Special:Diff/1187624793

Main articles: History of ancient Israel and Judah and History of Palestine

Main articles:

Biblical judges

See also:

The Bible and history

Main articles: Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy), Kingdom of Israel (Samaria), and Kingdom of Judah

Main articles: Judah's revolts against Babylon, Babylonian captivity, and Yehud (Babylonian province)

Main article: Second Temple period

See also:

Yehud (Persian province), and Cyrus Cylinder

Main article: Hasmonean dynasty

Main articles:

First Jewish-Roman War, Kitos War, and Bar Kokhba revolt

Further information: Syria Palaestina, Rabbinic literature, and Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire

Main articles: Palaestina Prima and Palaestina Secunda

Further information:

Eastern Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem

Main articles: Medina § Early_history_and_Jewish_control, Dhimmi, Jund Filastin, and Jund al-Urdunn

Main articles: Kingdom of Jerusalem and Maimonides

Further information: History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire and Ottoman Syria

Main article: Old Yishuv

Main articles: History of Zionism and Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem

Main articles: Sinai and Palestine campaign and Balfour Declaration

Main article: Mandatory Palestine

See also:

Einsatzgruppe Egypt

Main articles: Bricha and Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine

See also:

Anti-Jewish violence in Poland, 1944–46

Main article: United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine

Main article: 1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine

Main article: History of Israel (1948–present)

Main article: 1948 Arab–Israeli War

Main article:

Gaza as an occupied zone.^[294]^[295]^[296]^[297]^[298]

Following the ceasefire declaration, Britain released over 2,000 Jewish detainees it was still holding in Cyprus and recognized the state of Israel. On 11 May 1949, Israel was

had fled or were expelled by the Israelis between 1947 and 1949.^[300]

1948–1955: Ben-Gurion I; Sharett

A 120-seat parliament, the

Labour Party. In those years Labour Zionists, initially led by David Ben-Gurion, dominated Israeli politics and the economy was run on primarily socialist lines

.

Within three years (1948 to 1951), immigration doubled the Jewish population of Israel and left an indelible imprint on Israeli society.

displaced persons camps in Germany, Austria and Italy.^[306]

In 1950 the Knesset passed the Law of Return, which granted to all Jews and those of Jewish ancestry (Jewish grandparent), and their spouses, the right to settle in Israel and gain citizenship. That year, 50,000 Yemenite Jews (99%) were secretly flown to Israel in Operation Magic Carpet. In 1951 Iraqi Jews were granted temporary permission to leave the country and 120,000 (over 90%) opted to move to Israel as part of Operation Ezra and Nehemiah. Jews also fled from Lebanon, Syria and Egypt. By the late sixties, about 500,000 Jews had left Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. Over the course of twenty years, some 850,000 Jews from Arab countries (99%) relocated to Israel (680,000), France and the Americas.^[307]^[308] The land and property left behind by the Jews (much of it in Arab city centres) is still a matter of some dispute. Today there are about 9,000 Jews living in Arab states, of whom 75% live in Morocco and 15% in Tunisia. Vast assets, approximately $150 billion worth of goods and property (before inflation) were left behind in these countries.^[309]^[310]

negotiations with Germany

in 1952

Between 1948 and 1958, the population of Israel rose from 800,000 to two million. During this period, food, clothes and furniture had to be rationed in what became known as the

reparations agreement with West Germany. During the Knesset debate some 5,000 demonstrators gathered and riot police had to cordon the building.^[312]

Israel received several billion marks and in return agreed to open diplomatic relations with Germany.

In 1949, education was made free and compulsory for all citizens until the age of 14. The state now funded the party-affiliated Zionist education system and a new body created by the Haredi

Agudat Israel party. A separate body was created to provide education for the remaining Palestinian-Arab population. The major political parties now competed for immigrants to join their education systems. The government banned the existing educational bodies from the transit camps and tried to mandate a unitary secular socialist education^[313] under the control of "camp managers" who also had to provide work, food and housing for the immigrants. There were attempts to force orthodox Yemenite children to adopt a secular life style by teachers, including many instances of Yemenite children having their side-curls cut by teachers. The Yemenite Children Affair led to the first Israeli public inquiry (the Fromkin Inquiry),^[314] the collapse of the coalition, and an election

in 1951.

In its early years Israel sought to maintain a non-aligned position between the super-powers. However, in 1952, an antisemitic public trial was staged in Moscow in which a group of Jewish doctors were accused of trying to poison Stalin (the Doctors' plot), followed by a similar trial in Czechoslovakia (Slánský trial). This, and the failure of Israel to be included in the Bandung Conference of 1955 (of non-aligned states), effectively ended Israel's pursuit of non-alignment. ^[315]^[316]^[317]^[318]

On 19 May 1950, in contravention of international law, Egypt announced that the

Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia. Israel's solution to diplomatic isolation was to establish good relations with newly independent states in Africa^[319] and with France, which was engaged in the Algerian War

.

In the

(Egyptian) occupied Gaza. Fedayeen attacks led to a growing cycle of violence as Israel launched reprisal attacks against Gaza.^[320] In 1954 the Uzi submachine gun first entered use by the Israel Defense Forces. In 1955 the Egyptian government began recruiting former Nazi rocket scientists for a missile program.^[321]^[322]

Sharett's government was brought down by the Lavon Affair, a crude plan to disrupt US–Egyptian relations, involving Israeli agents planting bombs at American sites in Egypt.^[323] The plan failed when eleven agents were arrested. Defense Minister Lavon was blamed despite his denial of responsibility. The Lavon affair led to Sharett's resignation and Ben-Gurion returned to the post of prime minister.

1955–1963: Ben-Gurion II

In 1955 Egypt concluded a massive

nuclear plant for the Israelis and that by 1968 this was able to produce nuclear weapons

. Britain and France arranged for Israel to give them a pretext for seizing the Suez Canal. Israel was to attack Egypt, and Britain and France would then call on both sides to withdraw. When, as expected, the Egyptians refused, Anglo-French forces would invade to take control of the Canal.

Israeli forces, commanded by General

Operation Kadesh against Egypt on 29 October 1956. On 30 October Britain and France made their pre-arranged call for both sides to stop fighting and withdraw from the Canal area, and for them to be allowed to take up positions at key points on the Canal. Egypt refused and the allies commenced air strikes on 31 October aimed at neutralizing the Egyptian air force. By 5 November the Israelis had overrun the Sinai

. The Anglo-French invasion began that day. There was uproar in the UN, with the United States and USSR for once in agreement in denouncing the actions of Israel, Britain and France. A demand for a ceasefire was reluctantly accepted on 7 November.

At Egypt's request, the UN sent an Emergency Force (UNEF), consisting of 6,000 peacekeeping troops from 10 nations to supervise the ceasefire. This was the first ever UN peacekeeping operation. From 15 November the UN troops marked out a zone across the Sinai to separate the Israeli and Egyptian forces. Upon receiving US guarantees of Israeli access to the Suez Canal, freedom of access out of the Gulf of Aqaba and Egyptian action to stop Palestinian raids from Gaza, the Israelis withdrew to the Negev.^[325] In practice the Suez Canal remained closed to Israeli shipping. The conflict marked the end of West-European dominance in the Middle East. Nasser emerged as the victor in the conflict, having won the political battle.

In 1956, two modern-orthodox (and religious-zionist) parties, Mizrachi and Hapoel HaMizrachi, joined to form the National Religious Party. The party was a component of every Israeli coalition until 1992, usually running the Ministry of Education. Mapai was once again victorious in the 1959 elections, increasing its number of seats to 47, Labour had 7. Ben-Gurion remained Prime Minister.

Trial of Adolf Eichmann

Rudolph Kastner, a minor political functionary, was accused of collaborating with the Nazis and sued his accuser. Kastner lost the trial and was assassinated two years later. In 1958 the Supreme Court exonerated him. In May 1960 Adolf Eichmann, one of the chief administrators of the Nazi Holocaust, was located in Argentina by the Mossad, later kidnapping him and bringing him to Israel. In 1961 he was put on trial, and after several months found guilty and sentenced to death. He was hanged in 1962 and is the only person ever sentenced to death by an Israeli court. Testimonies by Holocaust survivors at the trial and the extensive publicity that surrounded it has led the trial to be considered a turning point in public awareness of the Holocaust.^[326]

In 1961 a

Liberals came next with 17 seats each. In 1962 the Mossad began assassinating German rocket scientists working in Egypt in Operation Damocles after one of them reported the missile program was designed to carry chemical warheads. This action was condemned by Ben-Gurion and led to the Mossad director, Isser Harel, resignation.^[327] In 1963 Ben-Gurion quit again over the Lavon affair. His attempts to make his party Mapai support him over the issue failed. Levi Eshkol

became leader of Mapai and the new prime minister.

1963–1969: Eshkol

In 1963

conflict between Israel and Syria.^[328]

Ben-Gurion quit Mapai to form the new party Rafi, he was joined by Shimon Peres and Moshe Dayan. Begin's Herut party joined with the Liberals to form Gahal. Mapai and Labour united for the 1965 elections, winning 45 seats and maintaining Levi Eshkol as Prime Minister. Ben-Gurion's Rafi party received 10 seats, Gahal got 26 seats becoming the second largest party.

Until 1966, Israel's principal arms supplier was

Arab-Israelis were eased and efforts made to integrate them into Israeli life.^[333]

In 1966,

Egyptian intervention in support of rebels.^[339]

Old City of Jerusalem

, 7 June 1967

On the morning before Dayan was sworn in, 5 June 1967, the Israeli air force launched Operation Focus, a series of pre-emptive attacks in which it pre-emptively attacked the Egyptian air force, kicking off the Six-Day War, and then, later the same day, struck the air forces of Jordan and Syria. By 11 June the Arab forces were routed and all parties had accepted the cease-fire called for by UN Security Council Resolutions 235 and 236. Israel gained control of the Sinai Peninsula, the Gaza Strip, the Golan Heights, and the formerly Jordanian-controlled West Bank of the Jordan River. East Jerusalem was annexed by Israel.^[340]

The result of the 29 August 1967 Arab League summit was the Khartoum Resolution, which according to Abd al Azim Ramadan, left only one option -a war with Israel.^[341]

In 1968

Sephardi/Mizrahi neighbourhoods were bused to newly established middle schools

in better areas. The system remained in place until after 2000.

In March 1968, Israeli forces attacked the Palestinian militia,

PLO (of which it formed part) became famous across the Arab world. In early 1969, fighting broke out between Egypt and Israel along the Suez Canal. In retaliation for repeated Egyptian shelling of Israeli positions along the Suez Canal, Israeli planes made deep strikes into Egypt in the 1969–1970 "War of Attrition

".

1969–1974: Meir

In early 1969, Levi Eshkol died in office of a heart attack and

first female prime minister of Israel and the first woman to have headed a Middle Eastern state in modern times.^[342]

Gahal retained its 26 seats, and was the second largest party.

In

King Hussein of Jordan drove the Palestine Liberation Organization out of his country. On 18 September 1970, Syrian tanks invaded Jordan, intending to aid the PLO. At the request of the US, Israel moved troops to the border and threatened Syria, causing the Syrians to withdraw. The centre of PLO activity then shifted to Lebanon, where the 1969 Cairo agreement gave the Palestinians autonomy within the south of the country. The area controlled by the PLO became known by the international press and locals as "Fatahland" and contributed to the 1975–1990 Lebanese Civil War. The event also led to Hafez al-Assad taking power in Syria. Egyptian President Nasser died of a heart attack immediately after and was succeeded by Anwar Sadat

.

Increased

Jewish Mafia leader, Meyer Lansky

, who had taken refuge in Israel, was deported to the United States.

At the 1972

raid on the PLO headquarters in Lebanon (led by future Prime Minister, Ehud Barak) and an assassination campaign

against the organizers of the massacre.

In 1972 the new Egyptian President Anwar Sadat expelled the Soviet advisers from Egypt. This and frequent invasion exercises by Egypt and Syria led to Israeli complacency about the threat from these countries. In addition the desire not to be held responsible for initiating conflict and an election campaign highlighting security, led to an Israeli failure to mobilize, despite receiving warnings of an impending attack.^[345]

The

Disengagement of Forces agreement

with the Egyptian government and on 31 May with the Syrian government.

