List of sovereign states in the 1890s
This is a list of sovereign states in the 1890s, giving an overview of states around the world during the period between 1 January 1890 and 31 December 1899. It contains entries, arranged alphabetically, with information on the status and recognition of their sovereignty. It includes widely recognized sovereign states, and entities which were de facto sovereign but which were not widely recognized by other states.
Sovereign states
Name and capital city | Information on status and recognition of sovereignty | ||
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A | |||
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Abuja – Abuja Emirate Capital: Abuja |
Widely recognized state. | ||
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Acre – Republic of Acre[1] (from July 14, 1899) Capital: Cidade do Acre |
De facto independent state from July 14, 1899. | ||
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Agadez – Tenere Sultanate of Aïr[2] Capital: Agadez |
Widely recognized state. | ||
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Andorra – Principality of Andorra[3] Capital: Andorra la Vella |
Widely recognized independent state. The ex officio Co-Princes of Andorra . The defense of Andorra was the responsibility of France and Spain.
| ||
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Angoche – Angoche Sultanate[4] Capital: Angoche |
Widely recognized state. | ||
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Ankole – Kingdom of Ankole[5] Capital: Mbarara |
Widely recognized state. | ||
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Argentina – Argentine Republic[6] Capital: Buenos Aires | |||
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Aro – Aro Confederacy Capital: Arochukwu |
Widely recognized state. | ||
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Ashanti – Asante Union[7] Capital: Kumasi |
Widely recognized state. | ||
| |||
Aussa – Sultanate of Aussa Capital: Aussa |
Widely recognized state. | ||
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Transleithania )
|
Widely recognized state. | ||
| |||
B | |||
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(to 1893), Chekna (from 1893 to 1897) | Bornu Empire. Annexed by France on September 20, 1897.
| ||
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Klungkung
|
Widely recognized state. Bali was a series of kingdoms that ruled the island of Bali. | ||
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Baol – Kingdom of Baol[11] (to 1895) Capital: Diourbel |
Widely recognized state. Annexed by France in 1895. | ||
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Barotseland – Kingdom of Barotseland[12] (to 1899) Capital: Mongu |
Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1899.
| ||
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Belgium – Kingdom of Belgium[13] Capital: Brussels |
Widely recognized state. | ||
| |||
Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom on February 18, 1897. | |||
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Bhutan – Kingdom of Bhutan Capital: Punakha |
Widely recognized state. | ||
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Biu – Biu Kingdom Capital: Biu |
Widely recognized state. | ||
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Bolivia Capital: Sucre (official), La Paz (administrative)
|
Widely recognized state. | ||
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Bora Bora – Kingdom of Bora Bora[15] (to September 21, 1895) Capital: Nunue, Vaitape |
Widely recognized state to September 21, 1895. Annexed by France on September 21, 1895. | ||
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Widely recognized state to 1893. Annexed by France in 1893. | |||
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Brakna – Brakna Emirate Capital: Aleg |
Widely recognized state. | ||
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Brazil – Republic of the United States of Brazil[17] Capital: Rio de Janeiro |
Brazil was a 20 states, one territory, and one federal district.[a]
| ||
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Buganda – Kingdom of Buganda (to 1894) Capital: Mengo, Uganda |
Widely recognized state to 1894. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1894. | ||
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Bulgaria – Principality of Bulgaria[18] Capital: Sofia |
De facto independent, and de jure vassal state under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire. | ||
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Bunyoro – Bunyoro-Kitara Kingdom (to 1899) Capital: Hoima |
Widely recognized state to 1899. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1899. | ||
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Burundi – Kingdom of Burundi[19] (to July 1, 1890) Capital: Gitega, Bujumbura |
Widely recognized state to July 1, 1890. Annexed by Germany on July 1, 1890. | ||
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Busoga – Kingdom of Busoga Capital: Bugembe |
Widely recognized state. | ||
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C | |||
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Canada – Dominion of Canada Capital: Ottawa |
Widely recognized state. Commonwealth realm. | ||
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→ Central America (from September 15, 1896) Capital: Amapala
|
A Political union between El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua until November 21, 1898.[20] | ||
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Champasak – Kingdom of Champasak (from 1899) Capital: Champasak |
Widely recognized state. Vassal state of Siam. | ||
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Chile Capital: Santiago
|
Widely recognized state. | ||
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China – Great Qing Empire Capital: Beijing |
Widely recognized state. | ||
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Chokwe – Chokwe Kingdom Capital: Not specified |
Widely recognized state. | ||
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Bogota
|
Widely recognized state. | ||
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Congo – Congo Free State Capital: Boma |
Widely recognized state. State in personal union with the Kingdom of Belgium. | ||
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San Jose
|
Widely recognized state. | ||
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Crete – Cretan State[21] (from December 9, 1898) Capital: Chania |
Widely recognized state. Autonomous state of the Ottoman Empire .
