December 1965

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December 15, 1965: Gemini 7 and Gemini 6 make first orbital rendezvous
Gemini 7's Lovell and Borman
Gemini 6's Stafford and Schirra

The following events occurred in December 1965:

December 1, 1965 (Wednesday)

  • Orbital Workshop program. At von Braun's request, the Workshop received the status of a separate project, with William Ferguson as Project Manager.[1]
  • The village of 't Haantje, Drenthe, in the Netherlands, narrowly escaped a disaster, when a French company drilling for gas began to lose control of the enormous gas pressure, resulting in a huge gas eruption. The ground around the hole caved in, swallowing all of the drilling equipment. The gas eruption would eventually be stopped by a cement injection from a new drilling hole. A small lake[2] surrounded by a forest would become a permanent reminder of the near-miss.
  • Billy Jones became the first African-American to play in the Atlantic Coast Conference, integrating the exclusively white college basketball circuit in the south Atlantic states in Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Florida. Jones played briefly in a game for the University of Maryland against Penn State.[3]
  • The first airlift of Cuban émigrés into the United States began, with 75 Cuban citizens, mostly women and children, taking off from Varadero on a Pan American Airways DC-7, and arriving in Miami one hour later.[4]
  • The United Church in Jamaica and the Cayman Islands was founded by a merger of the Protestant denominations "Presbyterian Church in Jamaica" and "Congregational Union of Jamaica".
  • The Border Security Force was established in India as a special force to guard the country's borders with Pakistan, the People's Republic of China, Nepal, and Bhutan.

December 2, 1965 (Thursday)

December 3, 1965 (Friday)

  • Ten Royal Air Force jet fighters from Britain arrived in
    Zambezi River, that supplied hydroelectric power to both nations.[7] President Kaunda had asked Britain to invade Rhodesia in order to seize control of the Kariba Dam and to occupy the northern part of Rhodesia that bordered Zambia.[8]
  • Seattle World's Fair, which had been in progress. On December 15, 1967, McDonald would double his fleet with the departure of a second ship, which he would rename from Italia to Princess Italia.[10]
  • An unidentified United States Marine stationed in
    Gautama Buddha. By December 8, 500 Buddhist protesters marched through the streets of Da Nang after Khue Bac's principal monk, Thich Giac Ngo, threatened to disembowel himself to atone for allowing the Buddha to be destroyed. U.S. Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge promised to investigate the incident fully and to compensate the monastery for the damage, which included an injunction from other Buddhist monks that the Khue Bac was "contaminated and could not be used again".[11]
  • Help!.[12] On the same day, a Beatles song that was not on the album, "Day Tripper", was released as a single. On the other side (the "B" side) of the same 45 rpm record was "We Can Work It Out", which would receive more airplay and would reach number one in the United Kingdom and the United States, making it the most popular "B" side song in history.[13]
  • At
    British government ended the rebellion of Rhodesia by December 15.[14] The exception was The Gambia, which did not have a representative present at the five-hour session.[15]
  • title track, which is considered to be the band's signature song.[16]
  • Born: Katarina Witt, East German figure skater and Olympic gold medalist; in Staaken[17]
  • Died:
    • Ike Richman, 52, American lawyer and co-owner of the Philadelphia 76ers basketball team, after suffering a heart attack courtside. Richman, who had been instrumental in bringing the Syracuse Nationals to Philadelphia, had accompanied the 76ers to Boston where the 76ers were playing the Celtics, and collapsed while he was sitting on their bench during the first quarter, when the teams were tied, 13–13. The team was informed of his death at halftime, and went on to win, 119 to 103.[18][19]
    • Erich Apel, 48, East German economist and Chairman of the State Planning Commission, shot himself to death in his office at the House of Ministries in East Berlin.