The war was the catalyst for the 1973 oil crisis, a Saudi-led oil embargo in conjunction with OPEC against countries trading with Israel. Severe shortages led to massive increases in the price of oil, and as a result, many countries broke off relations with Israel or downgraded relations, and Israel was banned from participation in the Asian Games and other Asian sporting events.

Prior to the December 1973 elections, Gahal and a number of right-wing parties united to form the Likud (led by Begin). In the December 1973 elections, Labour won 51 seats, leaving Golda Meir as Prime Minister. The Likud won 39 seats.

In May 1974,

Palestinians attacked a school in Ma'alot, holding 102 children hostage. Twenty-two children were killed. In November 1974 the PLO was granted observer status at the UN and Yasser Arafat addressed the General Assembly. Later that year, the Agranat Commission, appointed to assess responsibility for Israel's lack of preparedness for the war, exonerated the government of responsibility, and held the Chief of Staff and head of military intelligence responsible. Despite the report, public anger at the Government led to Golda Meir

's resignation.

1974–1977: Rabin I

Following Meir's resignation,

Resolution 46/86.^[347] In March 1976, there was a massive strike by Israeli-Arabs in protest at a government plan to expropriate land in the Galilee.^[348]

In July 1976, Rabin ordered

better source needed

]

In January 1977, French authorities arrested

Anatoly Sharansky, a prominent Refusenik and spokesman for the Moscow Helsinki Group, was sentenced to 13 years' hard labour.^[351]

Rabin resigned in April 1977 after it emerged that his

Alignment in the subsequent elections.^[353]

1977–1983: Begin

In a surprise result, the Likud led by Menachem Begin won 43 seats in the 1977 elections. This was the first time in Israeli history that the government was not led by the left. In November 1977, Egyptian President Anwar Sadat visited Jerusalem and spoke at the Knesset at the invitation of Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin. Sadat recognized Israel's right to exist and established the basis for direct negotiations between Egypt and Israel. Following Sadat's visit, 350 Yom Kippur War veterans organized the Peace Now movement to encourage Israeli governments to make peace with the Arabs.

In March 1978, eleven armed Lebanese Palestinians reached Israel in boats and carried out the

Operation Litani. After passage of United Nations Security Council Resolution 425, calling for Israeli withdrawal and the creation of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon

(UNIFIL) peace-keeping force, Israel withdrew its troops.

In September 1978, US President Jimmy Carter invited President Sadat and Prime Minister Begin to meet with him at Camp David, and on 11 September they agreed on a framework for peace between Israel and Egypt, and a comprehensive peace in the Middle East. It set out broad principles to guide negotiations between Israel and the Arab states. It also established guidelines for a West Bank–Gaza transitional regime of full autonomy for the Palestinians residing in these territories, and for a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel. The treaty was signed 26 March 1979 by Begin and Sadat, with President Carter signing as witness. Under the treaty, Israel returned the Sinai peninsula to Egypt in April 1982. The Arab League reacted to the peace treaty by suspending Egypt from the organization and moving its headquarters from Cairo to Tunis. Sadat was assassinated in 1981 by Islamic fundamentalist members of the Egyptian army who opposed peace with Israel. Following the agreement Israel and Egypt became the two largest recipients of US military and financial aid^[354] (Iraq and Afghanistan have now overtaken them).

In December 1978 the Israeli

Islamic Revolution there. On 30 June 1981, the Israeli air force destroyed the Osirak nuclear reactor in Operation Opera that France was building for Iraq. Three weeks later, Begin won again, in the 1981 elections (48 seats Likud, 47 Labour). Ariel Sharon was made defence minister. The new government annexed the Golan Heights and banned the national airline from flying on Shabbat.^[355] By the 1980s a diverse set of high-tech industries had developed

in Israel.

In the decades following the 1948 war, Israel's border with

civil war in Lebanon

.

In June 1982, the attempted assassination of

South Lebanon welcomed the Israelis, as PLO forces had maltreated them, but Lebanese resentment of Israeli occupation grew over time and the Shia became gradually radicalized under Iranian guidance.^[357]

Constant casualties among Israeli soldiers and Lebanese civilians led to growing opposition to the war in Israel.

In August 1982, the PLO withdrew its forces from Lebanon (moving to

Israeli public inquiry found that Israel's defence minister, Sharon, was indirectly but personally responsible for the massacres.^[358] It also recommended that he never again be allowed to hold the post (it did not forbid him from being Prime Minister). In 1983, the May 17 Agreement was signed between Israel and Lebanon, paving the way for an Israeli withdrawal from Lebanese territory through a few stages. Israel continued to operate against the PLO until its eventual departure in 1985, and kept a small force stationed in Southern Lebanon in support of the South Lebanon Army

until May 2000.

1983–1992: Shamir I; Peres I; Shamir II

In September 1983, Begin resigned and was succeeded by

Rabbi Ovadia Yosef in forming Shas

, a new party aimed at the non-Ashkenazi Ultra-Orthodox vote.

In June 1985, Israel withdrew most of its troops from Lebanon, leaving a residual Israeli force and an Israeli-supported

index linking of salaries, had reached 480% per annum and was the highest in the world. Peres introduced emergency control of prices and cut government expenditure successfully bringing inflation under control. The currency (known as the old Israeli shekel) was replaced and renamed the Israeli new shekel

at a rate of 1,000 old shkalim = 1 new shekel.

Growing Israeli settlement and continuing occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip led to the First Intifada in 1987, which lasted until the Oslo accords of 1993, despite Israeli attempts to suppress it. Human rights abuses by Israeli troops led a group of Israelis to form B'Tselem, an organization devoted to improving awareness and compliance with human rights requirements in Israel.

The Alignment and Likud remained neck and neck in the

"the dirty trick"

, failed and Shamir became prime minister at the head of a right-wing coalition.

In August 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait, triggering the Gulf War between Iraq and a large allied force, led by the United States. Iraq attacked Israel with 39 Scud missiles. Israel did not retaliate at request of the US, fearing that if Israel responded against Iraq, other Arab nations might desert the allied coalition.

The coalition's victory in the Gulf War opened new possibilities for regional peace, and in October 1991 the US president, George H. W. Bush, and Soviet Union Premier, Mikhail Gorbachev, jointly convened a historic meeting in Madrid of Israeli, Lebanese, Jordanian, Syrian, and Palestinian leaders. Shamir opposed the idea but agreed in return for loan guarantees to help with absorption of immigrants from the former Soviet Union. His participation in the conference led to the collapse of his (right-wing) coalition.

1992–1996: Rabin II; Peres II

In the

Labour Party, led by Yitzhak Rabin, won a significant victory (44 seats) promising to pursue peace while promoting Rabin as a "tough general" and pledging not to deal with the PLO in any way. The left Zionist party Meretz

won 12 seats, and the Arab and communist parties a further 5, meaning that parties supporting a peace treaty had a full (albeit small) majority in the Knesset.

On 25 July 1993, Israel carried out a week-long military operation in Lebanon to attack

Israel–Jordan Treaty of Peace, witnessed by US President Bill Clinton.^[360]^[361]

Prime Minister

Israeli–Palestinian Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip on 28 September 1995 in Washington. The agreement was witnessed by President Bill Clinton on behalf of the United States and by Russia, Egypt, Norway and the European Union, and incorporates and supersedes the previous agreements, marking the conclusion of the first stage of negotiations between Israel and the PLO.^[362]^[363] The agreement allowed allowed the PLO leadership to relocate to the occupied territories and granted autonomy to the Palestinians with talks to follow regarding final status. In return the Palestinians promised to abstain from use of terror and changed the Palestinian National Covenant, which had called for the expulsion of all Jews who migrated after 1917 and the elimination of Israel.^[364]

The agreement was opposed by

rocket attacks

on Israeli population centres along the border.

1996–2001: Netanyahu I; Barak

The May 1996

better source needed

]

In September 1996, a

Hebron Protocol with the Palestinian Authority, resulting in the redeployment of Israeli forces in Hebron

and the turnover of civilian authority in much of the area to the Palestinian Authority.

In the

election of July 1999, Ehud Barak of the Labour Party became Prime Minister. His party was the largest in the Knesset with 26 seats. In September 1999 the Supreme Court of Israel ruled that the use of torture in interrogation of Palestinian prisoners was illegal.^[367] On 21 March 2000, Pope John Paul II

arrived in Israel for an historic visit.

On 25 May 2000, Israel unilaterally

Sheba'a Farms" (however this area was governed by Syria until 1967 when Israel took control).^[369] The Sheba'a Farms provided Hezbollah with a pretext to maintain warfare with Israel.^[370] The Lebanese government, in contravention of the UN Security Council resolution, did not assert sovereignty in the area, which came under Hezbollah control. In the Fall of 2000, talks were held at Camp David to reach a final agreement on the Israel/Palestine conflict. Ehud Barak offered to meet most of the Palestinian teams requests for territory and political concessions, including Arab parts of east Jerusalem; however, Arafat abandoned the talks without making a counterproposal.^[371]

Following its withdrawal from South Lebanon, Israel became a member of the Western European and Others Group at the United Nations.^[372] Prior to this Israel was the only nation at the UN which was not a member of any group (the Arab states would not allow it to join the Asia group), which meant it could not be a member of the Security Council or appoint anyone to the International Court and other key UN roles.^[372]^[373] Since December 2013 it has been a permanent member of the group. Since December 2013 it has been a permanent member of the group.^[374]

On 28 September 2000, Israeli opposition leader

al-Aqsa Intifada. David Samuels and Khaled Abu Toameh have stated that the uprising was planned much earlier.^[375]^[376]

In 2001, with the Peace Process increasingly in disarray, Ehud Barak called a special election for Prime Minister. Barak hoped a victory would give him renewed authority in negotiations with the Palestinians. Instead opposition leader Ariel Sharon was elected PM. After this election, the system of directly electing the Premier was abandoned.

2001–2006: Sharon

The failure of the peace process, increased Palestinian terror and occasional

List of Israeli civilian casualties in the Second Intifada), Israel launched Operation Defensive Shield in March 2002, and Sharon began the construction of a barrier around the West Bank. Around the same time, the Israeli town of Sderot and other Israeli communities near Gaza became subject to constant shelling

and mortar bomb attacks from Gaza.

Thousands of Jews from Latin America began

Black Hebrews were granted permanent residency in Israel. The group had begun migrating to Israel 25 years earlier from the United States, but had not been recognized as Jews by the state and hence not granted citizenship under Israel's Law of Return

. They had settled in Israel without official status. From 2004 onwards, they received citizen's rights.

In 2005, all Jewish settlers were evacuated from

Disengagement from the Gaza Strip

was completed on 12 September 2005. Military disengagement from the northern West Bank was completed ten days later.

In 2005 Sharon left the Likud and formed a new party called Kadima, which accepted that the peace process would lead to creation of a Palestinian state. He was joined by many leading figures from both Likud and Labour.

Hamas won the 2006 Palestinian legislative election, the first and only genuinely free Palestinian elections. Hamas' leaders rejected all agreements signed with Israel, refused to recognize Israel's right to exist, refused to abandon terror, and occasionally claimed the Holocaust was a Jewish conspiracy. The withdrawal and Hamas victory left the status of Gaza unclear, as Israel asserted it was no longer an occupying power but continued to control air and sea access to Gaza although it did not exercise sovereignty on the ground. Egypt insisted that it was still occupied and refused to open border crossings with Gaza, although it was free to do so.^[378]

In April 2006

hemorrhagic stroke and Ehud Olmert became Prime Minister.^[379]

2006–2009: Olmert

confrontational

.

On 14 March 2006, Israel carried out

clashes in Gaza.^[380]

On 12 July, Hezbollah

UNIFIL

.

