufactured goods, electronics, heavy industry, automobiles, construction, food, banking and financial services.[153]
The North American economy is well defined and structured in three main economic areas.
NAFTA formed one of the four largest trade blocs in the world.
The Caribbean trade bloc (CARICOM) came into agreement in 1973 when it was signed by 15 Caribbean nations. As of 2000, CARICOM trade volume was US$96 billion. CARICOM also allowed for the creation of a common passport for associated nations. In the past decade the trade bloc focused largely on free-trade agreements and under the CARICOM Office of Trade Negotiations free-trade agreements have been signed into effect.
Integration of Central American economies occurred under the signing of the Central American Common Market agreement in 1961; this was the first attempt to engage the nations of this area into stronger financial cooperation. The 2006 implementation of the Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) left the future of the CACM unclear.[164] The Central American Free Trade Agreement was signed by five Central American countries, the Dominican Republic, and the U.S. The focal point of CAFTA is to create a free trade area similar to that of NAFTA. In addition to the U.S., Canada also has relations in Central American trade blocs.
These nations also take part in inter-continental trade blocs. Mexico takes a part in the
Transport
The Pan-American Highway route in the Americas is the portion of a network of roads nearly 48,000 km (30,000 mi) in length which travels through the mainland nations. No definitive length of the Pan-American Highway exists because the U.S. and Canadian governments have never officially defined any specific routes as being part of the Pan-American Highway, and Mexico officially has many branches connecting to the U.S. border. However, the total length of the portion from Mexico to the northern extremity of the highway is roughly 26,000 km (16,000 mi).
The first transcontinental railroad in the U.S. was built in the 1860s, linking the railroad network of the eastern U.S. with California on the
Communications
A shared telephone system known as the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) is an integrated telephone numbering plan of 24 countries and territories: the U.S. and its territories, Canada, Bermuda, and 17 Caribbean nations. In recent months the internet service by Starlink has expanded to cover a number of North American markets.
Culture
The cultures of North America are diverse. The U.S. and English Canada have many cultural similarities, while French Canada has a distinct culture from Anglophone Canada, which is protected by law. Since the U.S. was formed from portions previously part of the Spanish Empire and then independent Mexico, and there has been considerable and continuing immigration of Spanish speakers from south of the U.S.–Mexico border. In the southwest of the U.S. there are many Hispanic cultural traditions and considerable bilingualism. Mexico and Central America are part of Latin America and are culturally distinct from anglophone and francophone North America. However, they share with the United States the establishment of post-independence governments that are federated representative republics with written constitutions dating from their founding as nations. Canada is a federated parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy.
Canada's
The distinctiveness of French language and culture has been codified in Canadian law, so that both English and French are designated official languages. The U.S. has no official language, but its national language is English.
The Canadian government took action to protect
The
Greenland has experienced many immigration waves from Northern Canada, e.g. the Thule people. Therefore, Greenland shares some cultural ties with the indigenous peoples of Canada. Greenland is also considered Nordic and has strong Danish ties due to centuries of colonization by Denmark.[169]
Popular culture – sports
The U.S. and Canada have major sports teams that compete against each other, including baseball, basketball, hockey, and soccer/football. Canada, Mexico and the U.S.
The following table shows the most prominent sports leagues in North America, in order of average revenue.[170][171] Canada has a separate Canadian Football League from the U.S. teams.
The Native American game of lacrosse is considered a national sport in Canada. Curling is an important winter sport in Canada, and the Winter Olympics includes it in the roster. The English sport of cricket is popular in parts of anglophone Canada and very popular in parts of the former British empire, but in Canada is considered a minor sport. Boxing is also a major sport in some countries, such as Mexico, Panama and Puerto Rico, and it is considered one of the main individual sports in the U.S.