| ||
D | |||
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Dahomey – Kingdom of Dahomey[22] (to January 20, 1894) Capital: Abomey |
Widely recognized state to January 20, 1894. Annexed by France on January 20, 1894. | ||
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Dar al Kuti – Sultanate of Dar Al Kuti[23] Capital: N'Délé |
Widely recognized state. Vassal state of Dar Runga to 1890. Vassal state of Rabih az-Zubayr from 1890. | ||
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Al Fashir
|
Widely recognized state from 1898. | ||
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Dendi – Dendi Kingdom
Capital: Lulami |
Widely recognized state. | ||
| |||
Kingdom of Denmark
Capital: Copenhagen |
Widely recognized state. Denmark had sovereignty over the following overseas territories:
| ||
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Dhala – Emirate of Dhala Capital: Dhale |
Widely recognized state. | ||
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Dominican Republic – Second Republic
Capital: Santo Domingo |
Widely recognized state. | ||
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E | |||
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Ecuador Capital: Quito
|
Widely recognized state. | ||
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El Salvador – Republic of El Salvador (to September 15, 1896 from November 21, 1898) Capital: San Salvador |
Widely recognized state to September 15, 1896, and from November 21, 1898.Part of the political union of Central America from September 15, 1896 to November 21, 1898. | ||
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→ Ethiopia – Ethiopian Empire Capital: Addis Ababa |
Widely recognized state. | ||
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F | |||
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France – French Republic Capital: Paris |
Widely recognized independent state. France had sovereignty over the following overseas territories:
| ||
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→ Futa Jallon – Imamate of Futa Jallon (to November 18, 1896) Capital: Timbo |
Widely recognized state to November 18, 1896. Annexed by France on November 18, 1896. | ||
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G | |||
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Gaza – Gaza Empire (to 1895) Capital: Manjacaze |
Widely recognized state to 1895. Annexed by Portugal in 1895. | ||
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Geledi – Sultanate of the Geledi Capital: Afgooye |
Widely recognized state. | ||
| |||
Germany – German Empire Capital: Berlin |
Widely recognized independent state. Germany had sovereignty over the following overseas territories:
| ||
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Greece – Kingdom of Greece Capital: Athens |
Widely recognized state. | ||
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Guatemala – Republic of Guatemala Capital: Guatemala City |
Widely recognized state. | ||
| |||
Widely recognized state. | |||
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H | |||
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Ha'il
|
Widely recognized state. | ||
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Haiti – Republic of Haiti
Capital: Port-au-Prince |
Widely recognized state. | ||
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Hawaii Capital: Honolulu
|
Widely recognized state to August 12, 1898. Annexed by the United States on August 12, 1898. | ||
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Honduras – Republic of Honduras (to September 15, 1896 from November 21, 1898) Capital: Tegucigalpa |
Part of the political union of Central America from September 15, 1896 to November 21, 1898. | ||
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Annexed by France on September 15, 1895. | |||
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Widely recognized state to 1892. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1892. | |||
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I | |||
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Igala – Igala Kingdom Capital: Idah |
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Igara – Kingdom of Igara
Capital: Not specified |
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Ilé-Ifẹ̀ – Ilé-Ifẹ̀ Kingdom Capital: Ilé-Ifẹ̀ |
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Italy – Kingdom of Italy Capital: Rome |
Widely recognized independent state. Italy had sovereignty over the following overseas territories:
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J | |||
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Japan – Empire of Japan Capital: Tokyo City |
Widely recognized independent state. Japan had sovereignty over the following overseas territories:
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K | |||
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Kaffa – Kingdom of Kaffa (to September 11, 1897) Capital: Bonga, Anderaccha |
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Kajara – Kajara Kingdom
Capital: Not specified |
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Kano – Emirate of Kano Capital: Takai |
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Kasanje – Jaga Kingdom
Capital: Not specified |
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Kebbi – Kebbi Emirate (to 1902) Capital: Argungu |
Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1902. | ||
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Kénédougou – Kénédougou Kingdom (to May 1, 1898) Capital: Sikasso |
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Kong – Kong Empire (to 1895) Capital: Kong |
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Mbanza-Kongo
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Vassal of the Kingdom of Portugal. | ||
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→ Korea Capital: Hanseong
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Tributary state of the Qing dynasty to 1894. Widely recognized independent state from October 12, 1897. | ||
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Koya Temne – Kingdom of Koya (to August 31, 1896) Capital: Grand Cape Mount |
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L | |||
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Lafia Beri-Beri – Lafia Beri-Beri Kingdom Capital: Lafia |
