User:Kypioys sx/sandbox

The

Türksoy carries out activities to strengthen cultural ties between Turkic peoples. One of the main goals to transmit their common cultural heritage to future generations and promote it around the world.[106]

Every year, one city in the Turkic world is selected as the "Cultural Capital of the Turkic World". Within the framework of events to celebrate the Cultural Capital of the Turkic World, numerous cultural events are held, gathering artists, scholars and intellectuals, giving them the opportunity to exchange their experiences, as well as promoting the city in question internationally.^[107]

Turkic Council

The newly established

The member countries are Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkey. Uzbekistan formally applied for membership on September 12, 2019.^[108] The idea of setting up this cooperative council was first put forward by Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev back in 2006. Turkmenistan is currently not an official member of the council, however, it is a possible future member of the council.^[109] Hungary has announced to be interested in joining the Turkic council. Since August 2018, Hungary has official observer status in the Turkic Council.^[110]

Demographics

The distribution of people of Turkic cultural background ranges from Siberia, across Central Asia, to Southern Europe. As of 2011^[update] the largest groups of Turkic people live throughout Central Asia—Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Azerbaijan, in addition to Turkey and Iran. Additionally, Turkic people are found within Crimea, Altishahr region of western China, northern Iraq, Israel, Russia, Afghanistan, and the Balkans: Moldova, Bulgaria, Romania, and former Yugoslavia. A small number of Turkic people also live in Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania. Small numbers inhabit eastern Poland and the south-eastern part of Finland.^[111] There are also considerable populations of Turkic people (originating mostly from Turkey) in Germany, United States, and Australia, largely because of migrations during the 20th century.

Sometimes ethnographers group Turkic people into six branches: the

The genetic distances between the different populations of Uzbeks scattered across Uzbekistan is no greater than the distance between many of them and the Karakalpaks. This suggests that Karakalpaks and Uzbeks have very similar origins. The Karakalpaks have a somewhat greater bias towards the eastern markers than the Uzbeks.^[112]

Historical population:

The following incomplete list of Turkic people shows the respective groups' core areas of settlement and their estimated sizes (in millions):

Cuisine

Markets in the steppe region had a limited range of foodstuffs available—mostly

Nomadic Turks cooked their meals in a qazan, a pot similar to a cauldron; a wooden rack called a qasqan can be used to prepare certain steamed foods, like the traditional meat dumplings called manti. They also used a saj, a griddle that was traditionally placed on stones over a fire, and shish. In later times, the Persian tava was borrowed from the Persians for frying, but traditionally nomadic Turks did most of their cooking using the qazan, saj and shish. Meals were served in a bowl, called a chanaq, and eaten with a knife (bïchaq) and spoon (qashi̅q). Both bowl and spoon were historically made from wood. Other traditional utensils used in food preparation included a thin rolling pin called oqlaghu, a colander called süzgu̅çh, and a grinding stone called tāgirmān.^[115]

Medieval grain dishes included preparations of whole grains, soups, porridges, breads and pastries. Fried or toasted whole grains were called qawïrmach, while köchä was crushed grain that was cooked with dairy products. Salma were broad

Pre-Islamic

The

Today there are several groups that support a revival of the ancient traditions. Especially after the collapse of the Soviet Union, many in Central Asia converted or openly practice animistic and shamanistic rituals. It is estimated that about 60% of Kyrgyz people practice a form of animistic rituals. In Kazakhstan there are about 54.000 followers of the ancient traditions.^[129][130]

Muslim Turks and non-Muslim Turks

Kara-Khanids performed a mass conversion campaign against the Buddhist Uyghur Turks during the

The non-Muslim Turks worship of Tengri and other gods was mocked and insulted by the Muslim Turk Mahmud al-Kashgari, who wrote a verse referring to them – The Infidels – May God destroy them!^[131][132]

The Basmil, Yabāḳu and Uyghur states were among the Turkic peoples who fought against the Kara-Khanids spread of Islam. The Islamic Kara-Khanids were made out of Tukhai, Yaghma, Çiğil and Karluk.^[133]

Kashgari claimed that the Prophet assisted in a miraculous event where 700,000 Yabāqu infidels were defeated by 40,000 Muslims led by Arslān Tegīn claiming that fires shot sparks from gates located on a green mountain towards the Yabāqu.^[134] The Yabaqu were a Turkic people.^[135]

Mahmud al-Kashgari insulted the Uyghur Buddhists as "Uighur dogs" and called them "Tats", which referred to the "Uighur infidels" according to the Tuxsi and Taghma, while other Turks called Persians "tat".^[136][137] While Kashgari displayed a different attitude towards the Turks diviners beliefs and "national customs", he expressed towards Buddhism a hatred in his Diwan where he wrote the verse cycle on the war against Uighur Buddhists. Buddhist origin words like toyin (a cleric or priest) and Burxān or Furxan (meaning Buddha, acquiring the generic meaning of "idol" in the Turkic language of Kashgari) had negative connotations to Muslim Turks.^[138][132]

