Glagolitic script
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The Glagolitic script (
Glagolitic also spread to the Kievan Rus' and the Kingdom of Bohemia, though its use declined there in the 12th century, although some manuscripts in the territory of the former retained Glagolitic inclusions for centuries. It had also spread to Duklja and Zachlumia, from which it reached the March of Verona where the Investiture Controversy afforded it refuge from the opposition of Latin rite prelates, and allowed it to entrench itself in Istria, spreading from there to nearby lands.[4][5][6]
It survived there and as far south as
Its authorship by Cyril was forgotten, having been replaced with an attribution to
But the
In the early 19th century, the policies of the First French Empire and Austrian Empire left the script without legal status and its last remaining centers of education were abolished, concurrent with the weakening of the script in the few remaining seminaries that used the cursive form in instruction, resulting in a rapid decline.[13] But the when Slavicists discovered the script and established it as the original script devised by Cyril, Glagolitic gained new niche applications in certain intellectual circles, while a small number of priests fought to keep its liturgical use alive, encountering difficulties but eventually succeeding to the point that its area expanded in the early 20th century.[14][15]
Latinic translations and transliterations of the matter of the missal in this period led to its decline in the decades before
Name and etymology
The word glagolitic comes from Neo-Latin glagoliticus and Croatian glagoljica, from Old Church Slavonic ⰳⰾⰰⰳⱁⰾⱏ (glagolŭ), meaning "utterance" or "word".[2]
The name glagolitsa is speculated to have developed in Croatia, around the 14th century, and was derived from the word glagoljati, literally "verb (glagol) using (jati)", meaning to say Mass in Old Church Slavonic liturgy.[18][19]
In the languages now spoken in the places where Glagolitic script was once used,[20][21] the script is known as глаголица (romanized as glagolitsa or glagolica, depending on which language) in Bulgarian, Macedonian and Russian; glagoljica in Croatian and Serbian; глаголиця (hlaholytsia) in Ukrainian; hlaholice in Czech; hlaholika in Slovak; głagolica in Polish; and glagolica in Slovene.[citation needed]
History
Origins
The creation of the characters is popularly attributed to
The number of letters in the original Glagolitic alphabet is not known, but it may have been close to its presumed Greek model. The 41 letters known today include letters for non-Greek sounds, which may have been added by Saint Cyril, as well as
The source of the other consonantal letters is unknown. If they were added by Cyril, it is likely that they were taken from an alphabet used for Christian scripture. It is frequently proposed that the letters sha Ⱎ, tsi Ⱌ, and cherv Ⱍ were taken from the letters
For writing numbers, the Glagolitic numerals use letters with a numerical value assigned to each based on their native alphabetic order. This differs from Cyrillic numerals, which inherited their numeric value from the corresponding Greek letter (see Greek numerals).[30]
The two brothers from
In 885,
In 886, an East Frankish bishop of
Spread of the script
From there, the students travelled to other places and spread the use of their alphabet. Students of the two
At the end of the 9th century, one of these students of Methodius –
Survival and use in Croatia
In Croatia, from the 12th century, Glagolitic inscriptions appeared mostly in littoral areas:
It was believed that Glagolitsa in Croatia was present only in those areas. But, in 1992, the discovery of Glagolitic inscriptions in churches along the Orljava river in Slavonia totally changed the picture (churches in Brodski Drenovac, Lovčić, and some others), showing that use of the Glagolitic alphabet was spread from Slavonia also.[43]
Sporadic instances aside, Glagolitic survived beyond the 12th century as a primary script in Croatian lands alone, although from there a brief attempt at reintroduction was made in the
The early development of the Glagolitic minuscule script alongside the increasingly square majuscule is poorly documented, but a mutual relationship evolved between the two varieties; the majuscule being used primarily for inscriptions and higher liturgical uses, and the minuscule being used in both religious and secular documents. Ignoring the problematic early Slavonian inscriptions, the use of the Glagolitic script at its peak before the
Decline in Croatia
The
Academic debates
The exact nature of relationship between the Glagolitic alphabet and the Early Cyrillic alphabet, their order of development, and influence on each other has been a matter of great study, controversy, and dispute in Slavic studies since the 19th century.