In June 2007 Hamas took control of the Gaza Strip in the course of the

swapped the bodies of Israeli soldiers Ehud Goldwasser and Eldad Regev, kidnapped in 2006, in exchange for the Lebanese terrorist Samir Kuntar, four Hezbollah prisoners, and the bodies of 199 Palestinian Arab and Lebanese fighters.^[383]

Olmert came under investigation for corruption and this led him to announce on 30 July 2008, that he would be stepping down as Prime Minister following election of a new leader of the

better source needed

]

2009–2021: Netanyahu II

In the 2009 legislative election Likud won 27 seats and Kadima 28; however, the right-wing camp won a majority of seats, and President Shimon Peres called on Netanyahu to form the government. Russian immigrant-dominated Yisrael Beiteinu came third with 15 seats, and Labour was reduced to fourth place with 13 seats. In 2009, Israeli billionaire Yitzhak Tshuva announced the discovery of huge natural gas reserves off the coast of Israel.^[386]

On 31 May 2010, an

direct negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians without success. As a defensive countermeasure to the rocket threat against Israel's civilian population, at the end of March 2011 Israel began to operate the advanced mobile air defence system "Iron Dome"^[387]

in the southern region of Israel and along the border with the Gaza Strip.

On 14 July 2011, the

socio-economic and religious backgrounds in Israel protested against the continuing rise in the cost of living

(particularly housing) and the deterioration of public services in the country (such as health and education). It was the largest social protest in the history of Israel, and peaked on 3 September 2011, when about 400,000 people demonstrated across the country.

In October 2011,

targeted killing carried out by Israeli forces in Gaza.^[390]^[391]

In May 2012, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu reached an agreement with the Head of Opposition Shaul Mofaz for Kadima to join the government, thus cancelling the early election supposed to be held in September.^[392] However, in July, the Kadima party left Netanyahu's government due to a dispute concerning military conscription for ultra-Orthodox Jews in Israel.^[393]

In response to over a hundred rocket attacks on southern Israeli cities, Israel began

barrier on the Israeli-Egyptian border was completed in its main section.^[394]

Benjamin Netanyahu was elected Prime Minister again after the

peace talks with the Palestinian Authority, Israel agreed to release 104 Palestinian prisoners, most of whom had been in jail since before the 1993 Oslo Accords,^[396] including militants who had killed Israeli civilians.^[396]^[397] In April 2014, Israel suspended peace talks after Hamas and Fatah agreed to form a unity government.^[398]

Following an escalation of rocket attacks by Hamas, Israel started

lone-wolf attacks by Palestinians took place in 2015 and 2016, particularly stabbings.^[403]

On 6 December 2017, President

the Great March of Return," a series of weekly protests along the Gaza–Israel border.^[405]

The COVID-19 pandemic began in Israel with the first case detected in February 2020 and the first death being that of a Holocaust survivor in March 2020.^[406] Israel Shield was the government's program to combat against the virus. Nationwide lockdowns and mask mandates were present throughout the country for much of 2020 into 2021, with the vaccination campaign beginning in December 2020 along with green passes.^[407]^[408]^[409]

In late 2020, Israel normalised relations with four Arab League countries: the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain in September (known as the

Operation Guardian of the Walls, trading blows with Hamas for eleven days.^[413]

The

2019–2022 political crisis featured political instability in Israel leading to five elections to the Knesset over a 4 year time period. The April 2019 and September 2019 elections saw no party able to form a coalition leading to the March 2020 election.^[414] This election again looked to result in deadlock, but due to the worsening COVID-19 pandemic, Netanyahu, and Blue and White leader, Benny Gantz, were able to establish a unity government with a planned rotating prime ministership where Netanyahu would serve first and later be replaced by Gantz.^[415] The coalition failed by December due to a dispute over the budget and new elections were called for March 2021.^[416]

2021–present: Bennett; Lapid; Netanyahu III

Following the

2023 Israel–Hamas war

started.

Demographics

Population of the Land of Israel 65–650^[423]
	65	100	150	300	550	650
Estimated Jewish Population (thousands)	2,500	1,800	1,200	500	200	100
Estimated Total Population	3,000	2,300	1,800	1,100	1,500	1,500

Development of Israel by decade^[424]^[425]^[426]
	1950	1960	1970	1980	1990	2000	2010	2020
Population (thousands)	1,370.1	2,150.4	3,022.1	3,921.7	4,821.7	6,369.3	7,695.1	9,097.0
World Jewry percentage	6%	15%	20%	25%	30%	38%	42%	44%
GDP per capita (current US$)		1,366	1,806	5,617	11,264	19,859	28,522	34,788

Notes

^ The debate is described in Amihai Mazar, "Archaeology and the Biblical Narrative: The Case of the United Monarchy" (see bibliography), p.29 fn.2: "For conservative approaches defining the United Monarchy as a state “from Dan to Beer Sheba” including “conquered kingdoms” (Ammon, Moab, Edom) and “spheres of influence” in Geshur and Hamath cf. e.g. Ahlström (1993), 455–542; Meyers (1998); Lemaire (1999); Masters (2001); Stager (2003); Rainey (2006), 159–168; Kitchen (1997); Millard (1997; 2008). For a total denial of the historicity of the United Monarchy cf. e.g. Davies (1992), 67–68; others suggested a ‘chiefdom’ comprising a small region around Jerusalem, cf. Knauf (1997), 81–85; Niemann (1997), 252–299 and Finkelstein (1999). For a ‘middle of the road’ approach suggesting a United Monarchy of larger territorial scope though smaller than the biblical description cf.e.g. Miller (1997); Halpern (2001), 229–262; Liverani (2005), 92–101. The latter recently suggested a state comprising the territories of Judah and Ephraim during the time of David, that was subsequently enlarged to include areas of northern Samaria and influence areas in the Galilee and Transjordan. Na’aman (1992; 1996) once accepted the basic biography of David as authentic and later rejected the United Monarchy as a state, cf. id. (2007), 401–402".

References

^ Shen et al. 2004, pp. 825–826, 828–829, 826–857.
ISBN 978-0-19-513941-9
. Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites"

ISBN 978-1-4381-2676-0
."The people of the Kingdom of Israel and the ethnic and religious group known as the Jewish people that descended from them have been subjected to a number of forced migrations in their history"

ISBN 978-0-19-997638-6
.

^ "Jew | History, Beliefs, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 20 August 2022. In the broader sense of the term, a Jew is any person belonging to the worldwide group that constitutes, through descent or conversion, a continuation of the ancient Jewish people, who were themselves descendants of the Hebrews of the Old Testament.

^ "Hebrew | people | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 20 August 2022.

^
OCLC 1103519319
. From the beginning of the Second Temple period until the Muslim conquest—the land was part of imperial space. This was true from the early Persian period, as well as the time of Ptolemy and the Seleucids. The only exception was the Hasmonean Kingdom, with its sovereign Jewish rule—first over Judah and later, in Alexander Jannaeus's prime, extending to the coast, the north, and the eastern banks of the Jordan.

^
ISBN 9780199554485
. These texts, combined with the relics of those who hid in caves along the western side of the Dead Sea, tells us a great deal. What is clear from the evidence of both skeletal remains and artefacts is that the Roman assault on the Jewish population of the Dead Sea was so severe and comprehensive that no one came to retrieve precious legal documents, or bury the dead. Up until this date the Bar Kokhba documents indicate that towns, villages and ports where Jews lived were busy with industry and activity. Afterwards there is an eerie silence, and the archaeological record testifies to little Jewish presence until the Byzantine era, in En Gedi. This picture coheres with what we have already determined in Part I of this study, that the crucial date for what can only be described as genocide, and the devastation of Jews and Judaism within central Judea, was 135 CE and not, as usually assumed, 70 CE, despite the siege of Jerusalem and the Temple's destruction

^ ^a ^b M. Avi-Yonah, The Jews under Roman and Byzantine Rule, Jerusalem 1984 pp. 12–14

^ ^a ^b Mor, M. The Second Jewish Revolt: The Bar Kokhba War, 132-136 CE. Brill, 2016. P471/

^
ISBN 978-90-04-31463-4
. Land confiscation in Judaea was part of the suppression of the revolt policy of the Romans and punishment for the rebels. But the very claim that the sikarikon laws were annulled for settlement purposes seems to indicate that Jews continued to reside in Judaea even after the Second Revolt. There is no doubt that this area suffered the severest damage from the suppression of the revolt. Settlements in Judaea, such as Herodion and Bethar, had already been destroyed during the course of the revolt, and Jews were expelled from the districts of Gophna, Herodion, and Aqraba. However, it should not be claimed that the region of Judaea was completely destroyed. Jews continued to live in areas such as Lod (Lydda), south of the Hebron Mountain, and the coastal regions. In other areas of the Land of Israel that did not have any direct connection with the Second Revolt, no settlement changes can be identified as resulting from it.

doi:10.3406/paleo.1988.4455
.

doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2005.11.005. INIST 17870089
.

^ "Timeline in the Understanding of Neanderthals". Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 13 July 2007.

^ "From 'small, dark and alive' to 'cripplingly shy': Dorothy Garrod as the first woman Professor at Cambridge". Archived from the original on 28 February 2009. Retrieved 13 July 2007.

^ "Excavations and Surveys (University of Haifa)". Archived from the original on 13 March 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2007.

^ Rincon, Paul (14 October 2015). "Fossil teeth place humans in Asia '20,000 years early'". BBC News. Archived from the original on 17 August 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2017.

S2CID 35814375
.

^ Jonathan M Golden,Ancient Canaan and Israel: An Introduction, OUP, 2009 pp. 3–4.

^
OCLC 1017604304.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
)

S2CID 164054005
.

^ 1177 B.C. : The Year Civilization Collapsed by Eric CLine, Princeton University Press

^ Dever, William G. Beyond the Texts, Society of Biblical Literature Press, 2017, pp. 89-93

^ S. Richard, "Archaeological sources for the history of Palestine: The Early Bronze Age: The rise and collapse of urbanism", The Biblical Archaeologist (1987)

S2CID 191385013
.

^ Stager 1998, p. 91.

^ McNutt 1999, p. 70.

^ Miller 2005, p. 98.

^ Miller 2005, p. 99.

^ Miller 2005, p. 105.

^ Dever 2003, p. 206.

^ Mark Smith in "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" states "Despite the long regnant model that the Canaanites and Israelites were people of fundamentally different culture, archaeological data now casts doubt on this view. The material culture of the region exhibits numerous common points between Israelites and Canaanites in the Iron I period (c. 1200–1000 BCE). The record would suggest that the Israelite culture largely overlapped with and derived from Canaanite culture... In short, Israelite culture was largely Canaanite in nature. Given the information available, one cannot maintain a radical cultural separation between Canaanites and Israelites for the Iron I period." (pp. 6–7). Smith, Mark (2002) "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" (Eerdman's)

^ Rendsberg, Gary (2008). "Israel without the Bible". In Frederick E. Greenspahn. The Hebrew Bible: New Insights and Scholarship. NYU Press, pp. 3–5

ISBN 1-85075-657-0
.

^ McNutt 1999, p. 35.

^ Killebrew 2005, p. 230.

^ Garfinkel, Yossi; Ganor, Sa'ar; Hasel, Michael (19 April 2012). "Journal 124: Khirbat Qeiyafa preliminary report". Hadashot Arkheologiyot: Excavations and Surveys in Israel. Israel Antiquities Authority. Archived from the original on 23 June 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2018.

S2CID 161627736
. Retrieved 12 June 2018.

ISBN 9780802821263
.

S2CID 147053561
.

^ "Crying King David: Are the ruins found in Israel really his palace?". Haaretz. Retrieved 18 July 2021. Not all agree that the ruins found in Khirbet Qeiyafa are of the biblical town Sha'arayim, let alone the palace of ancient Israel's most famous king

ISBN 978-0-684-86912-4
.

^ Wright, Jacob L. (July 2014). "David, King of Judah (Not Israel)". The Bible and Interpretation. Archived from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2021.

^ The Pitcher Is Broken: Memorial Essays for Gosta W. Ahlstrom, Steven W. Holloway, Lowell K. Handy, Continuum, 1 May 1995 Quote: "For Israel, the description of the battle of Qarqar in the Kurkh Monolith of Shalmaneser III (mid-ninth century) and for Judah, a Tiglath-pileser III text mentioning (Jeho-) Ahaz of Judah (IIR67 = K. 3751), dated 734–733, are the earliest published to date."

^ Finkelstein, Israel, (2020). "Saul and Highlands of Benjamin Update: The Role of Jerusalem", in Joachim J. Krause, Omer Sergi, and Kristin Weingart (eds.), Saul, Benjamin, and the Emergence of Monarchy in Israel: Biblical and Archaeological Perspectives, SBL Press, Atlanta, GA, p. 48, footnote 57: "...They became territorial kingdoms later, Israel in the first half of the ninth century BCE and Judah in its second half..."