Old sports

The Kyz kuu (chase the girl) – it has been played by Turkic people at festivals since time immemorial.^[139]

The Jereed – Horses have been essential and even sacred animals for Turks living as nomadic tribes in the Central Asian steppes. Turks were born, grew up, lived, fought and died on horseback. So became jereed the most important sporting and ceremonial game of Turkish people.^[140]

The kokpar began with the nomadic Turkic peoples who have come from farther north and east spreading westward from China and Mongolia between the 10th and 15th centuries.^[141]

The

• 
  Uyghur king from Turfan, from the murals at the Dunhuang Mogao Caves.
• 
  Uyghur prince from the Bezeklik murals.
• 
  Uyghur woman from the Bezeklik murals.
• 
  Uyghur Princess.
• 
  Uyghur Princesses from the Bezeklik murals.
• 
  Uyghur Princes from the Bezeklik murals.
• 
  Uyghur Prince from the Bezeklik murals.
• 
  Uyghur noble from the Bezeklik murals.
• 
  Uyghur Manichaean Elect depicted on a temple banner from Qocho.
• 
  Uyghur donor from the Bezeklik murals.
• 
  Uyghur Manichaean Electae from Qocho.
• 
  Uyghur Manichaean clergymen from Qocho.
• 
  Fresco of Palm Sunday from Qocho

  .
• 
  Manicheans from Qocho

Medieval times

• 
  Khan

  Omurtag of Bulgaria, from the Chronicle of John Skylitzes

  .

• 
  Altai man in national suit on horseback.
• 
  Azerbaijani

  girls in traditional dress.
• 
  Bashkir boys in national dress.
• 
  A female

  Chuvash

  dancer in traditional dress.
• 
  Young and old Gagauz people.
• 
  Karachay patriarchs in the 19th century.
• 
  Kazakh family inside a Yurt.
• 
  Khakas people

  with traditional instruments.
• 
  Kyrgyz elders in On-Archa, Kyrgyzstan.
• 
  Nogai man in national costume.
• 
  U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton visits Tatarstan.
• 
  Turkish women playing backgammon.
• 
  Turkmen girl in national dress.
• 
  Tuvan men and women in Kyzyl, Tuva.
• 
  An Uyghur girl - a natural blond with epicanthic fold in Xinjiang, China.
• 
  Uzbek children in Samarkand.

See also

Notes

References

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29. ^ Damgaard et al. 2018, pp. 4–5. "These results suggest that Turkic cultural customs were imposed by an East Asian minority elite onto central steppe nomad populations... The wide distribution of the Turkic languages from Northwest China, Mongolia and Siberia in the east to Turkey and Bulgaria in the west implies large-scale migrations out of the homeland in Mongolia...
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74. ^ J. Meri (Hg.), Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, "Ghaznavids", London u.a. 2006, p. 294: "The Ghaznavids inherited Samanid administrative, political, and cultural traditions and laid the foundations for a Persianate state in northern India. ..."
75. ^ Sydney Nettleton Fisher and William Ochsenwald, The Middle East: a history: Volume 1, (McGraw-Hill, 1997); "Forced to flee from the Samanid domain, he captured Ghaznah and in 961 established the famed Persianate Sunnite Ghaznavid empire of Afghanistan and the Punjab in India".
76. ^ Meisami, Julie Scott, Persian historiography to the end of the twelfth century, (Edinburgh University Press, 1999), 143. Nizam al-Mulk also attempted to organise the Saljuq administration according to the Persianate Ghaznavid model..
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78. ^
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141. ^ Christensen, karen; Levinson, David. Encyclopedia of World Sport: From Ancient Times to the Present. {{cite book}}: External link in |ref= (help)
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Sources

• "Turkic peoples".
  Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
  Retrieved June 21, 2020.
• Damgaard, P. B.; et al. (May 9, 2018). "137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes".
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• Lee, Joo-Yup; Kuang, Shuntu (October 18, 2017). "A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and Y-DNA Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples". Inner Asia. 19 (2).
  S2CID 165623743. Retrieved June 20, 2020. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |lay-date=, |lay-source=, and |lay-url= (help); Invalid |display-authors=2 (help
  )
• Li, Tao; et al. (June 2020). "Millet agriculture dispersed from Northeast China to the Russian Far East: Integrating archaeology, genetics, and linguistics". Archaeological Research in Asia. 22 (100177).
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• S2CID 213436897. Retrieved June 20, 2020. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |lay-date=, |lay-url=, and |lay-source= (help
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• ISSN 2210-5832. Retrieved June 20, 2020. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |lay-source=, |lay-date=, and |lay-url= (help); Invalid |display-authors=1 (help
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• Yunusbayev, Bayazit; et al. (April 21, 2015). "The Genetic Legacy of the Expansion of Turkic-Speaking Nomads across Eurasia".
  PMID 25898006. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |lay-url=, |lay-date=, and |lay-source= (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link
  )