December 4, 1965 (Saturday)

Gemini 7 was launched...
... before Gemini 6A (December 15)
  • William A. Anders would become the first humans to orbit the Moon.[22]
  • Lockheed Super Constellation with 54 people on board, and TWA Flight 42, a Boeing 707-131B carrying 58 people, collided over Carmel, New York, with the Boeing's left wing striking the Super Constellation's tail. The TWA flight landed safely at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City, despite having 30 feet (9.1 m) of its left wing sheared off after taking evasive action, while the Eastern plane crashed in a pasture on Hunt Mountain near Danbury, Connecticut, and caught fire, killing four people of the 54 on board. The TWA flight from San Francisco to New York had been assigned at 11,000 feet (3,400 m) altitude, while the Eastern plane from Boston to Newark, New Jersey, was assigned to 10,000 feet (3,000 m) when the two collided.[23][24]
  • The Grateful Dead played their first show under their new name, after originally billing themselves as The Warlocks, as promoter Ken Kesey held the second Acid Test concert. The event took place at 43 South Fifth Street in San Jose, California, after a Rolling Stones show nearby.[25][26]
  • Prime Minister of Kuwait, after his brother, the previous premier, ascended the throne as the new Emir of Kuwait. Jaber himself would become the new Emir in 1977 on the death of his brother.[27]
  • Saudi Arabia and Qatar signed a boundary agreement that delimited their land boundaries and their offshore drilling sites as well.[28]
  • Born: Veronica Taylor (stage name for Kathleen Charlotte McInerney), American voice actress best known for her dubbing work of Ash Ketchum in the Pokémon series for its first eight seasons; in New York City[29]

December 5, 1965 (Sunday)

  • The first spontaneous political demonstration in the Soviet Union, and that nation's first civil rights protest, began in
    Constitution Day holiday, and the location was the square named for one of Russia's most revered writers, Alexander Pushkin. Human rights activist Lyudmila Alexeyeva would recall later that while Vladimir Bukovsky believed there were 200 participants when the demonstration began at 6:00 in the evening, she had been present and believed that it was a smaller number; 20 people were detained by KGB agents, but released after a few hours, although 40 of the known participants were expelled from their scientific institutes.[30] Mathematician Alexander Esenin-Volpin was among the speakers who urged that Sinyavsky and Daniel be given the fair and open trial guaranteed by the 1936 constitution, and the Constitution Day protest was repeated every year until the close of the 1970s.[31]
  • In the
    Douglas A-4E Skyhawk aircraft carrying a B43 nuclear bomb fell into the ocean from the aircraft carrier USS Ticonderoga, killing its pilot, Lieutenant (j.g.) Douglas M. Webster.[32] The aircraft, the thermonuclear weapon and Webster's remains would never be recovered. The United States Department of Defense would not reveal the proximity of the lost weapon to Japanese territory until 1989.[33][34]
  • France's President Charles de Gaulle won more votes than the other five candidates in the French presidential election, but his 10,828,523 votes out of more than 24 million cast fell short of a majority, forcing a December 19 runoff between de Gaulle and second-place finisher François Mitterrand, who won 7,694,003 votes.[35][36]
  • The military service of the
    Fuerza Aérea Argentina's B-040 airplane crashed at the Río Gallegos airport. The Argentine Air Force had been the last military force anywhere to use the Lancaster, and B-040 was the last one that had still been airworthy.[37]
  • Born: John Rzeznik, American rock musician and founder of the Goo Goo Dolls; in Buffalo, New York
  • Died:

December 6, 1965 (Monday)

  • About 45 hours into the Gemini 7 mission, astronaut Jim Lovell became the first man in space to operate without a space suit, after being uncomfortably hot in the cramped capsule where he and Frank Borman were to spend two weeks. It look Lovell more than an hour to remove the bulky garment, but both he and Borman agreed that the cabin temperature was more tolerable even when only one of them was in regular clothes. Eventually, ground control would allow both astronauts to continue without their suits, after initially insisting that one of the crewmembers would need to be suited during the flight.[21][38]
  • The Soviet lunar probe Luna 8 crash landed on the Moon at a point in the Ocean of Storms west of the Kepler crater at 21:51:30 UTC.[39][40]
  • France's first scientific satellite,
    Vandenberg Air Force Base.[41][42][43]
  • Died: Mihály Farkas, 61, former Hungarian Minister of Defense until his downfall in 1953