League | Sport | Primary country |
Founded | Teams | Revenue US$ (bn) |
Average attendance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
National Football League (NFL) | American football | United States | 1920 | 32 | $9.0 | 67,604 |
Major League Baseball (MLB) | Baseball | United States Canada |
1869 | 30 | $8.0 | 30,458 |
National Basketball Association (NBA) | Basketball | United States Canada |
1946 | 30 | $5.0 | 17,347 |
National Hockey League (NHL) | Ice hockey | United States Canada |
1917 | 32 | $3.3 | 17,720 |
Liga MX | Football (soccer) | Mexico | 1943 | 18 | $0.6 | 25,557 |
Major League Soccer (MLS) | Football (soccer) | United States Canada |
1994 | 28 | $0.5 | 21,574 |
Canadian Football League (CFL) | Canadian football | Canada | 1958 | 9 | $0.3 | 23,890 |
See also
- Flags of North America
- List of cities in North America
- Table manners in North America
- North American Union
References
Footnotes
- ^ This North American density figure is based on a total land area of 23,090,542 km2 only, considerably less than the total combined land and water area of 24.709 million km2.
- ^ Some countries view the Americas as a single continent, comprising North and South America.
- ^ The Aleutian Islands of Alaska extend into the Eastern Hemisphere.
- ^ either parts of North America or South America.
- ^ Since the Lucayan Archipelago is located in the Atlantic Ocean rather than Caribbean Sea, The Bahamas are part of the West Indies but are not technically part of the Caribbean, although the United Nations groups them with the Caribbean.
- Soufriere Hills volcanobeginning in July 1995, much of Plymouth was destroyed and government offices were relocated to Brades. Plymouth remains the de jure capital.
- ^ Panama is generally considered a North American country, though some authorities divide it at the Panama Canal. Figures listed here are for the entire country.
- ^ Since the Lucayan Archipelago is located in the Atlantic Ocean rather than Caribbean Sea, the Turks and Caicos Islands are part of the West Indies but are not technically part of the Caribbean, although the United Nations groups them with the Caribbean.
- ^ Includes the states of Hawaii and Alaska which are both separated from the US mainland, with Hawaii distant from the North American landmass in the Pacific Ocean and therefore more commonly associated with the other territories of Oceania while Alaska is located between Asia (Russia) and Canada.
- ^ The receding of oceans during successive ice ages may have enabled migrants to cross the land bridge as far back as 40,000 years.[83]
- ^ While not conclusive, some South American rock painting has been dated to 25,000 years ago.[87]
- ^ Descriptions of sites Erikson explored seem to correspond to Baffin Island, the Labrador coast near Cape Porcupine, as well as Belle Isle, and a site which led him to name the country Vinland ('Wineland').[95]
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Further reading
- Gould, E.; Mapp, P.; Pestana, C.G. (2022). The Cambridge History of America and the World: Volume 1, 1500—1820. ISBN 978-1-108-31781-8.
- McIlwraith, T.F.; Muller, E.K.; Conzen, M.P.; DeVorsey, L.; Earle, C.; Grim, R.E.; Groves, P.A.; Guelke, J.K.; Harris, C.; Harris, R. (2001). North America: The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent. LCCN 2020740684.
- Berndl, K.; National Geographic Society (U.S.) (2005). National Geographic Visual History of the World. LCCN 2005541553.
- Axtell, J. (1988). After Columbus: Essays in the Ethnohistory of Colonial North America. Oxford University Press. LCCN 87034886.
- Kehoe, A.B. (2016). North America before the European Invasions. LCCN 2016054024.
- Haines, M.R.; Steckel, R.H. (2000). A Population History of North America. Cambridge University Press. LCCN 99023284.
- Kruer, M. (2022). Time of Anarchy: Indigenous Power and the Crisis of Colonialism in Early America. ISBN 978-0-674-26956-9.
- Axtell, J. (1981). The European and the Indian: Essays in the Ethnohistory of Colonial North America. LCCN lc80025084.
External links
- North America web resources provided by GovPubs at the University of Colorado Boulder Libraries
- North America at the Encyclopædia Britannica
- North America: Human Geography at the National Geographic Society
- European Colonization of North America at the National Geographic Society
- North America at Curlie
- Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 760–765. .
- The Columbia Gazetteer of the World Online Columbia University Press
- "Colonial North America at Harvard Library". Cambridge (Mass.): LCCN 2019234716. Archived from the originalon 25 March 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
- Interactive SVG version of Non-Native American Nations Control over N America 1750–2008 animation