Versions of authorship and name
A once common belief was that the Glagolitic was created or used in the 4th century by
It has also
In the Middle Ages, Glagolitsa was also known as "St. Jerome's script" due to a popular mediaeval legend (created by Croatian scribes in the 13th century) ascribing its invention to
Until the end of the 18th century, a strange but widespread opinion dominated that the Glagolitic writing system, which was in use in Dalmatia and Istria along with neighboring islands, including the translation of the Holy Scripture, owe their existence to the famous church father St. Jerome. Knowing him as the author of the Latin Vulgate, considering him – by his own words, born on the border between Dalmatia and Pannonia (remembering that the Dalmatian borders extended well into Istria at that time) – presumed to be an Illyrian, the self-styled Slavic intellectuals in Dalmatia very early began to ascribe to him the invention of glagolitsa, possibly with the intention of more successfully defending both Slavic writing and the Slavic holy service against prosecutions and prohibitions from Rome's hierarchy, thus using the opinion of the famous Latin Father of the Church to protect their church rituals which were inherited not from the Greeks Cyril and Methodius but unknown. We do not know who was the first to put in motion this unscientifically-based tradition about Jerome's authorship of the Glagolitic script and translation of the Holy Scripture, but in 1248 this version came to the knowledge of Pope Innocent IV. <...> The belief in Jerome as an inventor of the Glagolitic lasted many centuries, not only in his homeland, i.e. in Dalmatia and Croatia, not only in Rome, due to Slavs living there... but also in the West. In the 14th century, Croatian monks brought the legend to the Czechs, and even the Emperor Charles IV believed them.[53]
— Jagić, Vatroslav, Glagolitica. Würdigung neuentdeckter Fragmente. Wien, 1890
The epoch of traditional attribution of the script to Jerome ended probably in 1812.[54] In modern times, only certain marginal authors share this view, usually "re-discovering" one of the already-known mediaeval sources.[55]
Characteristics
The phonetic values of many of the letters are thought to have been displaced under Cyrillic influence or to have become confused through the early spread to different dialects, so the original values are not always clear. For instance, the letter yu Ⱓ is thought to have perhaps originally had the sound /u/ but was displaced by the adoption of the ligature Ⱆ under the influence of later Cyrillic oѵ, mirroring the Greek ου. Other letters were late creations after a Cyrillic model. It should also be noted that Ⱑ corresponds to two different Cyrillic letters (Ѣ and Я), present even in older manuscripts, and not to different later variants of the same Cyrillic letter in different times or places.[citation needed]
The following table lists each letter in its modern order, showing its Unicode representation, images of the letter in both the round and angular/squared variant forms, the corresponding modern Cyrillic letter, the approximate sound transcribed with the
Unicode | Round | Angular | Cyrillic | Sound | OCS name | CS name
|
Meaning | Origin |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ⰰ | А | /ɑ/ | Azъ | Az | I | Phoenician alphabet aleph 𐤀 or the sign of the cross[56] | ||