December 7, 1965 (Tuesday)

  • Pope Paul proclaimed the last four documents approved by the Council:
    • Dignitatis humanae (Of the Dignity of the Human Person), a declaration on religious liberty;
    • Ad gentes (To the Nations), a decree on the missionary activity of the Catholic church;
    • Presbyterorum ordinis
       (Priests of the Order), regarding the ministry and life of Catholic priests; and
    • Gaudium et spes (Joy and Hope), the Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World.[44]
  • The Catholic–Orthodox Joint Declaration of 1965 was read out simultaneously by John Cardinal Willebrands in Rome on behalf of the Roman Catholic Church (as he stood to the right side of Pope Paul VI at St. Peter's Square) and by Patriarch Athenagoras I of Constantinople at the Cathedral of St. George in Istanbul for the Eastern Orthodox Church.[45] Both religious leaders expressed their regrets of the orders of excommunication made on July 16, 1054 by Cardinal Humbert of Silva Candida and Patriarch Michael I Cerularius against the members of each other's churches[46] and jointly declared that they "removed both from memory and from the midst of the church the sentences of excommunication which followed these events" and declared the excommunications "consigned to oblivion".[47][48]
  • Born: Teruyuki Kagawa, Japanese film actor; in Tokyo

December 8, 1965 (Wednesday)

  • Simultaneous announcements were made in Pakistan, India, and the Soviet Union that Indian Prime Minister
    Mohammed Ayub Khan would meet in the Soviet city of Tashkent as guests of Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin to reach a peace agreement to end the Indo-Pakistani war in the Punjab.[49][50]
  • The Race Relations Act took effect, becoming the first legislation to address racial discrimination in the United Kingdom. Although the new law did not outlaw discrimination, it did make it possible to bring civil lawsuits to enjoin discrimination in public places on the "grounds of colour, race, or ethnic or national origins".[51]
  • Rhodesian Prime Minister
    trade embargo by neighboring countries, and that foreign workers would be expelled from the country to make room for any local residents who lost their jobs because of the sanctions.[52]
  • Norway and Denmark delimited the boundaries between them on the continental shelf off the coast of their two nations, setting the border based on the median line rather than the Norwegian Trench.[53]
  • Pope Paul VI proclaimed the close of the Second Vatican Council and told the 2,400 bishops "Ite in Pace", Latin for "Go in peace." The Council had first opened on October 11, 1962, under Pope John XXIII.[54][55]
  • Saudi Arabia and Iran entered into an agreement to establish an "Islamic Pact" of mutual protection of their monarchies against challenges from neighboring republics.[56]
  • The government of the
    Claus von Amsberg on March 10, 1966.[57]
  • Cactus Flower, a comedy play by Abe Burrows, opened on Broadway for the first of 1,234 performances at the Royale Theatre.[58]
  • A crowd of 250,000 Russians demonstrated in Moscow to denounce United States involvement in the Vietnam War.[59]

December 9, 1965 (Thursday)

Soviet Head of State Mikoyan and replacement Podgorny

December 10, 1965 (Friday)

  • The Soviet Union launched Kosmos 99, via a Vostok-2 rocket[74] from Site 31/6 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome, marking the first time that either the Americans or the Russians had placed a satellite into orbit while another nation's crewed mission was in orbit as well. At that time, American astronauts Borman and Lovell were on their sixth day in outer space.
  • An all-white jury in Selma, Alabama, acquitted three men of all criminal charges in their trial for the March 11 murder of a white minister from Boston, James Reeb.[75]
  • At 148 hours into the Gemini 7 mission, astronaut Lovell again donned his pressure suit, while astronaut Borman removed his.[21]
  • The London Borough of Croydon was granted its official heraldic arms.[76]
  • Born:
  • Died:

December 11, 1965 (Saturday)

December 12, 1965 (Sunday)

