User:Maxmead2/sandbox

Coordinates: 25°S 133°E / 25°S 133°E / -25; 133
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This page is about the country. For the continent, see Australia (continent). For other uses, see Maxmead2/sandbox (disambiguation).

25°S 133°E / 25°S 133°E / -25; 133

Commonwealth of Australia
Anthem: "Advance Australia Fair"[N 1]
Location of Australia
CapitalCanberra
35°18′29″S 149°07′28″E / 35.30806°S 149.12444°E / -35.30806; 149.12444
Largest citySydney
National languageEnglish[N 2]
Demonym(s)
GovernmentFederal parliamentary constitutional monarchy
• Monarch
Elizabeth II
Sir Peter Cosgrove
Malcolm Turnbull
Michael McCormack
Susan Kiefel
Scott Ryan
Tony Smith
LegislatureParliament
• Upper house
Senate
• Lower house
House of Representatives
Independence 
from the United Kingdom
1 January 1901
9 October 1942 (with effect
from 3 September 1939)
3 March 1986
+61
ISO 3166 codeAU
Internet TLD.au

Australia (/əˈstreɪliə, ɒ-/ ⓘ),[10][11] officially the Commonwealth of Australia,[12] is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the largest country in Oceania and the world's sixth-largest country by total area. The neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north; the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east. Australia's capital is Canberra, and its largest city is Sydney.

For about 60,000 years before the first

crown colonies established. On 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states and several territories
.

Australia has the world's

9th largest immigrant population, with immigrants accounting for 26% of the population.[16][17]

Name

Main article: Name of Australia

The name Australia (pronounced [əˈstɹæɪljə, -liə] in Australian English[18]) is derived from the Latin Terra Australis ("southern land"), a name used for a hypothetical continent in the Southern Hemisphere since ancient times.[19] When Europeans first began visiting and mapping Australia in the 17th century, the name Terra Australis was naturally applied to the new territories.[N 4]

Until the early 19th century, Australia was best known as "New Holland", a name first applied by the Dutch explorer Abel Tasman in 1644 (as Nieuw-Holland) and subsequently anglicised. Terra Australis still saw occasional usage, such as in scientific texts.[N 5] The name Australia was popularised by the explorer Matthew Flinders, who said it was "more agreeable to the ear, and an assimilation to the names of the other great portions of the earth".[25] The first time that Australia appears to have been officially used was in April 1817, when Governor Lachlan Macquarie acknowledged the receipt of Flinders' charts of Australia from Lord Bathurst.[26] In December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted.[27] In 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially by that name.[28] The first official published use of the new name came with the publication in 1830 of The Australia Directory by the Hydrographic Office.[29]

Colloquial names for Australia include "Oz" and "the Land Down Under" (usually shortened to just "Down Under"). Other epithets include "the Great Southern Land", "the Lucky Country", "the Sunburnt Country", and "the Wide Brown Land". The latter two both derive from Dorothea Mackellar's 1908 poem "My Country".[30]

History

Main article: History of Australia

Pre-colonial history

See also: Indigenous Australians
Aboriginal rock art in the Kimberley region of Western Australia

Human habitation of the Australian continent is estimated to have begun around 65,000 to 70,000 years ago,

Dreamtime. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, obtained their livelihood from seasonal horticulture and the resources of their reefs and seas.[34] The northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia.[35]

European arrival

See also: European exploration of Australia
A painting of Captain James Cook in uniform sitting down in front of a map
Portrait of Captain James Cook, the first European to map the eastern coastline of Australia in 1770

The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent (in 1606), are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the

Weipa on Cape York.[37] The Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent "New Holland" during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement.[37] William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688 and again in 1699 on a return trip.[38] In 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain.[39]

With the loss of its American colonies in 1783, the British Government sent a fleet of ships, the "First Fleet", under the command of Captain Arthur Phillip, to establish a new penal colony in New South Wales. A camp was set up and the flag raised at Sydney Cove, Port Jackson, on 26 January 1788,[40] a date which became Australia's national day, Australia Day, although the British Crown Colony of New South Wales was not formally promulgated until 7 February 1788. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration and settlement of other regions.[citation needed]

A calm body of water is in the foreground. The shoreline is about 200 metres away. To the left, close to the shore, are three tall gum trees; behind them on an incline are ruins, including walls and watchtowers of light-coloured stone and brick, what appear to be the foundations of walls, and grassed areas. To the right lie the outer walls of a large rectangular four-storey building dotted with regularly spaced windows. Forested land rises gently to a peak several kilometres back from the shore.
Tasmania's Port Arthur penal settlement is one of eleven UNESCO World Heritage-listed Australian Convict Sites.