^ Finkelstein & Silberman 2002, pp. 146–7:Put simply, while Judah was still economically marginal and backward, Israel was booming. ... In the next chapter we will see how the northern kingdom suddenly appeared on the ancient Near Eastern stage as a major regional power

OCLC 949151323
.

OCLC 880456140
.

S2CID 128814117
.

OCLC 1017604304.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
)

^ "The Kurkh Stela". British Museum. Archived from the original on 21 October 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2017.

^ 1 Kings 20

^
OCLC 33819403
. The Meša inscription (ca. 850 BCE) clearly states that YHWH was the supreme god of Israel and of the Transjordanian territory occupied by Israel under the Omrides.

^
ISSN 0098-9444. Archived from the original
(PDF) on 31 March 2012.

^ 2 Kings 15:29 1 Chronicles 5:26

ISBN 978-1-64602-029-4
.

JSTOR 3266980
.

^ Yamada & Yamada 2017, pp. 408–409.

OCLC 949151323
.

ISBN 1841272019. Archived
from the original on 9 January 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2018.

^ 2 Kings 20:20

^ "Siloam Inscription". Jewish Encyclopedia. 1906. Archived from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.

^ "Sennacherib recounts his triumphs". The Israel Museum. 17 February 2021. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.

S2CID 162713432
.

ISBN 978-1-317-49031-9
.

OCLC 1203457109
.

^ The Social Roots of Biblical Yahwism by Stephen Cook, SBL 2004 pp 58

^
ISBN 978-90-474-2072-9
.

^ Malamat, A. (1975, January). The twilight of Judah: in the Egyptian-Babylonian maelstrom. In Congress Volume Edinburgh 1974 (pp. 123–145). Brill.

^ Geoffrey Wigoder, The Illustrated Dictionary & Concordance of the Bible Pub. by Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. (2006)

^ "Cuneiform tablet with part of the Babylonian Chronicle (605-594 BC)". British Museum. Archived from the original on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2014.

^ "Chronicle Concerning the Early Years of Nebuchadnezzar II". www.livius.org. Archived from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.

^ The Oxford History of the Biblical World, ed. by Michael D Coogan. Published by Oxford University Press, 1999. p. 350

^
ISSN 0334-4355
. The destruction of Jerusalem by the Babylonians (586 B.C.E.) is the most traumatic event described in biblical historiography, and in its shadow the history of the people of Israel was reshaped. The harsh impression of the destruction left its mark on the prophetic literature also, and particular force is retained in the laments over the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple in its midst. [...] most of Judah's inhabitants remained there after the destruction of Jerusalem. They concentrated chiefly in the Benjamin region and the northern Judean hill country. This area was hardly affected by the destruction, and became the centre of the Babylonian province with its capital at Mizpah. [...] The archaeological data reinforce the biblical account, and they indicate that Jerusalem and its close environs suffered a severe blow. Most of the small settlements near the city were destroyed, the city wall was demolished, and the buildings within were put to the torch. Excavation and survey data show that the western border of the kingdom also sustained a grave onslaught, seemingly at the time when the Babylonians went to besiege Jerusalem.

OCLC 44509358
. Intensive excavations throughout Jerusalem have shown that the city was indeed systematically destroyed by the Babylonians. The conflagration seems to have been general. When activity on the ridge of the City of David resumed in the Persian period, the-new suburbs on the western hill that had flourished since at least the time of Hezekiah were not reoccupied.

^ "The Exilarchs". Archived from the original on 16 September 2009. Retrieved 23 September 2018.

^ Nodet 1999, p. 25.

^ Soggin 1998, p. 311.

^ Frei 2001, p. 6.

^ "Jewish religious year". Archived from the original on 26 December 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2014.

^
ISBN 978-1-134-72264-8
p.14.

^ Miller 1986, p. 458.

^ Wylen 1996, p. 25.

^ Grabbe 2004, pp. 154–5.

JSTOR 3259988
.

^ Green, p. 499.

ISBN 0334007887
.

^ Tchrikover, Victor. Hellenistic Civilization and the Jews.

^ Green, p. 501.

^ Ginzberg, Lewis. "The Tobiads and Oniads". Jewish Encyclopedia.

^ Jan Assmann: Martyrium, Gewalt, Unsterblichkeit. Die Ursprünge eines religiösen Syndroms. In: Jan-Heiner Tück (Hrsg.): Sterben für Gott – Töten für Gott? Religion, Martyrium und Gewalt. [Deutsch]. Herder Verlag, Freiburg i. Br. 2015, 122–147, hier: S. 136.

^ Morkholm 2008, p. 290.

^ "HYRCANUS, JOHN (JOHANAN) I. - JewishEncyclopedia.com". www.jewishencyclopedia.com.

OCLC 961153992
.

ISBN 0-674-39731-2
. The expansion of Hasmonean Judea took place gradually. Under Jonathan, Judea annexed southern Samaria and began to expand in the direction of the coast plain... The main ethnic changes were the work of John Hyrcanus... it was in his days and those of his son Aristobulus that the annexation of Idumea, Samaria and Galilee and the consolidation of Jewish settlement in Trans-Jordan was completed. Alexander Jannai, continuing the work of his predecessors, expanded Judean rule to the entire coastal plain, from the Carmel to the Egyptian border... and to additional areas in Trans-Jordan, including some of the Greek cities there.

ISBN 978-0-521-24377-3
, retrieved 20 March 2023, These changes accompanied and were partially caused by the great extension of the Judaeans' contacts with the peoples around them. Many historians have chronicled the Hasmonaeans' territorial acquisitions. In sum, it took them twenty-five years to win control of the tiny territory of Judaea and get rid of the Seleucid colony of royalist Jews (with, presumably, gentile officials and garrison) in Jerusalem. [...] However, in the last years before its fall, the Hasmonaeans were already strong enough to acquire, partly by negotiation, partly by conquest, a little territory north and south of Judaea and a corridor on the west to the coast at Jaffa/Joppa. This was briefly taken from them by Antiochus Sidetes, but soon regained, and in the half century from Sidetes' death in 129 to Alexander Jannaeus' death in 76 they overran most of Palestine and much of western and northern Transjordan. First John Hyrcanus took over the hills of southern and central Palestine (Idumaea and the territories of Shechem, Samaria and Scythopolis) in 128–104; then his son, Aristobulus I, took Galilee in 104–103, and Aristobulus' brother and successor, Jannaeus, in about eighteen years of warfare (103–96, 86–76) conquered and reconquered the coastal plain, the northern Negev, and western edge of Transjordan.

^ Philip R. Davies in The Canon Debate, p. 50: "With many other scholars, I conclude that the fixing of a canonical list was almost certainly the achievement of the Hasmonean dynasty."

^ Paul Johnson, History of the Jews, p. 106, Harper 1988

^ "John Hyrcanus II". www.britannica.com. Encyclopedia Britannica.

^ Julius Caesar: The Life and Times of the People's Dictator By Luciano Canfora chapter 24 "Caesar Saved by the Jews".

^ A Concise History of the Jewish People By Naomi E. Pasachoff, Robert J. Littman 1995 (2005 Roman and Littleford edition), page 67

^ Philo of Alexandria, On the Embassy to Gaius XXX.203.

^ "Josephus: Antiquities of the Jews, Book XVIII". penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 27 November 2017.

^ The Chosen Few: How education shaped Jewish History, Botticini and Eckstein, Princeton 2012, page 71 and chapters 4 and 5

^ Condra, E. (2018). Salvation for the righteous revealed: Jesus amid covenantal and messianic expectations in Second Temple Judaism. Brill.

^ שטרן, מנחם (1984). ההיסטוריה של ארץ ישראל: התקופה הרומית-ביזנטית - שלטון רומי מהכיבוש ועד מלחמת בן כוסבה (63 לפני הספירה - 135 לספירה) (in Hebrew). בית הוצאה כתר - ירושלים; יד יצחק בן צבי. p. 297.

^ Martin Goodman, Rome and Jerusalem: The Clash of Ancient Civilizations, Penguin 2008 pp. 18–19

ISBN 978-1134403172
.

OCLC 863044259. The year 70 ce marked transformations in demography, politics, Jewish civic status, Palestinian and more general Jewish economic and social structures, Jewish religious life beyond the sacrificial cult, and even Roman politics and the topography of the city of Rome itself. [...] The Revolt's failure had, to begin with, a demographic impact on the Jews of Palestine; many died in battle and as a result of siege conditions, not only in Jerusalem. [...] As indicated above, the figures for captives are conceivably more reliable. If 97,000 is roughly correct as a total for the war, it would mean that a huge percentage of the population was removed from the country, or at the very least displaced from their homes. Nevertheless, only sixty years later, there was a large enough population in the Judaean countryside to stage a massively disruptive second rebellion; this one appears to have ended, in 135, with devastation and depopulation of the district.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
)

JSTOR 20189648
.

ISSN 0022-2097
.

OCLC 1162305378
. Until the modern period, the destruction of the Temple was the most cataclysmic moment in the history of the Jewish people. Without the Temple, the Sadducees no longer had any claim to authority, and they faded away. The sage Yochanan ben Zakkai, with permission from Rome, set up the outpost of Yavneh to continue develop of Pharisaic, or rabbinic, Judaism.

OCLC 1294393934
.

ISSN 0002-7189
.

^ "Cassius Dio – Epitome of Book 68". Penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 13 August 2012.

^ Martin Goodman, Rome and Jerusalem: The Clash of Ancient Civilizations, Penguin 2008 p. 490

^ For more information see The Canon Debate edited by McDonald and Sanders, 2002 Hendrickson

^ Jacobs, Joseph; Broydé, Isaac. "Zohar". Jewish Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 19 May 2014.

^ M. Avi-Yonah, The Jews under Roman and Byzantine Rule, Jerusalem 1984 p. 143

S2CID 236389017
.

ISBN 978-0-674-99195-8
.

ISBN 0-674-39731-2
, page 334: "In an effort to wipe out all memory of the bond between the Jews and the land, Hadrian changed the name of the province from Iudaea to Syria-Palestina, a name that became common in non-Jewish literature."

ISBN 0-89236-800-4

S2CID 154240558
. (page 90)

ISBN 3-525-50166-8, S. 279 f. (online
).

^ Jacobson 2001, pp. 44–45:"Hadrian officially renamed Judea Syria Palaestina after his Roman armies suppressed the Bar-Kokhba Revolt (the Second Jewish Revolt) in 135 C.E.; this is commonly viewed as a move intended to sever the connection of the Jews to their historical homeland. However, that Jewish writers such as Philo, in particular, and Josephus, who flourished while Judea was still formally in existence, used the name Palestine for the Land of Israel in their Greek works, suggests that this interpretation of history is mistaken. Hadrian's choice of Syria Palaestina may be more correctly seen as a rationalization of the name of the new province, in accordance with its area being far larger than geographical Judea. Indeed, Syria Palaestina had an ancient pedigree that was intimately linked with the area of greater Israel."

S2CID 163534665
. Retrieved 20 May 2021.

^ Feldman 1990, p. 19: "While it is true that there is no evidence as to precisely who changed the name of Judaea to Palestine and precisely when this was done, circumstantial evidence would seem to point to Hadrian himself, since he is, it would seem, responsible for a number of decrees that sought to crush the national and religious spirit of the Jews, whether these decrees were responsible for the uprising or were the result of it. In the first place, he refounded Jerusalem as a Graeco-Roman city under the name of Aelia Capitolina. He also erected on the site of the Temple another temple to Zeus."

^ Foster 2017, pp. 95–110, "Southern Syria": "... the paucity of direct evidence around who made the change, when and under what circumstances... it’s equally likely the name change had little to do with Jew hatred and more to do with Hadrian’s romance with ancient Greece. It’s also possible Judaea gradually fell from use out of derelict rather than spite. ... But Palestine did not emerge forth from Judaea, it had coexisted with it long before it was putatively changed to it. ... So, Palestine included Judaea a long time before Hadrian said it included Judaea. We have a plausible motive for the change without knowing anything else about Hadrian: he called the place what it was called. ... The decision to change the name to Palestine may have been a banal bureaucratic choice. ... If the administrative reorganization was indeed banal, then we might have expected both names to have persisted after the change, which is exactly what happened."