December 12, 1965: Gemini 6A launch abort
  • The scheduled launch of the Gemini 6A mission was aborted after the countdown had reached zero and the ignition command was given. Only 1.2 seconds after the Titan II GLV rocket engines were ignited, the Master Operations Control Set automatically shut them back down. The launch was canceled at 9:54 a.m., EST. Emergency procedures delayed raising the erector until 11:28, so the crew was not removed until 11:33 a.m. Launch was rescheduled for December 15. The fault was traced back to a cord that was plugged into the rocket and that would normally have remained in place until the rocket had risen a few inches off the ground; when the cord came loose early, the launchpad computer sent back a false signal that the rocket was already on its way up and the failure in the sequence led to the shutdown.[21][81]
  • In a covert operation, the United States attacked the
    B-52 Stratofortress strike against the logistical system.[82]
  • Houari Boumediene became Chairman of the Revolutionary Council of Algeria.[83]
  • Died:

December 13, 1965 (Monday)

  • By presidential decree, the rupiah baru (new rupiah) became the unified national currency of all of Indonesia, replacing the former currency. A one rupiah baru bill was the equivalent of a note of 1,000 Indonesian rupiahs issued in 1959, and to a 10,000 rupiah bill that had been printed earlier in the 1950s.[87]
  • Saudi Arabia and Iran initialed an agreement defining their undersea boundaries for purposes of offshore continental shelf drilling, with Saudi oil minister Sheikh Ahmed Zaki Yamani and Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Aram signing for their respective nations.[88]
  • George Meany won re-election to his sixth term as President of the largest labor union in the United States, the AFL-CIO, with no opposition.[89]
  • Born: María Dolores de Cospedal, Defense Minister of Spain; in Madrid
  • Died:

December 14, 1965 (Tuesday)

Ireland's Sean Lemass and the UK's Harold Wilson
  • The United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland signed a landmark trade agreement after finding common ground in the early morning hours of negotiations between Ireland's Prime Minister Seán Lemass and Britain's Prime Minister Harold Wilson.[91] Signing the treaty in London, the two nations agreed to remove nearly all trade barriers between them by 1975. Initially, Britain would abolish duties on almost all imports from Ireland by July 1, 1966, and Ireland would cut its duties on British imports by 10% each year, reducing them to 90% on the same July 1 date.[92][93]
  • An American
    U-2 incident on May 1, 1960; no further U.S. reconnaissance flights would be made from Turkey.[95]
  • CEMAC, the
    Yaounde.[96]
  • The UK's Minister of Housing and Local Government, Richard Crossman, proposed a large single county borough of Tyneside, with a population of 900,000,[97] and wrote to authorities asking for comments ahead of a public inquiry in March.[98]
  • Seven months after it had acquired its first jet airplanes, Air New Zealand was introduced to the United States, with a DC-8 from Auckland making its first scheduled landing in Los Angeles.[99]
  • A Soviet R-7A Semyorka missile was successfully launched from Plesetsk Cosmodrome in a test flight that marked the first R-7 launch from Plesetsk.[100]
  • The
    3rd Southeast Asian Peninsular Games opened in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The original host country, Laos, had been forced to pull out.[101]
  • Born:
  • Died: Mack Lee Hill, 25, American pro football player for the Kansas City Chiefs; of a pulmonary embolism after undergoing routine knee surgery in a Kansas City hospital.[102] Two days earlier, Hill had torn a ligament in his right knee while playing against the Buffalo Bills, and his temperature soared while he was in the post-op recovery room. The shock of the sudden loss of the popular fullback (an AFL All-Star in 1964 and the team's second leading rusher) led to the Chiefs retiring his jersey number, 36.