A British settlement was established in

Victoria in 1851, and Queensland in 1859.[43] The Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia.[44] South Australia was founded as a "free province"—it was never a penal colony.[45] Victoria and Western Australia were also founded "free", but later accepted transported convicts.[46][47] A campaign by the settlers of New South Wales led to the end of convict transportation to that colony; the last convict ship arrived in 1848.[48]

The indigenous population, estimated to have been between 750,000 and 1,000,000 in 1788,

1967 referendum, the Federal government's power to enact special laws with respect to a particular race was extended to enable the making of laws with respect to Aborigines.[53] Traditional ownership of land ("native title") was not recognised in law until 1992, when the High Court of Australia held in Mabo v Queensland (No 2) that the legal doctrine that Australia had been terra nullius ("land belonging to no one") did not apply to Australia at the time of British settlement.[54]

Colonial expansion

A gold rush began in Australia in the early 1850s[55] and the Eureka Rebellion against mining licence fees in 1854 was an early expression of civil disobedience.[56] Between 1855 and 1890, the six colonies individually gained responsible government, managing most of their own affairs while remaining part of the British Empire.[57] The Colonial Office in London retained control of some matters, notably foreign affairs,[58] defence,[59] and international shipping.

Nationhood

Port Melbourne
, Victoria. Similar ceremonies are held in many suburbs and towns.

On 1 January 1901,

Gallipoli as the birth of the nation—its first major military action.[69][70] The Kokoda Track campaign is regarded by many as an analogous nation-defining event during World War II.[71]

Britain's

1999 referendum, 55% of voters and a majority in every state rejected a proposal to become a republic with a president appointed by a two-thirds vote in both Houses of the Australian Parliament. Since the election of the Whitlam Government in 1972,[80] there has been an increasing focus in foreign policy on ties with other Pacific Rim nations, while maintaining close ties with Australia's traditional allies and trading partners.[81]

Geography

Main articles: Geography of Australia, Environment of Australia, and Geology of Australia
See also: Environmental issues in Australia

General characteristics

Map showing the topography of Australia, showing some elevation in the west and very high elevation in mountains in the southeast
Topographic map of Australia. Dark green represents the lowest elevation and dark brown the highest

Australia's landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres (2,941,300 sq mi)

sixth largest country by total area,[85] Australia—owing to its size and isolation—is often dubbed the "island continent",[86] and is sometimes considered the world's largest island.[87] Australia has 34,218 kilometres (21,262 mi) of coastline (excluding all offshore islands),[88] and claims an extensive Exclusive Economic Zone of 8,148,250 square kilometres (3,146,060 sq mi). This exclusive economic zone does not include the Australian Antarctic Territory.[89] Apart from Macquarie Island, Australia lies between latitudes 9° and 44°S, and longitudes 112° and 154°E
.

The Great Barrier Reef, the world's largest coral reef,[90] lies a short distance off the north-east coast and extends for over 2,000 kilometres (1,240 mi). Mount Augustus, claimed to be the world's largest monolith,[91] is located in Western Australia. At 2,228 metres (7,310 ft), Mount Kosciuszko on the Great Dividing Range is the highest mountain on the Australian mainland. Even taller are Mawson Peak (at 2,745 metres or 9,006 feet), on the remote Australian territory of Heard Island, and, in the Australian Antarctic Territory, Mount McClintock and Mount Menzies, at 3,492 metres (11,457 ft) and 3,355 metres (11,007 ft) respectively.[92]