Further reading

• Alpamysh, H.B. Paksoy: Central Asian Identity under Russian Rule (Hartford: AACAR, 1989)
• H. B. Paksoy (1989). Alpamysh: Central Asian Identity Under Russian Rule. AACAR.
  ISBN 978-0-9621379-9-0
  .
• Amanjolov A.S., "History of the Ancient Turkic Script", Almaty, "Mektep", 2003,
  ISBN 9965-16-204-2
• Baichorov S.Ya., "Ancient Turkic runic monuments of the Europe", Stavropol, 1989 (in Russian).
• Baskakov, N.A. 1962, 1969. Introduction to the study of the Turkic languages. Moscow (in Russian).
• ISBN 978-0-691-13589-2
  .
• Boeschoten, Hendrik & Lars Johanson. 2006. Turkic languages in contact. Turcologica, Bd. 61. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  ISBN 3-447-05212-0
  .
• Chavannes, Édouard
  (1900): Documents sur les Tou-kiue (Turcs) occidentaux. Paris, Librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient. Reprint: Taipei. Cheng Wen Publishing Co. 1969.
• Clausen, Gerard. 1972. An etymological dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Deny, Jean et al. 1959–1964. Philologiae Turcicae Fundamenta. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
• Findley, Carter Vaughn. 2005. The Turks in World History. Oxford University Press.
  ISBN 0-19-517726-6
  (pbk.)
• Golden, Peter B. An introduction to the history of the Turkic peoples: Ethnogenesis and state-formation in medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East (Otto Harrassowitz (Wiesbaden) 1992)
  ISBN 3-447-03274-X
• Peter B. Golden (1 January 1992). An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples: Ethnogenesis and State-formation in Medieval and Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East. O. Harrassowitz.
  ISBN 978-3-447-03274-2
  .
• Heywood, Colin. The Turks (The Peoples of Europe) (Blackwell 2005),
  ISBN 978-0-631-15897-4
  .
• Hostler, Charles Warren. The Turks of Central Asia (Greenwood Press, November 1993),
  ISBN 0-275-93931-6
  .
• Ishjatms N., "Nomads In Eastern Central Asia", in the "History of civilizations of Central Asia", Volume 2, UNESCO Publishing, 1996,
  ISBN 92-3-102846-4
  .
• Johanson, Lars & Éva Agnes Csató (ed.). 1998. The Turkic languages. London: Routledge.
  ISBN 0-415-08200-5
  .
• Johanson, Lars. 1998. "The history of Turkic." In: Johanson & Csató, pp. 81–125. Classification of Turkic languages
• Johanson, Lars. 1998. "Turkic languages." In: Encyclopædia Britannica. CD 98. Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 5 September. 2007. Turkic languages: Linguistic history.
• Kyzlasov I.L., "Runic Scripts of Eurasian Steppes", Moscow, Eastern Literature, 1994,
  ISBN 5-02-017741-5
  .
• Lebedynsky, Iaroslav. (2006). Les Saces: Les « Scythes » d'Asie, VIII^e siècle apr. J.-C. Editions Errance, Paris.
  ISBN 2-87772-337-2
  .
• Malov S.E., "Monuments of the ancient Turkic inscriptions. Texts and research", M.-L., 1951 (in Russian).
• Mukhamadiev A., "Turanian Writing", in "Problems Of Lingo-Ethno-History Of The Tatar People", Kazan, 1995 (Азгар Мухамадиев, "Туранская Письменность", "Проблемы лингвоэтноистории татарского народа", Казань, 1995) (in Russian).
• Menges, K. H. 1968. The Turkic languages and peoples: An introduction to Turkic studies. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
• Öztopçu, Kurtuluş. 1996. Dictionary of the Turkic languages: English, Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Turkish, Turkmen, Uighur, Uzbek. London: Routledge.
  ISBN 0-415-14198-2
• Samoilovich, A. N. 1922. Some additions to the classification of the Turkish languages. Petrograd.
• Schönig, Claus. 1997–1998. "A new attempt to classify the Turkic languages I-III." Turkic Languages 1:1.117–133, 1:2.262–277, 2:1.130–151.
• Vasiliev D.D. Graphical fund of Turkic runiform writing monuments in Asian areal. М., 198 (in Russian).
• Vasiliev D.D. Corpus of Turkic runiform monuments in the basin of Enisei. М., 1983 (in Russian).
• Voegelin, C.F. & F.M. Voegelin. 1977. Classification and index of the World's languages. New York: Elsevier.
• Khanbaghi, Aptin (2006). The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran. I.B. Tauris.
  ISBN 978-1845110567
  .
• Yarshater, Ehsan (2001). Encyclopedia Iranica. Routledge & Kegan Paul.
  ISBN 978-0933273566
  .

External links

Look up Türk in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Turkic peoples.

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Turks".

• Turkish Studies - Turkic republics, regions, and peoples at University of Michigan

Category:Ethnic groups in China Category:Central Asian people Category:Nomadic groups in Eurasia