December 15, 1965 (Wednesday)

December 16, 1965 (Thursday)

December 17, 1965 (Friday)

  • Hugh Addonizio, the Mayor of Newark, New Jersey, foiled a gang of bank robbers after finding himself near the crime scene while being driven to a tree-planting ceremony. The Mayor happened to be around the corner from the bank when he heard the bulletin on the police radio in his car, and spotted four men scrambling out of the Robert Treat Savings and Loan and into the getaway car. Addonizio then used his limousine telephone to call the police, and ordered his chauffeur, Frank Dangerio, to give chase. After their car lost control and crashed into a lightpole, the robbers fired shots at the Mayor's car, narrowly missing Dangerio and the Mayor, and police nabbed two of the suspects.[129]
  • The British government began an oil embargo against Rhodesia,[130][131][132] which would be followed by a ban on all exports (except for humanitarian aid, books and films) on January 30, 1966. The United States would join the oil embargo 11 days later, on December 28.

December 18, 1965 (Saturday)

  • Gemini 7 astronauts Frank Borman and Jim Lovell splashed down in the Atlantic Ocean, after spending two weeks in orbit around the Earth, completing the longest crewed space flight in history up to that time. During their 330 1/2 hours in outer space, they made 206 trips around the world and traveled 5,155,138 miles (8,296,390 km).[133] At 9:05 a.m., the capsule landed 6.6 miles (10.6 km) from its target site and, like Gemini 6 two days earlier, was taken to the aircraft carrier USS Wasp.[21][134]
  • For the first time since the beginning of the
    Saigon. One of the first rounds exploded inside the Kieu Tong Muo police precinct station, about 4 miles (6.4 km) from the city center, although there were no casualties.[135]
  • "
    Edgar Allan Poe Award
    for best mystery short story.
  • The
    Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea, signed on June 22, entered into force.[137][138]
  • Born: John Moshoeu, South African soccer football player and midfielder for the South African National Team from 1993 to 2004; in Pietersburg (now Polokwane) (died of stomach cancer, 2015)
  • Died: General Kodandera Subayya Thimayya, 59, Chief of Staff of the Indian Army from 1957 to 1961 and the Commander of the United Nations Peace Keeping Force in Cyprus.

December 19, 1965 (Sunday)

President De Gaulle and challenger Mitterand
  • France's President Charles de Gaulle was re-elected in the runoff vote against Socialist Party rival François Mitterrand, who had finished in second place in the December 5 vote.[139] On the second round, de Gaulle got 13,083,699 votes to Mitterrand's 10,619,735.[36] President de Gaulle would resign on April 28, 1969, less than halfway through his seven-year term.[140]
  • Nat Worthington became the first African-American to receive an athletic scholarship from a college in the
    Edward T. Breathitt, university president John W. Oswald, and UK football coach Charlie Bradshaw.[141]
  • Convicted criminal Ronald Ryan shot and killed prison officer George Hodson during an escape from Pentridge Prison, Victoria, Australia. Ryan would be hanged for the murder on February 3, 1967, becoming the last person to be legally executed in Australia.[142][143]
  • The
    Syria Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party was dissolved, but would return to existence after the February 23 coup.[144][145]

December 20, 1965 (Monday)

December 21, 1965 (Tuesday)

December 22, 1965 (Wednesday)