Uluru in the Northern Territory

Australia's size gives it a wide variety of landscapes, with tropical rainforests in the north-east, mountain ranges in the south-east, south-west and east, and dry desert in the centre.[93] It is the flattest continent,[94] with the oldest and least fertile soils;[95][96] desert or semi-arid land commonly known as the outback makes up by far the largest portion of land.[97] Australia is the driest inhabited continent; its annual rainfall averaged over continental area is less than 500 mm.[98] The population density, 2.8 inhabitants per square kilometre, is among the lowest in the world,[99] although a large proportion of the population lives along the temperate south-eastern coastline.[100]

Eastern Australia is marked by the Great Dividing Range, which runs parallel to the coast of Queensland, New South Wales and much of Victoria. The name is not strictly accurate, because parts of the range consist of low hills, and the highlands are typically no more than 1,600 metres (5,249 ft) in height.[101] The coastal uplands and a belt of Brigalow grasslands lie between the coast and the mountains, while inland of the dividing range are large areas of grassland.[101][102] These include the western plains of New South Wales, and the Einasleigh Uplands, Barkly Tableland, and Mulga Lands of inland Queensland. The northernmost point of the east coast is the tropical-rainforested Cape York Peninsula.[103][104][105][106]

The landscapes of the

Great Sandy, Tanami, and Great Victoria deserts, with the famous Nullarbor Plain on the southern coast.[113][114][115][116]

Climate

Main article: Climate of Australia
Australia divided into different colours indicating its climatic zones
Climatic zones in Australia.[N 7]

The climate of Australia is significantly influenced by ocean currents, including the

semi-arid.[98]

According to the

La Niña weather pattern; however, "the country's 10-year average continues to demonstrate the rising trend in temperatures, with 2002–2011 likely to rank in the top two warmest 10-year periods on record for Australia, at 0.52 °C (0.94 °F) above the long-term average".[120] Furthermore, 2014 was Australia's third warmest year since national temperature observations commenced in 1910.[121][122] Water restrictions are frequently in place in many regions and cities of Australia in response to chronic shortages due to urban population increases and localised drought.[123][124] Throughout much of the continent, major flooding regularly follows extended periods of drought, flushing out inland river systems, overflowing dams and inundating large inland flood plains, as occurred throughout Eastern Australia in 2010, 2011 and 2012 after the 2000s Australian drought
.

Australia's carbon dioxide emissions per capita are among the highest in the world, lower than those of only a few other industrialised nations.[125] A carbon tax was introduced in 2012 and helped to reduce Australia's emissions but was scrapped in 2014 under the Liberal Government.[126] Since the carbon tax was repealed, emissions have again continued to rise.[127]

Biodiversity

See also: Fauna of Australia, Flora of Australia, and Fungi of Australia
A koala holding onto a eucalyptus tree with its head turned so both eyes are visible
The koala and the eucalyptus form an iconic Australian pair.

Although most of Australia is semi-arid or desert, it includes a diverse range of habitats from

Feral cats may have been introduced in the 17th century by Dutch shipwrecks, and later in the 18th century by European settlers. They are now considered a major factor in the decline and extinction of many vulnerable and endangered native species.[131]

Australian forests are mostly made up of evergreen species, particularly eucalyptus trees in the less arid regions; wattles replace them as the dominant species in drier regions and deserts.[132] Among well-known Australian animals are the monotremes (the platypus and echidna); a host of marsupials, including the kangaroo, koala, and wombat, and birds such as the emu and the kookaburra.[132] Australia is home to many dangerous animals including some of the most venomous snakes in the world.[133] The dingo was introduced by Austronesian people who traded with Indigenous Australians around 3000 BCE.[134] Many animal and plant species became extinct soon after first human settlement,[135] including the Australian megafauna; others have disappeared since European settlement, among them the thylacine.[136][137]

Many of Australia's ecoregions, and the species within those regions, are threatened by human activities and introduced animal, chromistan, fungal and plant species.[138] All these factors have led to Australia's having the highest mammal extinction rate of any country in the world.[139] The federal Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 is the legal framework for the protection of threatened species.[140] Numerous protected areas have been created under the National Strategy for the Conservation of Australia's Biological Diversity to protect and preserve unique ecosystems;[141][142] 65 wetlands are listed under the Ramsar Convention,[143] and 16 natural World Heritage Sites have been established.[144] Australia was ranked 3rd out of 178 countries in the world on the 2014 Environmental Performance Index.[145]