Ⰱ | Б | /b/ | Buky | Buky | letters | Unknown,[56] possibly Hebrew bet בּ[57] or Aramaic bīt ܒ[58] | ||
Ⰲ | В | /ʋ/ | Vědě | Vedi | (you/he/she/it) knew | Possibly Latin V[56] or an inverted dobro Ⰴ[59] | ||
Ⰳ | Г, Ґ | /ɡ/ | Glagoli | Glagoli | speak (past or imperative) | Possibly cursive Greek gamma Γ[56] | ||
Ⰴ | Д | /d/ | Dobro | Dobro | kindness/good/well | Greek delta Δ[56] | ||
Ⰵ | Є, Е, Э, Ё | /ɛ/ | Jestъ | Yest | is/exists | Possibly Samaritan īy ࠄ or Greek sampi ϡ[56] | ||
Ⰶ | Ж | /ʒ/ | Živěte | Zhivete | life/live (2nd plural imperative) |
Unknown, ♓︎ | ||
Ⰷ | Ѕ | /d͡z/ | Dzělo | Zelo | very | Unknown,[56] possibly Armenian ja Ձ[60] | ||
Ⰸ | З | /z/ | Zemlja | Zeml(j)a | Earth/ground/soil | Possibly a variant of Greek theta θ[56]
| ||
Ⰹ, Ⰺ | , | Ι, Ї | /i/, /j/ | Iže | Izhe | which is/the | Possibly Greek iota with dieresis ϊ[56]
| |
Ⰻ | И | /i/, /j/ | I/ižei | I/izhey | and | Possibly mimicking the shape of a fish[61] | ||
Ⰼ | Ꙉ, Ћ, Ђ | /dʑ/, /tɕ/ | Djervь, ǵervь | Cherv, Djerv | tree/wood | Unknown[56] | ||
Ⰽ | К | /k/ | Kako | Kako | how/as | Hebrew qoph ק[56] | ||
Ⰾ | , | Л, Љ | /l/, /ʎ/ | Ljudie | Lyudi | people | Possibly Greek lambda λ[56] | |
Ⰿ | М | /m/ | Myslite | Mislete | think (2nd plural) | Greek mu μ.[56] In squared glagolitic it was eventually replaced by a Latin/Cyrillic like form, partly due to its complexity[62] | ||
Ⱀ | , | Н, Њ | /n/, /ɲ/ | Našь | Nash | ours | [unknown][56] | |
Ⱁ | О | /ɔ/ | Onъ | On | he, that | [unknown][56] | ||
Ⱂ | П | /p/ | Pokoj | Pokoy | calmness/peace | Possibly a variant of early Greek pi [56] | ||
Ⱃ | Р | /r/ | Rьci | Rtsi | speak!/pronounce! | Possibly Greek rho ρ[56]
| ||
Ⱄ | С | /s/ | Slovo | Slovo | word/speech | |||
Ⱅ | Т | /t/ | Tvrьdo | Tverdo | solid/hard/surely | Perhaps from crossbar of Greek tau τ[56] | ||
Ⱆ | У, ОУ | /u/ | Ukъ | Uk | teaching | Ligature of onъ Ⱁ and izhitsa Ⱛ[56] | ||
Ⱇ | Ф | /f/ | Frьtъ | Fert | Variant of Greek phi φ[56]
| |||
Ⱈ | Х
|
/x/ | Xěrъ | Kher | [unknown] (similar to glagoli Ⰳ and Latin h)[56] | |||
Ⱉ | Ѡ | /ɔ/ | Otъ | Oht, Omega | from | Ligature of onъ Ⱁ and its mirror image[56] | ||
Ⱋ | Щ
|
/tʲ/, /ʃ͡t/ | Šta/Šča | Shta/Shcha | Ligature of sha Ⱎ over tvrьdo Ⱅ[56] | |||
Ⱌ | Ц | /t͡s/ | Ci | Tsi | Final form of Hebrew tsade ץ[56] | |||
Ⱍ | Ч, Џ | /t͡ʃ/ | Črьvъ | Cherv | worm | [unknown] (similar to shta Ⱋ;[56] perhaps non-final form of Hebrew tsade צ) | ||
Ⱎ | Ш | /ʃ/ | Ša | Sha | silence/quiet | Hebrew shin ש[56] | ||
Ⱏ, Ⱜ | , | , | Ъ | /ŭ/, /ʊ/ | Jerъ | Yer, Yor | Possibly modification of onъ Ⱁ.[56] The 'shtapic' variant is probably derived from the apostrophe character.[63] | |
ⰟⰊ | Ы | /ɯ/ | Jery | Yerɨ | Ligature; digraph of either yer (Ⱏ) or yerь (Ⱐ), followed by either izhe (Ⰹ, Ⰺ) or i (Ⰻ).[56] | |||
Ⱐ | , | Ь | /ĭ/, /ɪ/ | Jerь | Yer` | Possibly modification of onъ Ⱁ[56] | ||
Ⱑ | Ѣ, Я | /æ/, /jɑ/ | Jatь | Yat, Ya | Possibly epigraphic Greek alpha Α[56] | |||
Ⱖ | Ё
|
/jo/ | Unknown:[56] Hypothetical component of jonsь Ⱙ below; /jo/ was not possible at the time | |||||
Ⱓ | Ю | /ju/ | Ju | Yu | Unknown[56] | |||
Ⱔ | Ѧ | /ɛ̃/ | [Ensь] | [small yus] | Greek epsilon ε, also used to denote nasality[56] | |||
Ⱗ | Ѩ | /jɛ̃/ | [Jensь] | [small iotated yus] | Ligature of jestъ Ⰵ and ensь Ⱔ for nasality[56] | |||