  • The Republic of Singapore Independence Act (RSIA) was passed by the new nation's Parliament, declaring Singapore to be a republic rather than a constitutional monarchy, and incorporating the former Singapore state constitution and relevant portions of the Malaysian Federal Constitution to serve as a "makeshift constitution"; on March 15, 1980, the Attorney General's office would issue an official reprint that would include amendments, and "For the first time since 1965, all the provisions of Singapore's Constitution could be found in one single composite document."[160] Yusof Ishak, who had been the constitutional monarch for Singapore since 1959 as the Yang di-Pertuan Negara, became the first President of Singapore with the creation of the republic.[161]
  • A 70 mph (110 km/h) speed limit was imposed on British roads. Reporter Stuart Bladon of the British automotive magazine Autocar would write later, "For motoring journalists accustomed to testing cars at high speeds and often cruising fast cars at 120mph when the motorway was clear, the news that there was to be a mandatory overall speed limit of 70mph was devastating. It was brought in by the Transport Minister, Hugh Fraser, a dour Scotsman with little experience or knowledge of cars and modern driving conditions. It would... run for four months as an 'experiment', but we all knew that once in force, it would never be lifted."[162]
  • The British House of Commons defeated a Conservative Party motion to lift the Labour government's embargo on exports to Rhodesia, 272–290.[163] When 50 Conservative members then broke with leadership to make their own motion on a bill to end the oil embargo alone, the other 222 Tories present abstained, and that measure failed, 50–276.
  • Three weeks after replacing the President and Prime Minister of Dahomey with provisional president Tahirou Congacou, General Christophe Soglo fired Congacou along with his new ministers, citing "their incapacity to lead the nation to better tomorrows", after President Concagou had been unable to form a new government.[164][165]
  • The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia released a 19,000 word document, admitting its responsibility for disastrous economic policies that had turned it from an efficient and prosperous industrial power into a nation where actual production fell far short of the goals set by the Party's central planning committee.[166]
  • David Lean's production of Doctor Zhivago, starring Omar Sharif and Julie Christie, was released.
  • American aircraft attacked civilian industrial targets in North Vietnam for the first time.[167]
  • Born:
    Lee Berger, American paleoanthropologist; in Shawnee Mission, Kansas
  • Died:

December 23, 1965 (Thursday)

December 24, 1965 (Friday)

  • The Vietnam War was ordered halted for 30 hours as both sides agreed to a ceasefire that went into effect at 6:00 in the evening local time. Fighting was scheduled to resume at 12:00 midnight as the Christmas Day holiday came to an end.[171] The Viet Cong agreed to avoid warfare for at least 12 hours, starting at 7:00 in the evening. It would later be revealed that "neither side had ever ceased military activities except perhaps for a few hours Christmas Eve", and that the level of fighting "appeared to be about normal for periods between major operations".[172] At least one U.S. Marine was killed on Christmas Day when his patrol came under fire, and wounded men in his unit complained later that they had never expected the Communists to respect the truce.[173] Operation Rolling Thunder halted even longer, as the United States halted all aerial bombing of North Vietnam in order to see if the NVA and the Viet Cong would reciprocate. For the next 37 days, American bombers were grounded, and would not resume operations until January 31, 1966.[174]
  • The
    Barwell meteorite scattered debris over the English village of Barwell in Leicestershire at about 4:15 in the afternoon. Based on the weight of the pieces recovered and the stony composition, the meteorite was estimated to have originally weighed 46 kilograms (101 lb) before it entered the atmosphere, and to have come from the asteroid belt. One fragment of the meteorite hit the hood of a moving car, another fell into an open window, and a third made a large hole in the driveway of a home.[175]
  • Died:

December 25, 1965 (Saturday)

  • Eight people at the French resort of Clermont-Ferrand were killed, and 20 others injured, when they celebrated the Christmas holiday with an aerial tramway ride to the summit of the Puy de Sancy mountain. Buffeted by high winds, the tramway car with 62 people inside collided with a protruding rock or with a support pylon as it approached the summit. The cabin was split open by the impact, hurtling 28 of the passengers down the side of the mountain, while 34 other people, including the doorman, were able to stay inside. Reportedly, the doorman was able to hold on to a child's ankle with one hand while steadying himself with the other until rescuers arrived.[176]
  • The Soviet Union published a decree in Soviet newspapers, announcing that it would cut the price of passenger automobiles by two-thirds for employees of collective farms. The decision applied to trucks, tractors, trailers and agricultural machinery as well. The price of the most common Soviet car, the five-passenger Volga sedan, was cut from $6,050 to $2,090 in a move that seemed to be the first step toward making passenger cars more available to everyone. In 1965, 55,000,000 Soviets lived and worked on collective farms.[177]
  • According to snowboarding legend, engineer Sherman Poppen of Muskegon, Michigan, created the predecessor to the snowboard, the "snurfer", in his garage workshop to give as a Christmas present to each of his children. In 1966, Poppen would sell the rights to the snurfer to the Brunswick Corporation, a sporting goods manufacturer that made bowling equipment, with the idea that the wood lamination process used in building the lanes in bowling alleys would make the board move smoothly on snow.[178]
  • The
    Nasserite Unionist People's Organisation was founded in Taiz
    .