Government and politics

Main articles:
Government of Australia and Politics of Australia
Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia
Peter Cosgrove, Governor-General of Australia
Malcolm Turnbull, Prime Minister of Australia

Australia is a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy[146] with Elizabeth II at its apex as the Queen of Australia, a role that is distinct from her position as monarch of the other Commonwealth realms. The Queen is represented in Australia by the Governor-General at the federal level and by the Governors at the state level, who by convention act on the advice of her ministers.[147][148] Thus, in practice the Governor-General has no actual decision-making or de facto governmental role, and merely acts as a legal figurehead for the actions of the Prime Minister and the Federal Executive Council. The Governor-General does have extraordinary reserve powers which may be exercised outside the Prime Minister's request in rare and limited circumstances, the most notable exercise of which was the dismissal of the Whitlam Government in the constitutional crisis of 1975.[149]

The federal government is separated into three branches:

  • Legislature: the bicameral Parliament, defined in section 1 of the constitution as comprising the Queen (represented by the Governor-General), the Senate, and the House of Representatives;
  • Executive: the Federal Executive Council, which in practice gives legal effect to the decisions of the cabinet, comprising the prime minister and ministers of state who advise the Governor-General;[150]
  • Judiciary: the
    federal courts
    , whose judges are appointed by the Governor-General on advice of the Federal Executive Council.
A large white and cream coloured building with grass on its roof. The building is topped with a large flagpole.
Parliament House, Canberra

In the Senate (the upper house), there are 76 senators: twelve each from the states and two each from the mainland territories (the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory).[151] The House of Representatives (the lower house) has 150 members elected from single-member electoral divisions, commonly known as "electorates" or "seats", allocated to states on the basis of population,[152] with each original state guaranteed a minimum of five seats.[153] Elections for both chambers are normally held every three years simultaneously; senators have overlapping six-year terms except for those from the territories, whose terms are not fixed but are tied to the electoral cycle for the lower house; thus only 40 of the 76 places in the Senate are put to each election unless the cycle is interrupted by a double dissolution.[151]

Australia's electoral system uses preferential voting for all lower house elections with the exception of Tasmania and the ACT which, along with the Senate and most state upper houses, combine it with proportional representation in a system known as the single transferable vote. Voting is compulsory for all enrolled citizens 18 years and over in every jurisdiction,[154] as is enrolment (with the exception of South Australia).[155] The party with majority support in the House of Representatives forms the government and its leader becomes Prime Minister. In cases where no party has majority support, the Governor-General has the constitutional power to appoint the Prime Minister and, if necessary, dismiss one that has lost the confidence of Parliament.[156]

There are two major political groups that usually form government, federally and in the states: the

centre-left.[159]
Independent members and several minor parties have achieved representation in Australian parliaments, mostly in upper houses.

In September 2015,

most recent federal election was held on 2 July 2016 and resulted in the Coalition's forming a majority government.[161]

States and territories

Main article: States and territories of Australia
PerthAdelaideMelbourneCanberraSydneyBrisbaneDarwinHobartTasmaniaAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralian Capital TerritoryWestern AustraliaNorthern TerritorySouth AustraliaQueenslandNew South WalesVictoriaTasmaniaGreat Australian BightTasman SeaIndian OceanCoral SeaIndonesiaPapua New GuineaGulf of CarpentariaArafura SeaEast TimorTimor SeaGreat Barrier Reef
A clickable map of Australia's states, mainland territories and their capitals

Australia has six states—

Victoria (VIC) and Western Australia (WA)—and two major mainland territories—the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) and the Northern Territory (NT). In most respects these two territories function as states, except that the Commonwealth Parliament has the power to modify or repeal any legislation passed by the territory parliaments.[162]

Under the constitution, the States essentially have

section 51. For example, State parliaments have the power to legislate with respect to education, criminal law and state police, health, transport, and local government, but the Commonwealth Parliament does not have any specific power to legislate in these areas.[163] However, Commonwealth laws prevail over State laws to the extent of the inconsistency.[164] In addition, the Commonwealth has the power to levy income tax which, coupled with the power to make grants to States
, has given it the financial means to incentivize States to pursue specific legislative agendas within areas over which the Commonwealth does not have legislative power.