^ Martin Goodman, Rome and Jerusalem: The Clash of Ancient Civilizations, Penguin 2008 p. 494

^ Oppenheimer, A'haron and Oppenheimer, Nili. Between Rome and Babylon: Studies in Jewish Leadership and Society. Mohr Siebeck, 2005, p. 2.

^ מרדכי וורמברנד ובצלאל ס רותת "עם ישראל – תולדות 4000 שנה – מימי האבות ועד חוזה השלום", ע"מ 95. (Translation: Mordechai Vermebrand and Betzalel S. Ruth – "The People of Israel – the history of 4000 years – from the days of the Forefathers to the Peace Treaty", 1981, p. 95)

^
OCLC 1302180905
.

ISBN 978-0-415-08800-8
.

^ Lehmann, Clayton Miles (18 January 2007). "Palestine". Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces. University of South Dakota. Archived from the original on 7 April 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2013.

^ Morçöl 2006, p. 304

^
S2CID 162644246
. The phenomenon was most prominent in Judea, and can be explained by the demographic changes that this region underwent after the second Jewish revolt of 132-135 C.E. The expulsion of Jews from the area of Jerusalem following the suppression of the revolt, in combination with the penetration of pagan populations into the same region, created the conditions for the diffusion of Christians into that area during the fifth and sixth centuries. [...] This regional population, originally pagan and during the Byzantine period gradually adopting Christianity, was one of the main reasons that the monks chose to settle there. They erected their monasteries near local villages that during this period reached their climax in size and wealth, thus providing fertile ground for the planting of new ideas.

^ קליין, א' (2011). היבטים בתרבות החומרית של יהודה הכפרית בתקופה הרומית המאוחרת (135–324 לסה"נ). עבודת דוקטור, אוניברסיטת בר-אילן. עמ' 314–315. (Hebrew)

^ שדמן, ע' (2016). בין נחל רבה לנחל שילה: תפרוסת היישוב הכפרי בתקופות ההלניסטית, הרומית והביזנטית לאור חפירות וסקרים. עבודת דוקטור, אוניברסיטת בר-אילן. עמ' 271–275. (Hebrew)

^ Klein, E, 2010, “The Origins of the Rural Settlers in Judean Mountains and Foothills during the Late Roman Period”, In: E. Baruch., A. Levy-Reifer and A. Faust (eds.), New Studies on Jerusalem, Vol. 16, Ramat-Gan, pp. 321-350 (Hebrew).

^ The Chosen Few: How education shaped Jewish History, Botticini and Eckstein, Princeton 2012, page 116

^ M. Avi-Yonah, The Jews under Roman and Byzantine Rule, Jerusalem 1984 sections II to V

^ Vailhé Siméon, "Diocaesarea" in The Catholic Encyclopedia. Archived 26 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 7 November 2013.

doi:10.1163/174551911X573542
.

^ "Necropolis of Bet She'arim: A Landmark of Jewish Renewal". Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.

^ History of the Jews, Volume II by Simon Dubnow (Barnes 1968), chapter 4 the Patriarchate in the Galillee (pages 96 - 117)

^ Cherry, Robert: Jewish and Christian Views on Bodily Pleasure: Their Origins and Relevance in the Twentieth-Century Archived 30 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine, p. 148 (2018), Wipf and Stock Publishers

^ Arthur Hertzberg (2001). "Judaism and the Land of Israel". In Jacob Neusner (ed.). Understanding Jewish Theology. Global Academic Publishing. p. 79.

^ The Darkening Age: The Christian Destruction of the Classical World by Catherine Nixey 2018

^ Antisemitism: Its History and Causes Archived 1 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine by Bernard Lazare, 1894. Accessed January 2009

^
ISBN 9652172391
.

ISBN 978-0-521-70562-2
. Jews probably remained in the majority in Palestine until some time after the conversion of Constantine in the fourth century. [...] In Babylonia, there had been for many centuries a Jewish community which would have been further strengthened by those fleeing the aftermath of the Roman revolts.

ISBN 978-965-217-444-4
.

^ M. Avi-Yonah, The Jews under Roman and Byzantine Rule, Jerusalem 1984 chapters XI–XII

^ Safrai 1998: 73–75

^ History of the Byzantine Jews: A Microcosmos in the Thousand Year Empire By Elli Kohen, University Press of America 2007, Chapter 5

^ Loewenberg, Meir (January 2013). "When Iran Ruled Jerusalem". Segula. pp. 30–38.

^ Archaeology Versus Written Sources: the Case of the Persian Conquest of Jerusalem in 614 by Yuri Stoyanov in ACTA MUSEI VARNAENSIS VIII-1 pg 351 - 358

^ The Persian Conquest of Jerusalem (614 c.e.)—An Archaeological Assessment by Gideon Avni in Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research No. 357 (February 2010), pp. 35-48

ISBN 9780415305877
. He had promised the Jews ... amnesty ..., but was unable to hold to this. At the insistence of the leaders of the Christians, who had not forgotten the period of Jewish rule from 614 to 617, he once more expelled the Jews from Jerusalem and had to allow large numbers of them to be executed.

^ Moshe Gil, A History of Palestine, 634–1099, Cambridge University Press 1997 page 105 – 107

^
S2CID 165391034
.

JSTOR 1595103
.

^
JSTOR 23407269
.

OCLC 958547332
. From the data given above it can be concluded that the Muslim population of Central Samaria, during the early Muslim period, was not an autochthonous population which had converted to Christianity. They arrived there either by way of migration or as a result of a process of sedentarization of the nomads who had filled the vacuum created by the departing Samaritans at the end of the Byzantine period [...] To sum up: in the only rural region in Palestine in which, according to all the written and archeological sources, the process of Islamization was completed already in the twelfth century, there occurred events consistent with the model propounded by Levtzion and Vryonis: the region was abandoned by its original sedentary population and the subsequent vacuum was apparently filled by nomads who, at a later stage, gradually became sedentarized

^ ^a ^b ^c Ehrlich 2022, p. 33.

ISBN 978-0-812-20269-4

ISBN 978-1-793-64946-1
p.231.

ISBN 965-217-202-2
.

^ Jerusalem in the Crusader Period Archived 6 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine Jerusalem: Life throughout the ages in a holy city] David Eisenstadt, March 1997

^ ^a ^b Grossman, Avraham (2005). "The Crusader Period". In Shinan, Avigdor (ed.). Israel: People, Land, State. Jerusalem: Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi. pp. 177–197.

^ "Moses Maimonides | Jewish philosopher, scholar, and physician". Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2019.

ISBN 9781440853524. Archived
from the original on 31 December 2021. Retrieved 23 October 2020.

ISBN 9780253205513
. in the Sixth Crusade, Frederick II ...concluded a treaty with the Saracens in 1229 that placed Jerusalem under Christian control but allowed Muslim and Christian alike freedom of access to the religious shrines of the city. ... Within fifteen years of Frederick's departure from the Holy Land, the Khwarisimian Turks, successors to the Seljuks, rampaged through Syria and Palestine, capturing Jerusalem in 1244. (Jerusalem would not be ruled again by Christians until the British occupied it in December 1917, during World War I).

^ Jerusalem: Illustrated History Atlas Martin Gilbert, Macmillan Publishing, New York, 1978, p. 25.

^ Reorienting the East: Jewish Travelers to the Medieval Muslim Word, by Martin Jacobs, University of Pennsylvania 2014, page 101: "Subterranean Hebron: Religious Access Rights"

^ International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa by Trudy Ring, Robert M. Salkin, Sharon La Boda, pp. 336–339

^ Myriam Rosen-Ayalon, Between Cairo and Damascus: Rural Life and Urban Economics in the Holy Land During the Ayyuid, Maluk and Ottoman Periods in The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land edited Thomas Evan Levy, Continuum International Publishing Group, 1998

^
OCLC 847471027
.

ISBN 978-3-643-90329-7
pp.297–315 p.308 n.31

^ The Ghetto of Venice by Riccardo Calimani, pg 94, Mondadori 1995

ISBN 978-0-8173-0572-7
p. 149

^ Joel Rappel, History of Eretz Israel from Prehistory up to 1882 (1980), vol. 2, p. 531. "In 1662 Sabbathai Sevi arrived to Jerusalem. It was the time when the Jewish settlements of Galilee were destroyed by the Druze: Tiberias was completely desolate and only a few of former Safed residents had returned...."

S2CID 162155126
.

^ Barbara Tuchman, Bible and Sword: How the British came to Palestine, Macmillan 1956, chapter 9

ISBN 9782351592656

^ Barbara Tuchman, Bible and Sword: How the British came to Palestine, Macmillan 1956, page 194-5

ISBN 978-9-041-11255-2
p.13

ISBN 978-0-691-15007-9
p.137

^
ISBN 9780670025053. Archived
from the original on 31 December 2021. Retrieved 23 October 2020.

ISBN 978-0-253-03867-8
2019 p69-73, p.71.

ISBN 978-0-812-20814-6
2012 pp.17-18.

ISBN 978-9-004-27291-0
2014 pp.89f.

^ "Herzl and Zionism". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 20 July 2004. Archived from the original on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2012.

ISBN 9780253223579
.

ISBN 9780253223579
.

^ "In 1918, the art of an Armenian genocide survivor changed Jerusalem forever". The Times of Israel.

^ Weizmann, the Making of a Statesman by Jehuda Reinharz, Oxford 1993, chapters 3 & 4

^ David Fromkin, A Peace to End All Peace, part VI pp. 253–305

^ God, Guns and Israel, Jill Hamilton, UK 2004, Especially chapter 14.

ISBN 978-1-400-85265-9
p.131.

^ God, Guns and Israel, Jill Hamilton, UK 2004, Especially chapter 15

^ A Line in the Sand: Britain, France and the Struggle That Shaped the Middle East by James Barr, Simon & Schuster 2011, pages 375–376.

ISBN 978-0-814-77924-8
1991 p.235.

Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Archived from the original
on 26 September 2012.

^ Jeffrey Veidlinger, 'The Killing Fields of Ukraine,' Tablet 22 February 2022.

ISBN 978-1-783-74747-4

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. The outside world, while shocked by Nazi atrocities, did little to help the victims. A conference of thiry-one countries, which met at Evian in early July did no more than confirm the validity of Weizmann's diagnosis, before the Peel Commission, of the condition of the European Jews in the late thirties: ... the world is divided into places where they cannot live and places into which they cannot enter." Palestine was excluded from the Evian agenda at the insistence of the British Government.

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Lapierre, Dominique; Collins, Larry (1971). O Jerusalem. Laffont.
ISBN 978-2-253-00754-8
.

Laurens, Henry (2005). Paix et guerre au Moyen-Orient: l'Orient arabe et le monde de 1945 à nos jours (in French). Armand Colin.
ISBN 978-2-200-26977-7
.

McNutt, Paula (1999). Reconstructing the Society of Ancient Israel. Westminster John Knox Press.
ISBN 978-0-664-22265-9
.

Miller, Robert D. (2005). Chieftains of the Highland Clans: A History of Israel in the 12th and 11th Centuries B.C. Eerdmans.
ISBN 978-0-8028-0988-9
.

Morçöl, Göktuğ (2006). Handbook of Decision Making. CRC Press.
ISBN 978-1-57444-548-0
.

Morkholm, Otto (2008). "Antiochus IV". In William David Davies; Louis Finkelstein (eds.). The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 2, The Hellenistic Age. Cambridge University Press. pp. 278–291.
ISBN 978-0-521-21929-7
.

Morris, Benny (2004). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge University Press.
ISBN 0-521-00967-7. Archived from the original
on 25 July 2020.

Sachar, Howard M. (1976). A History of Israel. New York: Knopf.
ISBN 0-394-48564-5
.

Shen, P.; Lavi, T.; Kivisild, T.; Chou, V.; Sengun, D.; Gefel, D.; Shpirer, I.; Woolf, E.; Hillel, J.; Feldman, M.W.; Oefner, P.J. (2004). "Reconstruction of Patrilineages and Matrilineages of Samaritans and Other Israeli Populations From Y-Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation". S2CID 1571356.^{[permanent dead link}
]

Stager, Lawrence. "Forging an Identity: The Emergence of Ancient Israel". In Coogan (1998).