December 26, 1965 (Sunday)

  • Green Bay Packers placekicker Don Chandler took his team to the NFL championship game after making a 25-yard field goal to beat the Baltimore Colts, 13–10, in overtime to win the Western Conference pennant. Chandler's kick flew so high over the goalpost uprights (which were only 10 feet (3.0 m) higher than the crossbar) that Baltimore fans doubted that he had actually scored; as a result, the uprights would be made 20 feet (6.1 m) high before the next season.[179][180]
  • Paul McCartney, singer of The Beatles, injured his upper lip and chipped his front tooth after losing control of his moped in Liverpool. This is considered to be one of the key clues to the "Paul is dead" conspiracy theory, even though according to the theory, Paul died in a car accident on November 9, 1966 rather than a moped accident.[181]
  • The Buffalo Bills won the American Football League championship, 23–0, over the host San Diego Chargers.[182]
  • Died:
    • Heinz Schöneberger, 27, became the twelfth person to be shot during 1965 by border guards at the Berlin Wall after he and his brother Horst tried to smuggle two women out of East Germany in their car.[183][184] Earlier in the day, guards at the checkpoint had fatally wounded a refugee who had tried to drive his automobile through a narrow opening in the Heinrich Heine Strasse border crossing; the man ran 15 feet (4.6 m) into West Berlin before collapsing and dying at a hospital, while his female companion was pulled from the car and arrested.[185]
    • Anna Orochko, 67, Soviet Russian stage and film actress, theatre director, and acting teacher[186]

December 27, 1965 (Monday)

December 28, 1965 (Tuesday)

December 28, 1965: Westminster Abbey celebrates 900th year (image taken in 2013)
  • The 900th anniversary of London's Westminster Abbey was celebrated as Queen Elizabeth II brought red roses to the famous London landmark where all British monarchs had been crowned. On December 28, 1065, the site was consecrated by order of Edward the Confessor, King of England, who had invited the chief prelates and nobles of his realm to attend; King Edward himself, however, became seriously ill before the ceremony was to take place, and died eight days after the ceremony.[191][192]
  • Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs Amintore Fanfani resigned from the cabinet of Aldo Moro, after Fanfani's wife had arranged for his friend Giorgio La Pira to be interviewed by the editor of a right-wing magazine. At the time of Mrs. Fanfani's decision, the Foreign Minister had been attending a session of the United Nations in New York. To make matters worse, La Pira was quoted in the interview as saying that the Prime Minister was "soft and sad", that U.S. Secretary of State Dean Rusk "knows nothing and understands little", and that Fanfani was the real number one man in Italian politics.[193] Fanfani would be brought back as Foreign Minister two months later.
  • Donald L. Elbert, James M. Faria, and Robert T. Wright filed a patent application for their invention, "ChemGrass", described as a "monofilament ribbon pile product", an improvement on decorative artificial grass-like turf that would be "useful both indoors and outdoors for a variety of recreational and sports activities" and that would be the first to "withstand permanent outdoor installation and the abusive wear caused by spiked or cleated shoes".[194] U.S. Patent Number 3,332,828 was assigned to the company Monsanto, which would market the new product under the tradename "AstroTurf".
  • Fuel rationing began in Rhodesia as the British oil embargo took effect. Motorists were restricted to no more than four gallons of motor fuel per week.[195] On the same day, the United States announced that it would place an embargo on oil shipments as well.[196] "Securing U.S. cooperation was an important achievement for Britain", a historian would later note, "as the British and American oil companies supplied over 90 percent of the Rhodesian oil market."[197]
  • The largest number of immigrants from Eastern Europe since World War II arrived in Boston as 548 men, women and children from Poland arrived as passengers on the Polish ocean liner MS Batory. All had been permitted to leave by Poland's Communist government and had been cleared by the U.S. consul in Warsaw and by the U.S. State Department.[198]