Ⱘ | Ѫ | /ɔ̃/ | [Onsь] | [big yus] | Ligature of onъ Ⱁ and ensь Ⱔ for nasality[56] | |||
Ⱙ | Ѭ | /jɔ̃/ | [Jonsь] | [big iotated yus] | Ligature of unknown letter and ensь Ⱔ for nasality[56] | |||
Ⱚ | Ѳ | /θ/ | [Thita] | Fita | Theta | Greek theta θ[56] | ||
Ⱛ | Ѵ | /ʏ/, /i/ | Ižica | Izhitsa |
In older texts, uk (Ⱆ) and three out of four yuses (Ⱗ, Ⱘ, Ⱙ) also can be written as digraphs, in two separate parts.[citation needed]
The order of izhe (Ⰹ, Ⰺ) and i (Ⰻ) varies from source to source, as does the order of the various forms of yus (Ⱔ, Ⱗ, Ⱘ, Ⱙ).[64] Correspondence between Glagolitic izhe (Ⰹ, Ⰺ) and i (Ⰻ) with Cyrillic И and І is unknown.[citation needed]
The Proto-Slavic language did not have the phoneme /f/, and the letters fert (Ⱇ) and fita (Ⱚ) were used for transcribing words of Greek origin, and so was izhitsa (Ⱛ) for the Greek upsilon.[citation needed]
Unicode
The Glagolitic alphabet was added to the Unicode Standard in March 2005 with the release of version 4.1.[65]
The Unicode block for Glagolitic is U+2C00–U+2C5F.[65]
Glagolitic[1] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
U+2C0x | Ⰰ | Ⰱ | Ⰲ | Ⰳ | Ⰴ | Ⰵ | Ⰶ | Ⰷ | Ⰸ | Ⰹ | Ⰺ | Ⰻ | Ⰼ | Ⰽ | Ⰾ | Ⰿ |
U+2C1x | Ⱀ | Ⱁ | Ⱂ | Ⱃ | Ⱄ | Ⱅ | Ⱆ | Ⱇ | Ⱈ | Ⱉ | Ⱊ | Ⱋ | Ⱌ | Ⱍ | Ⱎ | Ⱏ |
U+2C2x | Ⱐ | Ⱑ | Ⱒ | Ⱓ | Ⱔ | Ⱕ | Ⱖ | Ⱗ | Ⱘ | Ⱙ | Ⱚ | Ⱛ | Ⱜ | Ⱝ | Ⱞ | Ⱟ |
U+2C3x | ⰰ | ⰱ | ⰲ | ⰳ | ⰴ | ⰵ | ⰶ | ⰷ | ⰸ | ⰹ | ⰺ | ⰻ | ⰼ | ⰽ | ⰾ | ⰿ |
U+2C4x | ⱀ | ⱁ | ⱂ | ⱃ | ⱄ | ⱅ | ⱆ | ⱇ | ⱈ | ⱉ | ⱊ | ⱋ | ⱌ | ⱍ | ⱎ | ⱏ |
U+2C5x | ⱐ | ⱑ | ⱒ | ⱓ | ⱔ | ⱕ | ⱖ | ⱗ | ⱘ | ⱙ | ⱚ | ⱛ | ⱜ | ⱝ | ⱞ | ⱟ |
Notes
|
The Glagolitic combining letters for Glagolitic Supplement block (U+1E000–U+1E02F) was added to the Unicode Standard in June, 2016 with the release of version 9.0:[citation needed]
Glagolitic Supplement[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
U+1E00x | 𞀀 | 𞀁 | 𞀂 | 𞀃 | 𞀄 | 𞀅 | 𞀆 | 𞀈 | 𞀉 | 𞀊 | 𞀋 | 𞀌 | 𞀍 | 𞀎 | 𞀏 | |
U+1E01x | 𞀐 | 𞀑 | 𞀒 | 𞀓 | 𞀔 | 𞀕 | 𞀖 | 𞀗 | 𞀘 | 𞀛 | 𞀜 | 𞀝 | 𞀞 | 𞀟 | ||
U+1E02x | 𞀠 | 𞀡 | 𞀣 | 𞀤 | 𞀦 | 𞀧 | 𞀨 | 𞀩 | 𞀪 | |||||||
Notes |
Pre-Glagolitic Slavic writing systems
A hypothetical pre-Glagolitic writing system is typically referred to as
In popular culture
Glagolitic script is the writing system used in the world of The Witcher books and video game series.[68] It is also featured, in various uses, in several of the point and click adventure games made by Cateia Games, a Croatian game studio.[69]
In the 2023
It is also featured on 1 euro cent, 2 euro cent and 5 euro cent coins minted in Croatia.[70]
See also
- List of Glagolitic books (disambiguation)
- Glagolitic numerals
- Glagolitic Mass (by Janáček)
- George of Slavonia
- Vrbnik Statute
- Istrian Demarcation
References
- ISBN 0-300-05846-2
- ^ a b "glagolitic". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
- ^ Miltenov, Yavor (2021). "Свидетелства за прехода глаголица – кирилица през Х–XIII век". Шьствоуѭ нꙑнѣ по слѣдоу оучителю. Сборник в чест на проф. д.ф.н. Анна-Мария Тотоманова [Evidence for the Glagolitic-Cyrillic Transition Through the X-XIII Centuries] (in Bulgarian). Sofia. pp. 35–49.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Fučić, Branko (1981). "Kulturno-povijesni vidovi glagoljske epigrafike" [Cultural-Historical Perspectives on Glagolitic Epigraphy]. Croatica Christiana Periodica (in Croatian). 5 (8): 135–189.