Yamada, Keiko; Yamada, Shiego (2017). "Shalmaneser V and His Era, Revisited". In Baruchi-Unna, Amitai; Forti, Tova; Aḥituv, Shmuel; Ephʿal, Israel; Tigay, Jeffrey H. (eds.). "Now It Happened in Those Days": Studies in Biblical, Assyrian, and Other Ancient Near Eastern Historiography Presented to Mordechai Cogan on His 75th Birthday. Vol. 2. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns.
ISBN 978-1575067612
.

Further reading

Berger, Earl The Covenant and the Sword: Arab–Israeli Relations, 1948–56, London, Routledge K. Paul, 1965.

Bregman, Ahron A History of Israel, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire; New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002
ISBN 0-333-67632-7
.

Bright, John (2000). A History of Israel. Westminster John Knox Press.
ISBN 978-0-664-22068-6. Archived
from the original on 2 November 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2018.

Butler, L. J. Britain and Empire: Adjusting to a Post-Imperial World I.B. Tauris 2002
ISBN 1-86064-449-X

Caspit, Ben. The Netanyahu Years (2017) excerpt Archived 3 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine

Darwin, John Britain and Decolonisation: The Retreat from Empire in the Post-War World Palgrave Macmillan 1988
ISBN 0-333-29258-8

Davis, John, The Evasive Peace: a Study of the Zionist-Arab Problem, London: J. Murray, 1968.

Eytan, Walter The First Ten Years: a Diplomatic History of Israel, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1958

Feis, Herbert. The birth of Israel: the tousled diplomatic bed (1969) online

ISBN 0-688-12362-7
.

Horrox, James A Living Revolution: Anarchism in the Kibbutz Movement, Oakland: AK Press, 2009

ISBN 0-85368-613-0
.

Israel Office of Information Israel's Struggle for Peace, New York, 1960.

Klagsbrun, Francine. Lioness: Golda Meir and the Nation of Israel (Schocken, 2017) excerpt Archived 31 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine.

ISBN 0-7045-0096-5
.

Lehmann, Gunnar (2003). "The United Monarchy in the Countryside: Jerusalem, Juday, and the Shephelah during the Tenth Century B.C.E.". In Vaughn, Andrew G.; Killebrew, Ann E. (eds.). Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period. Society of Biblical Lit. pp. 117–162.
ISBN 978-1-58983-066-0. Archived
from the original on 20 August 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2021.

Lucas, Noah The Modern History of Israel, New York: Praeger, 1975.

Miller, James Maxwell; Hayes, John Haralson (1986). A History of Ancient Israel and Judah. Westminster John Knox Press.
ISBN 0-664-21262-X
.

Morris, Benny 1948: A History of the First Arab–Israeli War, Yale University Press, 2008.
ISBN 978-0-300-12696-9
.

ISBN 0-671-60044-3
.

ISBN 0-19-515174-7
.

Pfeffer, Anshel. Bibi: The Turbulent Life and Times of Benjamin Netanyahu (2018).

Rabinovich, Itamar. Yitzhak Rabin: Soldier, Leader, Statesman (Yale UP, 2017). excerpt Archived 3 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine

Rubinstein, Alvin Z. (editor) The Arab–Israeli Conflict: Perspectives, New York: Praeger, 1984
ISBN 0-03-068778-0
.

Lord Russell of Liverpool, If I Forget Thee; the Story of a Nation's Rebirth, London, Cassell 1960.

Samuel, Rinna A History of Israel: the Birth, Growth and Development of Today's Jewish State, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1989
ISBN 0-297-79329-2
.

Schultz, Joseph & Klausner, Carla From Destruction to Rebirth: The Holocaust and the State of Israel, Washington, D.C.: University Press of America, 1978
ISBN 0-8191-0574-0
.

ISBN 0-8090-8563-1
.

Shapira Anita. ‘'Israel: A History'’ (Brandeis University Press/University Press of New England; 2012) 502 pages;

Sharon, Assaf, "The Long Paralysis of the Israeli Left" (review of Dan Ephron, Killing a King: The Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin and the Remaking of Israel, Norton, 290 pp.; and Itamar Rabinovich, Yitzhak Rabin: Soldier, Leader, Statesman, Yale University Press, 272 pp.), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXVI, no. 17 (7 November 2019), pp. 32–34.

Shatz, Adam, "We Are Conquerors" (review of
Jewish homeland in Palestine, and how contemptuous he was not only of the Arabs but of Jewish life outside Zion
. [Liberal Jews] may look at the state that Ben-Gurion built, and ask if the cost has been worth it." (p. 42 of Shatz's review.)

Shlaim, Avi, The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World (2001)

ISBN 0-297-00227-9
.

ISBN 0-231-08274-6
.

Primary sources

Laqueur, Walter, and Dan Schueftan, eds. The Israel-Arab Reader: A Documentary History of the Middle East Conflict (8th ed. Penguin, 2016). online 2001 edition