Each state and major mainland territory has its own

Chief Minister. The Queen is represented in each state by a Governor; and in the Northern Territory, the Administrator.[165] In the Commonwealth, the Queen's representative is the Governor-General.[166]

The Commonwealth Parliament also directly administers the following external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands; Australian Antarctic Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Coral Sea Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; and Jervis Bay Territory, a naval base and sea port for the national capital in land that was formerly part of New South Wales.[150] The external territory of Norfolk Island previously exercised considerable autonomy under the Norfolk Island Act 1979 through its own legislative assembly and an Administrator to represent the Queen.[167] In 2015, the Commonwealth Parliament abolished self-government, integrating Norfolk Island into the Australian tax and welfare systems and replacing its legislative assembly with a council.[168] Macquarie Island is administered by Tasmania, and Lord Howe Island by New South Wales.

Foreign relations

Main article: Foreign relations of Australia
Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull with U.S. President Donald Trump

Over recent decades,

Australia–China Free Trade Agreement—and Japan,[177] South Korea in 2011,[178][179] Australia–Chile Free Trade Agreement, and as of November 2015 has put the Trans-Pacific Partnership before parliament for ratification.[180]

Along with New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Malaysia and Singapore, Australia is party to the Five Power Defence Arrangements, a regional defence agreement. A founding member country of the United Nations, Australia is strongly committed to multilateralism[181] and maintains an international aid program under which some 60 countries receive assistance. The 2005–06 budget provides A$2.5 billion for development assistance.[182] Australia ranks fifteenth overall in the Center for Global Development's 2012 Commitment to Development Index.[183]

Military

Main article: Australian Defence Force
Colour photograph of people wearing military uniforms standing in lines during a formal parade
Australian soldiers deployed to Iraq in 2017

Australia's armed forces—the

Commander-in-Chief is vested in the Governor-General, who appoints a Chief of the Defence Force from one of the armed services on the advice of the government.[184] Day-to-day force operations are under the command of the Chief, while broader administration and the formulation of defence policy is undertaken by the Minister and Department of Defence
.

In the 2016–17 budget, defence spending comprised 2% of GDP, representing the world's

Afghanistan.[186]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Australia
See also: Economic history of Australia, Median household income in Australia and New Zealand, and Transport in Australia
A deep opencut mine in which some roads can be seen, the dirt is a rusty colour
The Super Pit gold mine in Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, is the nation's largest open cut mine.[187]

Australia is a wealthy country; it generates its income from various sources including mining-related exports, telecommunications, banking and manufacturing.[188][189][190] It has a market economy, a relatively high GDP per capita, and a relatively low rate of poverty. In terms of average wealth, Australia ranked second in the world after Switzerland in 2013, although the nation's poverty rate increased from 10.2% to 11.8%, from 2000/01 to 2013.[191][192] It was identified by the Credit Suisse Research Institute as the nation with the highest median wealth in the world and the second-highest average wealth per adult in 2013.[191]

The

Pacific Island states of Kiribati, Nauru, and Tuvalu. With the 2006 merger of the Australian Stock Exchange and the Sydney Futures Exchange, the Australian Securities Exchange became the ninth largest in the world.[193]

Ranked fifth in the

world's most liveable cities, followed by Adelaide, Sydney, and Perth in the fifth, seventh, and ninth places respectively.[198] Total government debt in Australia is about A$190 billion[199] – 20% of GDP in 2010.[200] Australia has among the highest house prices and some of the highest household debt levels in the world.[201]

World map showing the distribution of Australian goods
Destination and value of Australian exports in 2006[202]

An emphasis on exporting commodities rather than manufactured goods has underpinned a significant increase in Australia's terms of trade since the start of the 21st century, due to rising commodity prices. Australia has a balance of payments that is more than 7% of GDP negative, and has had persistently large current account deficits for more than 50 years.[203] Australia has grown at an average annual rate of 3.6% for over 15 years, in comparison to the OECD annual average of 2.5%.[203]

Australia was the only advanced economy not to experience a recession due to the

global financial downturn in 2008–2009.[204] However, the economies of six of Australia's major trading partners have been in recession, which in turn has affected Australia, significantly hampering its economic growth in recent years.[205][206] From 2012 to early 2013, Australia's national economy grew, but some non-mining states and Australia's non-mining economy experienced a recession.[207][208][209]

The

Goods and Services Tax (GST).[212] In Australia's tax system, personal and company income tax are the main sources of government revenue.[213]

In May 2012, there were 11,537,900 people employed (either full- or part-time), with an unemployment rate of 5.1%.