- ISBN 9789004313675.
- ^ Tomović, Gordana (2005). "О глагољском натпису из Конавала" [On the Glagolitic Inscription from Konavle] (PDF). ИⰔⰕⰑⰓⰋⰌⰔⰍⰋ ⰝⰀⰔⰑⰒⰋⰔ (in Serbian). 52: 23–32.
- ^ Miltenov, Yavor (2009). "Кирилски ръкописи с глаголически вписвания (Част пръва)" [Cyrillic Manuscripts with Glagolitic portions] (PDF). Wiener Slavistisches Jahrbuch (in Bulgarian). 55. Wien: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften: 191–219.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b Jelić, Luka (1906). Fontes historici liturgiae glagolito-romanae a 13 ad 19 saeculum. Prague, Krk, Zadar, Ljubljana.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Žagar, Mateo (2013). Uvod u glagoljsku paleografiju. Vol. 1.
- ^ Strohal, Rudolf (2015). Hrvatska glagolska knjiga. Zagreb.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ISBN 978-953-7307-11-0.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ISSN 0350-7823.
- ^ Bolonić, Mihovil (1980). "Profil krčkog glagoljaša u prošlosti" [The Profile of the Glagolites of Krk in History]. Croatica Christiana Periodica (in Croatian). 4 (6): 96–115.
- ^ Prodan, Ivo (1900–1904). Borba za glagoljicu. Vol. 1–2.
- JSTOR 4210926.
- ^ Pavlinović, Mihovil (1913). Molitve za puk što se pivaju preko svete mise po župama Dalmacije: prevedene iz Rimskoga misala: s dozvolom crkovne vlasti (3rd ed.).
- ^ Vajs, Josef (1927). Rimski misal slověnskim jezikom prěsv. G. N. Urbana papi VIII povelěnjem izdan. Rome.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ISBN 978-1-136-86137-6. Archivedfrom the original on 2021-04-20. Retrieved 2021-04-20.
- ^ "Hrvatski jezični portal" [Croatian language portal]. Archived from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
- ^ "Slavic languages | List, Definition, Origin, Map, Tree, History, & Number of Speakers | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 2023-11-02. Retrieved 2023-11-17.
- ^ "Alphabet - Cyrillic, Glagolitic, Scripts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2023-11-17.
- ^ Fučić, Branko (21 September 1971). "Najstariji glagoljski natpisi" [Oldest Glagolitic Inscriptions]. Slovo (in Croatian). 21: 227–254.
- ^ Alan Timberlake, A Reference Grammar of Russian, Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 14 Archived 2021-04-14 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Florin Curta & Paul Stephenson, Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250 Archived 2017-10-19 at the Wayback Machine, Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. 125
- ^ Simon Franklin, Writing, Society and Culture in Early Rus, c. 950–1300, Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 93: "East Christian Slays used two alphabets, Glagolitic and Cyrillic. Just to confuse matters, the script devised by Cyril was probably Glagolitic, while Cyrillic—which came to predominate, emerged somewhat later."
- ^ Henri-Jean Martin, The History and Power of Writing, University of Chicago Press, 1995, p. 40
- ^ Jean W. Sedlar,East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500, University of Washington Press, 1994, p. 144
- ^ ISBN 978-0195079937.