External links

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@@ Line 325: / Line 325: @@
 On 4 July 1946 [[Kielce Pogrom|a massive pogrom in Poland]] led to a wave of Holocaust survivors fleeing Europe for Palestine. Three weeks later, Irgun [[King David Hotel bombing|bombed the British Military Headquarters]] of the King David Hotel in Jerusalem, killing 91 people. In the days following the bombing, Tel Aviv was placed under curfew and over 120,000 Jews, nearly 20% of the Jewish population of Palestine, were questioned by the police. In the US, Congress criticized British handling of the situation and considered delaying [[Anglo-American loan|loans]] that were vital to British post-war recovery.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/Features/A-debt-the-British-paid-and-one-they-didnt|title=A debt the British paid – and one they didn't – Features – Jerusalem Post|website=www.jpost.com|date=15 January 2007 |access-date=3 December 2018|archive-date=3 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203205744/https://www.jpost.com/Features/A-debt-the-British-paid-and-one-they-didnt|url-status=live}}</ref> The alliance between Haganah and Etzel was dissolved after the King David bombings.
+Between 1945 and 1948, 100,000–120,000 Jews left Poland.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Where Did Displaced Jews in Europe Go After the Holocaust? |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/displaced-jews-in-europe-1435462 |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=ThoughtCo |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Brihah |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/brihah |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Yehudai |first=Ori |date=2014 |title=Displaced in the National Home: Jewish Repatriation from Palestine to Europe, 1945–48 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/jewisocistud.20.2.69 |journal=Jewish Social Studies |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=69–110 |doi=10.2979/jewisocistud.20.2.69 |issn=0021-6704}}</ref> Their departure was largely organized by Zionist activists in Poland under the umbrella of the semi-clandestine organization ''[[Berihah]]'' ("Flight"). ''Berihah'' was also responsible for the organized emigration of Jews from [[History of the Jews in Romania#Post-War|Romania]], Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia, totalling 250,000 (including Poland) Holocaust survivors.<ref>https://www.yadvashem.org/holocaust/this-month/june/1945.html
-Between 1945 and 1948, 100,000–120,000 Jews left Poland. Their departure was largely organized by Zionist activists in Poland under the umbrella of the semi-clandestine organization ''[[Berihah]]'' ("Flight").<ref name="YV-archive3">{{cite web |url=http://collections1.yadvashem.org/notebook_ext.asp?item=51009 |title=Cracow, Poland, Postwar, Yosef Hillpshtein and his friends of the Bericha movement |publisher=Yad Vashem |access-date=4 December 2012 |archive-date=29 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829000343/https://collections1.yadvashem.org/notebook_ext.asp?item=51009 |url-status=live }}</ref>
+Holocaust Survivors in the Bericha Movement and Soldiers from Eretz Israel, Italy, 10 June 1945</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=מכון ז'בוטינסקי {{!}} פריט ארכיון |url=http://www.jabotinsky.org/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A9-%D7%A4%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%98/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98-%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F/?itemId=118630 |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=www.jabotinsky.org}}</ref><ref>https://www.palyam.org/Hamosad_lealiya_bet/Levi_Argov.pdf The beginning of the Bericha, Levi Argov</ref><ref name=":5" /> The British imprisoned the Jews trying to enter Palestine in the [[Atlit detainee camp]] and [[Cyprus internment camps]]. Those held were mainly Holocaust survivors, including large numbers of children and orphans. In response to Cypriot fears that the Jews would never leave (since they lacked a state or documentation) and because the 75,000 quota established by the 1939 White Paper had never been filled, the British allowed the refugees to enter Palestine at a rate of 750 per month.<ref>{{Cite web |title=YIVO {{!}} Population and Migration: Migration since World War I |url=https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Population_and_Migration/Migration_since_World_War_I |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=yivoencyclopedia.org}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Bricha Home – Post-War Exodus to Israel {{!}} Alpine Peace Crossing |url=https://alpinepeacecrossing.org/en/the-bricha-home-post-war-exodus-to-israel/ |access-date=2023-11-30 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=1949-01-28 |title=Israeli Cover Welcoming Refugees from Detention Camps on Cyprus |url=https://digital.kenyon.edu/bulmash/1581 |journal=Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection}}</ref><ref name=":5" />
+By 1947 the Labour Government in Britain was ready to refer the Palestine problem to the newly created United Nations.<ref name="YV-archive3">{{cite web |url=http://collections1.yadvashem.org/notebook_ext.asp?item=51009 |title=Cracow, Poland, Postwar, Yosef Hillpshtein and his friends of the Bericha movement |publisher=Yad Vashem |access-date=4 December 2012 |archive-date=29 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829000343/https://collections1.yadvashem.org/notebook_ext.asp?item=51009 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dpr 3 |title=History of the Question of Palestine |url=https://www.un.org/unispal/history/ |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=Question of Palestine |language=en-US}}</ref>
 ===United Nations Partition Plan===
 {{Main|United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine}}
 [[File:UN Partition Plan For Palestine 1947.png|thumb|upright|[[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine]], 1947]]
-On 2 April 1947, the United Kingdom requested that the question of Palestine be handled by the [[General Assembly of the United Nations|General Assembly]].<ref>[http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/07175de9fa2de563852568d3006e10f3?OpenDocument UNITED NATIONS: General Assembly: A/364 3 September 1947: Chapter I: The Origin and Activities of UNSCOP: A. Creation of the Special Committee: Its Terms of Reference and Composition] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603150222/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/07175de9fa2de563852568d3006e10f3?OpenDocument |date=3 June 2012 }}</ref> The General Assembly created a committee, [[United Nations Special Committee on Palestine]] (UNSCOP), to report on "the question of Palestine".<ref>[https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/F5A49E57095C35B685256BCF0075D9C2 A/RES/106 (S-1)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806072438/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/F5A49E57095C35B685256BCF0075D9C2 |date=6 August 2012 }} of 15 May 1947 General Assembly Resolution 106 Constituting the UNSCOP: Retrieved 30 May 2012</ref>
+On 2 April 1947, the United Kingdom requested that the question of Palestine be handled by the [[General Assembly of the United Nations|General Assembly]].<ref>[http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/07175de9fa2de563852568d3006e10f3?OpenDocument UNITED NATIONS: General Assembly: A/364 3 September 1947: Chapter I: The Origin and Activities of UNSCOP: A. Creation of the Special Committee: Its Terms of Reference and Composition] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603150222/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/07175de9fa2de563852568d3006e10f3?OpenDocument |date=3 June 2012 }}</ref> The General Assembly created a committee, [[United Nations Special Committee on Palestine]] (UNSCOP), to report on "the question of Palestine".<ref>[https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/F5A49E57095C35B685256BCF0075D9C2 A/RES/106 (S-1)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806072438/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/F5A49E57095C35B685256BCF0075D9C2 |date=6 August 2012 }} of 15 May 1947 General Assembly Resolution 106 Constituting the UNSCOP: Retrieved 30 May 2012</ref> In July 1947 the UNSCOP visited Palestine and met with Jewish and Zionist delegations. The [[Arab Higher Committee]] boycotted the meetings. During the visit the British Foreign Secretary [[Ernest Bevin]] ordered that passengers from an [[Aliyah Bet]] ship, [[SS Exodus|SS ''Exodus'']] ''1947'', to be sent back to Europe. The Holocaust surviving migrants on the ship were forcibly removed by British troops at Hamburg, Germany.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNSCOP Committee - הארכיון הציוני |url=http://www.zionistarchives.org.il/en/Pages/UNSCOP.aspx |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=www.zionistarchives.org.il}}</ref><ref>https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1947v05/d783
+US STATE DEPERTMENT, ''The Consul General at Jerusalem'' ( ''Macatee'' ) ''to the Secretary of State, '''Jerusalem''' , July 14, 1947''</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="Exodus 1947" |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/exodus-1947 |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org |language=en}}</ref>
 The principal non-Zionist Orthodox Jewish (or [[Haredi]]) party, [[Agudat Israel]], recommended to UNSCOP that a Jewish state be set up after reaching a religious [[Status quo (Israel)|status quo agreement]] with Ben-Gurion regarding the future Jewish state. The agreement granted an exemption from military service to a quota of [[yeshiva]] (religious seminary) students and to all Orthodox women, made the Sabbath the national weekend, guaranteed [[kosher]] food in government institutions and allowed Orthodox Jews to maintain a separate education system.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.news1.co.il/uploadFiles/781353175640107.doc |script-title=he:מכתב הסטטוס קוו |date=19 June 1947 |language=he |access-date=5 December 2012 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060234/http://www.news1.co.il/uploadFiles/781353175640107.doc |url-status=live }}</ref>
@@ Line 361: / Line 367: @@
 Immediately following the declaration of the new state, both [[superpower]] leaders, US President [[Harry S. Truman]] and Soviet leader [[Joseph Stalin]], recognized the new state.<ref>[[Herbert Feis]]. ''The birth of Israel: the tousled diplomatic bed'' (1969) [https://archive.org/details/birthofisrael00feis online]</ref> The [[Haganah]] became the [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF). The [[Palmach]], [[Irgun|Etzel]] and [[Lehi (group)|Lehi]] were required to cease independent operations and join the IDF.
-The [[Arab League]] members Egypt, Transjordan, Syria, Lebanon and Iraq refused to accept the UN partition plan and proclaimed the right of self-determination for the Arabs across the whole of Palestine. The Arab states marched their forces into what had, until the previous day, been the British Mandate for Palestine, starting the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War|first Arab–Israeli War]]. After an initial loss of territory by the Jewish state, the tide turned in the Israelis' favour and they pushed the Arab armies back beyond the borders of the proposed Arab state. By November, tenuous ceasefires were arranged between the Israelis, Syrians and Lebanese. On 1 December [[Abdullah I of Jordan|King Abdullah]] announced the union of Transjordan with Arab Palestine west of the Jordan; only Britain recognized the annexation.
+The [[Arab League]] members Egypt, Transjordan, Syria, Lebanon and Iraq refused to accept the UN partition plan and proclaimed the right of self-determination for the Arabs across the whole of Palestine. The Arab states marched their forces into what had, until the previous day, been the British Mandate for Palestine, starting the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War|first Arab–Israeli War]]. After an initial loss of territory by the Jewish state, the tide turned in the Israelis' favour and they pushed the Arab armies back beyond the borders of the proposed Arab state.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Morris |first=Benny |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1np9bm |title=1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War |date=2008 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-12696-9}}</ref>
+On 29 May 1948, the British initiated [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 50]] declaring an arms embargo on the region. [[Czechoslovakia]] [[Arms shipments from Czechoslovakia to Israel 1947–1949|violated the resolution]], supplying the Jewish state with critical military hardware to match the (mainly British) heavy equipment and planes already owned by the invading Arab states. On 11 June, a month-long UN truce was put into effect.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Communists Who Saved the Jewish State |language=en |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/2006-05-09/ty-article/the-communists-who-saved-the-jewish-state/0000017f-e58d-dc7e-adff-f5ad44b90000 |access-date=2023-11-30}}</ref><ref name=":6" />
+Following independence, the [[Haganah]] became the [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF). The [[Palmach]], [[Irgun|Etzel]] and [[Lehi (group)|Lehi]] were required to cease independent operations and join the IDF. During the ceasefire, Etzel attempted to bring in a private arms shipment aboard a ship called "[[Altalena]]". When they refused to hand the arms to the government, Ben-Gurion ordered that the ship be sunk. Several Etzel members were killed in the fighting.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.idf.il/en/articles/2021/the-origins-of-the-israel-defense-forces/ |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=www.idf.il}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pre-IDF Brigades: Haganah, Irgun and Lechi |url=https://unpacked.education/video/pre-idf-brigades-haganah-irgun-and-lechi/ |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=Unpacked for Educators |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=elementor |date=2009-07-31 |title=The Altalena Affair |url=https://www.machal.org.il/1947-49/the-altalena-affair/ |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=World Machal |language=en-US}}</ref>
+Large numbers of Jewish immigrants, many of them World War II veterans and Holocaust survivors, now began arriving in the new state of Israel, and many joined the IDF.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Torok‐Yablonka |first=Hannah |date=1992-03 |title=The recruitment of holocaust survivors during the war of independence |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13531049208575995 |journal=Studies in Zionism |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=43–56 |doi=10.1080/13531049208575995 |issn=0334-1771}}</ref>
+After an initial loss of territory by the Jewish state and its occupation by the Arab armies, from July the tide gradually turned in the Israelis' favour and they pushed the Arab armies out and conquered some of the territory that had been included in the proposed Arab state. At the end of November, tenuous local ceasefires were arranged between the Israelis, Syrians and Lebanese. On 1 December [[Abdullah I of Jordan|King Abdullah]] announced the union of Transjordan with Arab Palestine west of the Jordan; only Britain and Pakistan recognized the annexation.<ref name=":6" /><ref>KRAMER: THE WEST BANK WAS ANNEXED ONCE BEFORE. IT ENDED IN REGRET. <nowiki>https://mosaicmagazine.com/response/israel-zionism/2020/06/kramer-the-west-bank-was-annexed-once-before-it-ended-in-regrets/</nowiki> A look at the ghost of annexation past. June 25, 2020 | Martin Kramer
+HARVARD<nowiki/>https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/martinkramer/files/the_west_bank_was_annexed_once_before._it_ended_in_regret._.pdf</ref>
 ====Armistice Agreements====
+{{Main|1949 Armistice Agreements}}Israel signed [[1949 Armistice Agreements|armistices]] with Egypt (24 February), Lebanon (23 March), Jordan (3 April) and Syria (20 July). No actual peace agreements were signed. With [[1949 Armistice Agreements|permanent ceasefire]] coming into effect, Israel's new borders, later known as the [[Green Line (Israel)|Green Line]], were established. These borders were not recognized by the Arab states as international boundaries. Israel was in control of the [[Galilee]], [[Jezreel Valley]], [[West Jerusalem]], the [[Israeli coastal plain|coastal plain]] and the [[Negev]]. The Syrians remained in control of a strip of territory along the Sea of Galilee originally allocated to the Jewish state, the Lebanese occupied a tiny area at [[Rosh HaNikra, Israel|Rosh Hanikra]], and the Egyptians retained the Gaza strip and still had some forces surrounded inside Israeli territory. Jordanian forces remained in the [[Jordanian annexation of the West Bank|West Bank]], where the British had stationed them before the war. Jordan annexed the areas it occupied while Egypt kept [[Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Egypt|Gaza as an occupied zone]].<ref>Green Line: the name given to the 1949 Armistice lines that constituted the de facto borders of pre-1967 Israel — [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/israel/il_glos.html "Glossary: Israel"] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120527003328/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/israel/il_glos.html|date=27 May 2012}}, ''[[Library of Congress Country Studies]]''</ref><ref>https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1949v06/d575
-{{Main|1949 Armistice Agreements}}
-[[File:Cia-is-map2.png|thumb|upright|[[Green Line (Israel)|1949 Green Line]]]]
+FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1949, THE NEAR EAST, SOUTH ASIA, AND AFRICA, VOLUME VI</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Congress |first=World Jewish |title=World Jewish Congress |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/news/this-week-in-jewish-history--israel-signs-armistice-agreement-with-syria-to-end-war-of-independence-7-2-2020 |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=World Jewish Congress |language=EN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://embassies.gov.il/MFA/AboutIsrael/Maps/Pages/1949-1967%20Armistice%20Lines.aspx |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=embassies.gov.il}}</ref><ref>https://www.gov.il/en/Departments/General/israel-egypt-armistice-agreement Israel-Egypt Armistice Agreement, Foreign Ministry of Israel, VOLUMES 1-2: 1947-1974, 4. Israel-Egypt Armistice Agreement, 24 February 1949:</ref>[[File:Cia-is-map2.png|thumb|upright|[[Green Line (Israel)|1949 Green Line]]]]
-Israel signed [[1949 Armistice Agreements|armistices]] with Egypt (24 February), Lebanon (23 March), Jordan (3 April), and Syria (20 July), establishing the demilitarized [[Green Line (Israel)|Green Line]]. These borders were not recognized by the Arab states as international boundaries.<ref>Green Line: the name given to the 1949 Armistice lines that constituted the de facto borders of pre-1967 Israel — [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/israel/il_glos.html "Glossary: Israel"] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120527003328/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/israel/il_glos.html |date=27 May 2012 }}, ''[[Library of Congress Country Studies]]''</ref>
 Following the ceasefire declaration, Britain released over 2,000 Jewish detainees it was still holding in Cyprus and recognized the state of Israel. On 11 May 1949, Israel was [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 273|admitted]] as a member of the United Nations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/gov_un_mem_dat-government-un-membership-date|title=Countries Compared by Government > UN membership date. International Statistics |website=www.nationmaster.com |access-date=11 November 2007|archive-date=16 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116020421/http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/gov_un_mem_dat-government-un-membership-date|url-status=live}}</ref> Out of an Israeli population of 650,000, some 6,000 men and women were killed in the fighting, including 4,000 soldiers in the IDF (approximately 1% of the Jewish population). According to United Nations figures, 726,000 Palestinians [[1948 Palestinian exodus|had fled or were expelled]] by the Israelis between 1947 and 1949.{{sfn|Morris|2004|p=604}}
@@ Line 383: / Line 401: @@
 In 1949, education was made free and compulsory for all citizens until the age of 14. The state now funded the party-affiliated Zionist education system and a new body created by the Haredi [[Agudat Israel]] party. A separate body was created to provide education for the remaining Palestinian-Arab population. The major political parties now competed for immigrants to join their education systems. The government banned the existing educational bodies from the transit camps and tried to mandate a unitary secular socialist education<ref>The melting pot in Israel: the commission of inquiry concerning education in the early years of the state by Tzvi Tzameret, Albany 2002 chapter 7</ref> under the control of "camp managers" who also had to provide work, food and housing for the immigrants. There were attempts to force orthodox Yemenite children to adopt a secular life style by teachers, including many instances of Yemenite children having their [[Payot|side-curls]] cut by teachers. The [[Yemenite Children Affair]] led to the first Israeli public inquiry (the Fromkin Inquiry),<ref>For more information see ''The melting pot in Israel'' by Tzvi Tzameret, Albany 2002</ref> the collapse of the coalition, and an [[1951 Israeli legislative election|election]] in 1951.
+In its early years Israel sought to maintain a non-aligned position between the super-powers. However, in 1952, an antisemitic public trial was staged in Moscow in which a group of Jewish doctors were accused of trying to poison Stalin (the [[Doctors' plot]]), followed by a similar trial in Czechoslovakia ([[Slánský trial]]). This, and the failure of Israel to be included in the [[Bandung Conference]] of 1955 (of [[Non-Aligned Movement|non-aligned states]]), effectively ended Israel's pursuit of non-alignment. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Israel between East and West, 1948-56 |url=https://users.ox.ac.uk/~ssfc0005/Israel%20between%20East%20and%20West%201948-56.html |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=users.ox.ac.uk}}</ref><ref>Uri Bialer, Between East and West: Israel’s foreign policy orientation, 1948-1956 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1955-04-22 |title=BANDUNG AND ISRAEL |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1955/04/22/archives/bandung-and-israel.html |access-date=2023-11-30 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-20 |title=Anti-israel Resolution Adopted at Bandung; Red China Supports Arabs |url=https://www.jta.org/archive/anti-israel-resolution-adopted-at-bandung-red-china-supports-arabs |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |language=en-US}}</ref>
 On 19 May 1950, in contravention of international law, Egypt announced that the [[Suez Canal]] was closed to Israeli ships and commerce. In 1952 a [[Egyptian Revolution of 1952|military coup]] in Egypt brought [[Gamal Abdel Nasser|Abdel Nasser]] to power. The United States pursued close relations with the new Arab states, particularly the Nasser-led Egyptian [[Free Officers Movement (Egypt)|Free Officers Movement]] and [[Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia]]. Israel's solution to diplomatic isolation was to establish good relations with newly independent states in [[Africa]]<ref>{{cite journal |title=Israel's Military Aid to Africa, 1960–66 |author=Abel Jacob |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=9 |issue=2 |date=August 1971 |pages=165–187|doi=10.1017/S0022278X00024885 |s2cid=155032306 }}</ref> and with France, which was engaged in the [[Algerian War]].
@@ Line 501: / Line 521: @@
 On 25 July 1993, Israel carried out a week-long military operation in Lebanon to attack [[Hezbollah]] positions dubbed [[Operation Accountability]]. On 13 September 1993, Israel and the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO) signed the [[Oslo Accords]] (a Declaration of Principles)<ref>[http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/Peace/dop.html Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302173924/http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/Peace/dop.html |date=2 March 2017 }} Jewish Virtual Library</ref>{{better source needed|date=May 2022}} on the South Lawn of the [[White House]]. The principles established objectives relating to a transfer of authority from Israel to an interim [[Palestinian Authority]], as a prelude to a final treaty establishing a Palestinian state, in exchange for mutual recognition. The DOP established May 1999 as the date by which a permanent status agreement for the West Bank and Gaza Strip would take effect. In February 1994, [[Baruch Goldstein]], a follower of the [[Kach and Kahane Chai|Kach]] party, killed 29 Palestinians and wounded 125 at the [[Cave of the Patriarchs]] in [[Hebron]], which became known as the [[Cave of the Patriarchs massacre]]. Kach had been barred from participation in the 1992 elections (on the grounds that the movement was racist). It was subsequently made illegal. Israel and the PLO signed the [[Gaza–Jericho Agreement]] in May 1994, and the [[Agreement on Preparatory Transfer of Powers and Responsibilities]] in August, which began the process of transferring authority from Israel to the Palestinians. On 25 July 1994, Jordan and Israel signed the [[Israel–Jordan peace treaty|Washington Declaration]], which formally ended the [[war|state of war]] that had existed between them since 1948 and on 26 October the [[Israel–Jordan Treaty of Peace]], witnessed by US President [[Bill Clinton]].<ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace%20Process/Guide%20to%20the%20Peace%20Process/Main%20Points%20of%20Israel-Jordan%20Peace%20Treaty Main Points of Israel-Jordan Peace Treaty 26 October 1994] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030171750/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace%20Process/Guide%20to%20the%20Peace%20Process/Main%20Points%20of%20Israel-Jordan%20Peace%20Treaty |date=30 October 2015 }} Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs</ref><ref>[http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/peacetreaty.html Treaty of Peace between The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and The State of Israel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211123245/http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/peacetreaty.html |date=11 February 2018 }} King Hussein website</ref>
-Prime Minister [[Yitzhak Rabin]] and PLO Chairman [[Yasser Arafat]] signed the [[Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip|Israeli–Palestinian Interim Agreement]] on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip on 28 September 1995 in Washington. The agreement allowed the PLO leadership to relocate to the occupied territories and granted autonomy to the Palestinians with talks to follow regarding final status. In return the Palestinians promised to abstain from use of terror and changed the [[Palestinian National Covenant]], which had called for the expulsion of all Jews who migrated after 1917 and the elimination of Israel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mideastweb.org/plocha.htm|title=PLO Covenant (Charter) 1968|website=www.mideastweb.org|access-date=1 February 2010|archive-date=7 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007042351/http://www.mideastweb.org/plocha.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Prime Minister [[Yitzhak Rabin]] and PLO Chairman [[Yasser Arafat]] signed the [[Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip|Israeli–Palestinian Interim Agreement]] on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip on 28 September 1995 in Washington. The agreement was witnessed by President Bill Clinton on behalf of the United States and by Russia, Egypt, Norway and the European Union, and incorporates and supersedes the previous agreements, marking the conclusion of the first stage of negotiations between Israel and the PLO.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/36110/chapter-abstract/313594633?redirectedFrom=fulltext |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=academic.oup.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Background Notes: Israel, December 1998 |url=https://1997-2001.state.gov/background_notes/israel_1298_bgn.html |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=1997-2001.state.gov}}</ref> The agreement allowed allowed the PLO leadership to relocate to the occupied territories and granted autonomy to the Palestinians with talks to follow regarding final status. In return the Palestinians promised to abstain from use of terror and changed the [[Palestinian National Covenant]], which had called for the expulsion of all Jews who migrated after 1917 and the elimination of Israel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mideastweb.org/plocha.htm|title=PLO Covenant (Charter) 1968|website=www.mideastweb.org|access-date=1 February 2010|archive-date=7 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007042351/http://www.mideastweb.org/plocha.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
 The agreement was opposed by [[Hamas]] and other Palestinian factions, which launched [[List of Palestinian suicide attacks#1990s|suicide bomber attacks]] at Israel. Rabin had a [[Israeli Gaza Strip barrier|barrier]] constructed around Gaza to prevent attacks. The growing separation between Israel and the "[[Palestinian Territories]]" led to a labour shortage in Israel, mainly in the construction industry. Israeli firms began importing [[Demographics of Israel#Foreign workers|labourers]] from the [[Philippines]], [[Thailand]], [[China]] and [[Romania]]; some of these labourers stayed on without visas. In addition, a growing number of Africans began illegally migrating to Israel. On 4 November 1995, a far-right-wing [[Yigal Amir|religious Zionist]] opponent of the [[Oslo Accords]] [[Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin|assassinated Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin]]. In February 1996 Rabin's successor, [[Shimon Peres]], called early elections. In April 1996, Israel launched [[Operation Grapes of Wrath]] in southern Lebanon as a result of Hezbollah's [[Katyusha rocket launcher|Katyusha]] [[List of Lebanese rocket attacks on Israel|rocket attacks]] on Israeli population centres along the border.
@@ Line 516: / Line 536: @@
 On 25 May 2000, Israel unilaterally [[South Lebanon conflict (1982–2000)#2000 Israeli withdrawal and collapse of South Lebanon Army|withdrew]] its remaining forces from the "security zone" in southern Lebanon. Several thousand members of the [[South Lebanon Army]] (and their families) left with the Israelis. The UN Secretary-General concluded<ref>[https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2000/20000618.sc6878.doc.html Security Council endorses Secretary-General's conclusion on Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon as of 16 June] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826123201/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2000/20000618.sc6878.doc.html |date=26 August 2014 }} United Nations, 18 June 2000</ref> that, as of 16 June 2000, Israel had withdrawn its forces from Lebanon in accordance with [[UN Security Council Resolution 425]]. Lebanon claims that Israel continues to occupy Lebanese territory called "[[Sheba'a Farms]]" (however this area was governed by Syria until 1967 when Israel took control).<ref>Kaufman, Asher (Autumn 2002). "Who owns the Shebaa Farms? Chronicle of a territorial dispute". Middle East Journal (Middle East Institute) 56 (4): 576–596.</ref> The Sheba'a Farms provided [[Hezbollah]] with a pretext to maintain warfare with Israel.<ref>{{cite news |title=Syria politics: Fêted |url=http://viewswire.eiu.com/index.asp?layout=VWArticleVW3&article_id=1413555726 |newspaper=Economist Intelligence Unit |date=15 July 2008 |access-date=4 November 2012 |archive-date=16 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716041021/http://viewswire.eiu.com/index.asp?layout=VWArticleVW3&article_id=1413555726 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Lebanese government, in contravention of the UN Security Council resolution, did not assert sovereignty in the area, which came under Hezbollah control. In the Fall of 2000, [[2000 Camp David Summit|talks were held at Camp David]] to reach a final agreement on the Israel/Palestine conflict. Ehud Barak offered to meet most of the Palestinian teams requests for territory and [[concession (politics)|political concessions]], including Arab parts of east Jerusalem; however, Arafat abandoned the talks without making a counterproposal.<ref>[http://www.iris.org.il/camp_david2.htm Israeli Proposal to Palestinians and Syria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025113622/http://www.iris.org.il/camp_david2.htm |date=25 October 2014 }} Information Regarding Israel's Security (IRIS)</ref>
-Following its withdrawal from South Lebanon, Israel became a member of the [[Western European and Others Group]] at the United Nations. Since December 2013 it has been a permanent member of the group.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/depts/DGACM/RegionalGroups.shtml|title=UNITED NATIONS DGACM|website=www.un.org|access-date=28 June 2017|archive-date=21 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821045724/http://www.un.org/depts/DGACM/RegionalGroups.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Following its withdrawal from South Lebanon, Israel became a member of the [[Western European and Others Group]] at the United Nations.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Regional groups of Member States {{!}} Department for General Assembly and Conference Management |url=https://www.un.org/dgacm/en/content/regional-groups |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=www.un.org}}</ref> Prior to this Israel was the only nation at the UN which was not a member of any group (the Arab states would not allow it to join the Asia group), which meant it could not be a member of the Security Council or appoint anyone to the International Court and other key UN roles.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nations |first=United |title=Chapter V: The Security Council (Articles 23-32) |url=https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-charter/chapter-5 |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref> Since December 2013 it has been a permanent member of the group. Since December 2013 it has been a permanent member of the group.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/depts/DGACM/RegionalGroups.shtml|title=UNITED NATIONS DGACM|website=www.un.org|access-date=28 June 2017|archive-date=21 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821045724/http://www.un.org/depts/DGACM/RegionalGroups.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>
 On 28 September 2000, Israeli opposition leader [[Ariel Sharon]] visited the Al-Aqsa compound, or [[Temple Mount]], the following day the Palestinians launched the [[al-Aqsa Intifada]]. David Samuels and Khaled Abu Toameh have stated that the uprising was planned much earlier.<ref name=toameh>{{cite web |access-date=29 March 2006 |url=http://www.mafhoum.com/press3/111P55.htm |title=How the war began |author=Khaled Abu Toameh |archive-date=25 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325101707/http://www.mafhoum.com/press3/111P55.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=atlantic>{{cite news |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2005/09/in-a-ruined-country/304167/ |title=In a Ruined Country |last=Samuels |first=David |date=September 2005 |work=[[The Atlantic]] |access-date=5 December 2012 |archive-date=30 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830024459/http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/prem/200509/samuels |url-status=live }}</ref>