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Liberia – Republic of Liberia Capital: Monrovia |
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Liechtenstein – Principality of Liechtenstein Capital: Vaduz |
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Jaʿār
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Luxembourg – Grand Duchy of Luxembourg Capital: Luxembourg City |
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M | |||
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Maguindanao – Sultanate of Maguindanao (to October 30, 1898) Capital: Kuta Watu |
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Maravi – Kingdom of Maravi (to 1891) Capital: Manthimba |
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Matabeleland – Matabele Kingdom Capital: Bulawayo |
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Mbunda – Mbunda Kingdom
Capital: Not specified |
Widely recognized state. | ||
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Merina – Kingdom of Imerina (to 1897) Capital: Antananarivo |
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Mexico – United Mexican States Capital: Mexico City |
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Monaco – Principality of Monaco Capital: Monaco |
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Montenegro – Principality of Montenegro Capital: Cetinje |
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Fes
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Mossi Kingdoms – Mossi Empire (to 1896) Capital: Multiple capitals |
Widely recognized independent state. The following are a number of different kingdoms that make up the Mossi Empire: | ||
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Muscat and Oman – Sultanate of Muscat and Oman Capital: Muscat |
De jure independent state. De facto a British protectorate. | ||
|
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Mutayr – Emirate of Mutayr
Capital: Not specified |
Widely recognized state. | ||
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N | |||
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Negeri Sembilan (to 1895) Capital: Seremban |
Federated in to the Federated Malay States from 1895. | ||
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Nepal – Kingdom of Nepal Capital: Kathmandu |
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Kingdom of The Netherlands
Capital: Amsterdam |
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Nicaragua – Republic of Nicaragua (to September 15, 1896; from November 21, 1898) Capital: Managua |
Part of the political union of Central America from September 15, 1896 to November 21, 1898. | ||
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Norway – Kingdom of Norway Capital: Christiania |
In personal union between Sweden until December 15, 1899. Union badge removed on December 15, 1899 | ||
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O | |||
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Orange Free State Capital: Bloemfontein |
Independent Boer sovereign republic under the British suzerainty in South Africa.
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Orungu – Kingdom of Orungu
Capital: Not specified |
Widely recognized state. | ||
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Ottoman Empire – Sublime Ottoman State Capital: Constantinople |
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P | |||
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Asunción
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→ Persia – Sublime State of Persia Capital: Tehran |
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Lima
|
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Philippines – First Philippine Republic (from January 23, 1899) Capital: Several temporary capitals |
De facto independent state. | ||
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Portugal – Kingdom of Portugal Capital: Lisbon |
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R | |||
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Romania – Kingdom of Romania Capital: Bucharest |
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Russia – Russian Empire Capital: Saint Petersburg |
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S | |||
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Samoa – Kingdom of Samoa Capital: Apia |
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San Marino – Most Serene Republic of San Marino Capital: San Marino |
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Serbia – Kingdom of Serbia Capital: Belgrade |
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Setul Mambang Segara – Kingdom of Setul Mambang Segara Capital: Kota Mambang Segara |
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Siam – Kingdom of Siam Capital: Bangkok |
Widely recognized independent state. The following are vassal states of Siam:
|
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Sokoto – Sokoto Caliphate Capital: Sokoto |
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Spain – Kingdom of Spain
Capital: Madrid |
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Sulu – Sultanate of Sulu
Capital: Maimbung |
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Sweden – Kingdom of Sweden Capital: Stockholm |
In personal union between Norway until December 15, 1899. | ||
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Switzerland – Swiss Confederation Capital: Bern |
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T | |||
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Tagant – Emirate of Tagant Capital: Tidjikja |
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Nuku'alofa
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Segou
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Transvaal – South African Republic Capital: Pretoria |
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Trarza – Emirate of Trarza Capital: Mederdra |
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Tui Manuʻa – Tui Manuʻa Confederacy
Capital: Fitiuta |
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U | |||
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United Kingdom – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Capital: London |
Widely recognized independent state. The following are colonies, territories, dependencies and protectorates of the United Kingdom:
|
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→ Washington D.C.