- ^ "Atlas of Endangered Alphabets: Indigenous and minority writing systems, and the people who are trying to save them". 2018-11-26. Retrieved 2023-11-16.
- ISBN 978-1-139-48533-3. Archivedfrom the original on 2020-08-01. Retrieved 2016-12-28.
- ISBN 9780631220398. Archivedfrom the original on 2020-08-01. Retrieved 2019-07-14.
- ISBN 9781444333619. Archivedfrom the original on 2020-05-23. Retrieved 2019-07-14.
- ISBN 9781850439448. Archivedfrom the original on 2020-05-23. Retrieved 2019-07-14.
- ^ "Crkva u Hrvatskoj" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 November 2020.
- ^ Kraft Soić, Vanda (2016). "OTPIS INOCENTA IV. SENJSKOM BISKUPU (1248.) POD PATRONATOM SV. JERONIMA I. Senjski privilegij iz godine 1248". Croatica Christiana Periodica. 40 (77): 1–23. Archived from the original on 24 May 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
- ^ "The right to use the Glagolitic language at Mass with the Roman Rite has prevailed for many centuries in all the south-western Balkan countries, and has been sanctioned by long practice and by many popes..." Dalmatia Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine, Catholic Encyclopedia; "In 1886 it arrived to the Principality of Montenegro, followed by the Kingdom of Serbia in 1914, and the Republic of Czechoslovakia in 1920, but only for feast days of the main patron saints. The 1935 concordat with the Kingdom of Yugoslavia anticipated the introduction of the Slavic liturgy for all Croatian regions and throughout the entire state..." The Croatian Glagolitic Heritage Archived 2007-08-10 at the Wayback Machine, Marko Japundzić.
- ISBN 0191614882, p. 100.
- ISBN 0521815398, pp. 221–222.
- ISBN 9780295972916. Archivedfrom the original on 2021-04-14. Retrieved 2013-05-01.
- ^ Велчева, Б. Късната българска глаголица. Кирило-Методиевски студии, кн. 12, София, 1999, 87–152.
- ISBN 9780875690230.
- ^ (in Croatian) "Glagoljaška baština u Slavonskom Kobašu" Archived 2007-06-14 at the Wayback Machine, Slavonskobrodska televizija, News from February 25, 2007.
- ISSN 0583-6255.
- ISBN 978-80-246-3203-2.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ^ Miltenov, Yavor (2009). "Кирилски ръкописи с глаголически вписвания (Част пръва)" [Cyrillic Manuscripts with Glagolitic portions] (PDF). Wiener Slavistisches Jahrbuch (in Bulgarian). 55. Wien: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften: 191–219.[dead link]
- ISSN 0583-6255.
- ^ Strohal, Rudolf (1915). Hrvatska glagolska knjiga [Croatian Glagolitic Book] (in Croatian). Zagreb: Merkur. Archived from the original on 2021-04-14. Retrieved 2020-12-12.
- ^ Štefanić, Vjekoslav (1960). Glagoljski rukopisi otoka Krka [Glagolitic Manuscripts of the Island of Krk] (in Croatian). Zagreb: Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts.
- ^ Bolonić, Mihovil (1976). "Ekonomsko-socijalno stanje krčkih glagoljaša". Bogoslovska smotra. 46 (4): 478–503.
- ISBN 978-953-331-073-2.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - from the original on 2021-04-14. Retrieved 2021-01-20.
- ^ До конца XVIII века господствовало странное, но широко распространенное мнение, что глаголическое письмо, бывшее в употреблении в Далмации и Истрии с прилегающими островами и в приморской Хорватии, вместе с переводом священного писания, обязано своим существованием знаменитому отцу церкви св. Иерониму. Зная о нем как авторе латинской «Вульгаты», считая его же как уроженца Далмации славянином, в частности хорватом, домашняя славянская интеллигенция Далмации стала очень рано присваивать ему изобретение глаголицы, быть может, нарочно, с тем умыслом, чтобы успешнее отстаивать и письмо, и богослужение славянское от преследований и запретов со стороны римской иерархии, прикрывая авторитетным именем знаменитого латинского отца церкви свой от греков Кирилла и Мефодия унаследованный обряд. Кем впервые пущено в ход это ни на чем не основанное ученое предание об авторстве св. Иеронима по части глаголического письма и перевода св. писания, мы не знаем, но в 1248 году оно дошло уже до сведения папы Иннокентия IV. <...> Много столетий продолжалась эта вера в Иеронима как изобретателя глаголического письма, не только дома, т. е. в Далмации и Хорватии, не только в Риме, через проживавших там славян... но также и на западе. В Чехию предание занесено в XIV столетии хорватскими монахами-глаголитами, которым поверил даже император Карл IV. (Jagić 1911, pp. 51–52)
- ^ P. Solarić's "Букварь славенскiй трiазбучный" (Three-alphabet Slavic Primer), Venice, 1812 mentions the version as a fact of science (see Jagić 1911, p. 52; Vajs 1932, p. 23).