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Revision as of 11:57, 30 November 2023

Prehistory

Canaan

Ancient Israel and Judah

Early Israelites (Iron Age I)

Israel and Judah (Iron Age II)

Assyrian invasions

Babylonian period (587–538 BCE)

Second Temple period

Persian period (538–332 BCE)

Hellenistic period (333–64 BCE)

Early Roman period (64 BCE–2nd century CE)

Jewish–Roman wars

Late Roman and Byzantine periods

Late Roman period (136–390)

Byzantine period (390–634)

Early Muslim period

Demographic changes

Crusades and Mongols

Mamluk period

Ottoman period

Old Yishuv

Birth of Zionism

World War I

Mandatory Palestine

First years

Increase in Jewish immigration

Arab revolt and the White Paper

World War II and the Holocaust

Illegal Jewish immigration and insurgency

United Nations Partition Plan

Civil War

State of Israel

Arab–Israeli War

Armistice Agreements

1948–1955: Ben-Gurion I; Sharett

1955–1963: Ben-Gurion II

1963–1969: Eshkol

1969–1974: Meir

1974–1977: Rabin I

1977–1983: Begin

1983–1992: Shamir I; Peres I; Shamir II

1992–1996: Rabin II; Peres II

1996–2001: Netanyahu I; Barak

2001–2006: Sharon

2006–2009: Olmert

2009–2021: Netanyahu II

2021–present: Bennett; Lapid; Netanyahu III

Demographics

See also

Notes

References

Works cited

Further reading

Primary sources

External links