|
Widely recognized independent state. The following are territories of the United States of America:
Alaska (District)
Arizona (Territory)
|
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Upper Aulaqi Sultanate Capital: Nişāb |
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Upper Aulaqi Sheikhdom Capital: Sa'id |
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Upper Yafa – State of Upper Yafa Capital: Mahjaba |
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Uruguay – Eastern Republic of Uruguay Capital: Montevideo |
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V | |||
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Venezuela – United States of Venezuela Capital: Caracas |
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W | |||
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Wadai – Wadai Empire Capital: Abéché |
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Wahidi Haban – Wahidi Sultanate of Haban Capital: Habban |
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Wajoq – Kingdom of Wajoq Capital: Tosora |
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Wassoulou – Wassoulou Empire (to September 29, 1898) Capital: Bissandugu |
Annexed by France on September 29, 1898 | ||
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Dalbo, Sodo
|
Annexed by the Ethiopian Empire in 1894 | ||
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Wukari – Wukari Federation Capital: Wukari |
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Y | |||
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Yamma – Kingdom of Yamma (to 1894) Capital: Fofa |
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Yeke – Yeke Kingdom (to 1891) Capital: Bunkeya |
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Z | |||
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Zabarma – Zabarma Emirate (to 1897) Capital: Not specified |
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States claiming sovereignty | |||
Kutaraja
|
Protectorate of the Ottoman Empire. | ||
| |||
Biak-na-Bato – Republic of Biak-na-Bato (from November 1 to December 15, 1897) Capital: San Miguel |
Unrecognized state. | ||
| |||
Counani
|
Unrecognized state. | ||
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Formosa – Republic of Formosa (from May 24 to October 23, 1895) Capital: Taipei |
Unrecognized state. | ||
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Franceville – Independent Commune of Franceville (to 1890) Capital: None |
Unrecognized state. | ||
| |||
Unrecognized state. | |||
| |||
Loreto – Federal State of Loreto (from 2 May to 10 July 1896) Capital: Iquitos |
Unrecognised self-proclaimed federated state within Peru | ||
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Unrecognized state. Annexed by Sudan on September 2, 1898 | |||
| |||
Mato Grosso – Transatlantic Republic of Mato Grosso (to 1892) Capital: Corumba
|
Unrecognized state. | ||
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Bacólod
|
Unrecognized state. Constituent of the Federal State of the Visayas from 1898 to 1899. | ||
| |||
Unrecognized state. | |||
| |||
Tagalog Republic – Sovereign Tagalog Nation (from August 29, 1896, to March 22, 1897) Capital: Morong |
Unrecognized state. | ||
| |||
Trinidad – Principality of Trinidad (from 1893 to 1895) Capital: None |
Unrecognized state. | ||
| |||
Zamboanga – Republic of Zamboanga (from May 18 to November 16, 1898) Capital: Zamboanga City |
Unrecognized state. | ||
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Notes
- ^ 20 States: Alagoas, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceará, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraíba, Paraná, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Sergipe. 1 Territory: Acre (from April 30, 1904). 1 Federal District: Federal District.
References
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- ISBN 978-1-61069-954-9.
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- )
- ISBN 9781784770228. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
- ^ "Argentina", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2021-11-16, retrieved 2021-11-19
- ^ "Asante empire". www.britannica.com. Retrieved December 1, 2021.
- ^ McCarthy, Justin (1880). A History of Our Own Times, from 1880 to the Diamond Jubilee. New York, United States of America: Harper & Brothers, Publishers. pp. 475–476.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 201.
- ^ The rough guide to Bali & Lombok by Lesley Reader, Lucy Ridout p.298
- Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire, Bulletin: Sciences humaines, Volume 38 (1976), pp. 452-458
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 424–425.
- ^ "Belgium", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2022-01-21, retrieved 2022-02-06
- S2CID 159119713, retrieved 27 January 2023
- Britannica. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 265.
- ^ Hudson, Rex A. Brazil: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1997, pg.22
- ISBN 9781317897774. Retrieved 15 October 2017 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Kingdom of Burundi". Encyclopædia Britannica (Online ed.). Retrieved 15 October 2016.
- JSTOR 29738239.
- ^ Kitromilides M. Paschalis (ed) Eleftherios Venizelos: The Trials of Statesmanship, Edinburgh University Press, 2008 p. 68.
- S2CID 145105979.
- ^ Garbou, Henri (1912). "La région du Tchad et du Oudaï; études ethnographiques, dialecte Toubou". Bulletin de Correspondence Africaine. XLVII1.