December 29, 1965 (Wednesday)

  • LBJ Ranch in Texas to make his presentation, "The Great Society – A Second Year Legislative Program", presenting a wide variety of options for programs that would be feasible during the Johnson administration. Johnson chose from several proposals that he wanted to pass in 1966, discarded the rest, and made plans for his second-year program at the State of the Union message to Congress on January 12. Califano would later write of the meeting, "We were serving up plenty of butter to go with the guns... It was an extraordinary experience."[199]
  • In the initial activity report outlining MSC's support to the Air Force on the Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL), Gemini Program Manager Charles W. Mathews summarized activity to date. He cited receipt on November 20, 1965, of authority to transfer surplus Gemini equipment to the MOL project. Since that time, he said, MSC had delivered to the Air Force several boilerplate test vehicles and a variety of support and handling equipment. MOL program officials and astronauts had also visited Houston for technical discussions and briefings.[1]
  • Filming of
    2001: A Space Odyssey began at Pinewood Studios at Buckinghamshire near London, with the first scenes being at the "Moon-base set", where six actors wore pressurized space suits to portray the excavation of the TMA-1 monolith on the Moon.[200] Scenes with actors would continue for the next four and a half months, followed by 18 months of filming and editing 205 special effects shots (including those with spacecraft models), until the picture was finally ready for a 1968 release.[201]
  • The
    Burton Island in pushing an iceberg out of the shipping lane off McMurdo Station
    .
  • Born: Dexter Holland, American punk rock musician and lead singer for The Offspring; in Garden Grove, California
  • Died:
    • Frank Nugent, 57, American film screenwriter best known for his script for The Searchers
    • Kosaku Yamada
      , 79, Japanese conductor and composer

December 30, 1965 (Thursday)

December 30, 1965: Ferdinand Marcos becomes 10th President of the Philippines
  • Luneta Park in Manila and was attended by 50,000 people, including U.S. Vice President Hubert Humphrey. Fernando Lopez was sworn in as Vice President, an office he had previously held from 1949 to 1953.[204]
  • The accidental highway death of a gypsy child, near the city of Ponte Alta in Brazil's Santa Catarina state, led to an escalation of violence that ended with the massacre of 15 gypsies. The motorist in the accident was pulled from his car by the child's relatives, and beheaded. Hours later, the brother of the same motorist took revenge and drove a station wagon through the same neighborhood, killing 13 people as they slept in their tents, then shot and killed two others as they were fleeing the scene.[205]
  • President Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia announced that Zambia and the United Kingdom had agreed on a deadline by which time the Rhodesian white government should be ousted.
  • The Norwegian coastal tanker Singo collided with Belgian ship Fina Two and sank in the Scheldt River, with the loss of four crew.[206]
  • Born:

December 31, 1965 (Friday)

General Bokassa
  • Jean-Bédel Bokassa carried out the Saint-Sylvestre coup d'état in the Central African Republic. Bokassa and his men occupied the capital, Bangui, ousting President David Dacko and overpowering the gendarmerie and other resistance. President Dacko had left the presidential palace on New Year's Eve to visit the president of BPC, the national bank. Shortly before midnight, Colonel Alexandre Banza ordered his men to carry out the takeover of the capital, which was accomplished by 12:00; Dacko was arrested on his way back to the city, and signed his resignation at 3:20 on the morning of January 1.[207] Police chief Jean Izamo was captured and would later be killed.[208][209]
  • Rhodesia's primary supply of crude oil stopped flowing. The pipeline that connected its Feruka refinery to the storage tanks in the neighboring Portuguese East African colony of Mozambique (at the port of Beira) had 14,000 tonnes of oil (roughly 400,000 gallons), but with no additional oil at Beira's storage tanks, there was nothing to push the pipe contents through to Rhodesia. The Feruka refinery would run out of crude oil on January 15.[210]
  • Born: Nicholas Sparks, American novelist, screenwriter and producer; in Omaha, Nebraska

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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=December_1965&oldid=1216727596"