- ^ For example, K. Šegvić in Nastavni vjesnik, XXXIX, sv. 9–10, 1931, refers to a work of Rabanus Maurus. (see Vajs 1932, p. 23).
- ^ ISBN 978-0-300-05846-8.
- from the original on 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2020-08-26.
- ^ Jung, Hakyung (January 2013). "On the origin of the Glagolitic alphabet". Scripta. 5: 105–130. Archived from the original on 2021-10-07. Retrieved 2020-08-26.
- ProQuest 1550519312.
- ^ "Wiener slawistischer Almanach". periodika.digitale-sammlungen.de. Archived from the original on 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2020-08-26.
- ^ from the original on 2020-10-03. Retrieved 2020-08-26.
- ^ Čunčić, Marica (1999). "Duktus tipaua glagoljskoga pisma" [Ductus of the types of Glagolitic script]. Filologija (in Croatian). 32. Zagreb: Staroslavenski institut: 33. Archived from the original on 2021-04-14. Retrieved 2021-02-27.
- ^ Žagar, Mateo (2003). "Osnovni procesi konstituiranja ustavne glagoljice". In Božilova, Rumjana (ed.). B'lgari i H'rvati prez vekovete. Sofija. pp. 31–42. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ISBN 9789536080052. Archivedfrom the original on 2021-08-17. Retrieved 2021-03-22.
- ^ a b "Unicode 4.1.0". www.unicode.org. Retrieved 2024-01-02.
- ^ Chernorizets Hrabar An Account of Letters; Preslav 895, Bulgaria; Oldest manuscript 1348
- ^ L. Niederle, "Slovanské starožitnosti" (Slavic antiquities), III 2, 735; citation can be found in Vajs 1932, p. 4.
- ^ "Wiedźmiński alfabet – o czym informują nas plakaty w grze Wiedźmin 3: Dziki Gon?". www.grynieznane.pl. Archived from the original on 2018-08-27. Retrieved 2018-08-26.
- ^ "About Us – Cateia Games". www.cateia.com. Archived from the original on 2020-08-01. Retrieved 2020-03-10.
- ^ "Designs of Croatian national sides of euro and cent coins presented". 4 February 2022. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
Literature
- ISBN 978-953-6132-80-5
- Fučić, Branko: Glagoljski natpisi. Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Zagreb 1982.
- Fullerton, Sharon Golke: Paleographic Methods Used in Dating Cyrillic and Glagolitic Manuscripts. Ohio State University, Columbus 1971.
- Jagić, Vatroslav: Gramatika jezika hèrvatskoga. A. Jakić, Zagreb 1864.
- Japundžić, Marko : Hrvatska glagoljica. Hrvatska uzdanica, Zagreb 1998.
- Japundžić, Marko : Tragom hrvatskog glagolizma. Kršćanska sadašnjost, Zagreb 1995.
- ISBN 3700128959
- Vajs, Josef : Abecedarium palaeoslovenicum in usum glagolitarum. Staroslavenska akademija, Krk 1917.
- Vajs, Josef : Rukověť hlaholské paleografie. Orbis, Prague 1932.
- ISBN 953-6111-15-2
External links
- Glagolitic text entry application
- Glagolitic manuscripts
- Croatian Glagolitic Script
- Croatian Glagolitic Script
- Glagolitic alphabet. Alternative encoding. – Proposals.
- The Glagolitic alphabet at omniglot.com
- The Budapest Glagolitic Fragments – links to a Unicode Glagolitic font, Dilyana
- Glagolitic Fonts
- Ancient Scripts: Glagolitic
- GNU FreeFont
- A simple 7-bit Squared Glagolitic font (.ttf)