Newstart unemployment allowance recipients were registered, a total that increased to 646,414 in March 2013.[215] According to the Graduate Careers Survey, full-time employment for newly qualified professionals from various occupations has declined since 2011 but it increases for graduates three years after graduation.[216][217]

Since 2008, inflation has typically been 2–3% and the base interest rate 5–6%. The service sector of the economy, including tourism, education, and financial services, accounts for about 70% of GDP.[218] Rich in natural resources, Australia is a major exporter of agricultural products, particularly wheat and wool, minerals such as iron-ore and gold, and energy in the forms of liquified natural gas and coal. Although agriculture and natural resources account for only 3% and 5% of GDP respectively, they contribute substantially to export performance. Australia's largest export markets are Japan, China, the US, South Korea, and New Zealand.[219] Australia is the world's fourth largest exporter of wine, and the wine industry contributes A$5.5 billion per year to the nation's economy.[220]

Demography

Main articles:
Demography of Australia and List of cities in Australia by population
A beach populated by people; a city can be seen in the horizon
Australia has one of the world's most highly urbanised populations with the majority living in metropolitan cities on the coast. (Pictured: Gold Coast beach and skyline, Queensland.)

Until the

Dutch (1.6%).[222]

Australia's population has quadrupled since the end of World War I,[223] much of this increase from immigration. Following World War II and through to 2000, almost 5.9 million new immigrants arrived and settled in the country.[224] Most immigrants are skilled,[225] but the immigration quota includes categories for family members and refugees.[225] By 2050, Australia's population is currently projected to reach around 42 million.[226] Nevertheless, its population density, 2.8 inhabitants per square kilometre, remains among the lowest in the world.[99]

In 2016, more than a quarter (26%) of Australia's population were born overseas; the five largest immigrant groups were those born in England (3.9%), New Zealand (2.2%), Mainland China (2.2%), India (1.9%), and the Philippines (1%).[227] Following the abolition of the White Australia policy in 1973, numerous government initiatives have been established to encourage and promote racial harmony based on a policy of multiculturalism.[228] In 2015–16, there were 189,770 permanent immigrants admitted to Australia, mainly from Asia.[229]

The Indigenous population—Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders—was counted at 649,171 (2.8% of the total population) in 2016.[230] The increase is partly due to many people with Indigenous heritage previously having been overlooked by the census due to undercount and cases where their Indigenous status had not been recorded on the form. Indigenous Australians experience higher than average rates of imprisonment and unemployment, lower levels of education, and life expectancies for males and females that are, respectively, 11 and 17 years lower than those of non-indigenous Australians.[219][231][232] Some remote Indigenous communities have been described as having "failed state"-like conditions.[233]

In common with many other developed countries, Australia is experiencing a demographic shift towards an older population, with more retirees and fewer people of working age. In 2004, the average age of the civilian population was 38.8 years.[234] A large number of Australians (759,849 for the period 2002–03;[235] 1 million or 5% of the total population in 2005[236]) live outside their home country.

 
Largest populated areas in Australia
Rank Name State Pop. Rank Name State Pop.
1 Sydney NSW 5,259,764 11 Geelong Vic 289,400
2 Melbourne Vic 4,976,157 12 Hobart Tas 251,047
3 Brisbane Qld 2,568,927 13 Townsville Qld 181,665
4 Perth WA 2,192,229 14 Cairns Qld 155,638
5 Adelaide SA 1,402,393 15 Darwin NT 148,801
6
Tweed Heads
 Qld/NSW 706,673 16 Toowoomba Qld 143,994
7 Newcastle–Maitland NSW 509,894 17 Ballarat Vic 111,702
8 Canberra–Queanbeyan ACT/NSW 482,250 18 Bendigo Vic 102,899
9 Sunshine Coast Qld 355,631 19
Albury-Wodonga
 NSW/Vic 97,676
10 Wollongong NSW 305,880 20 Launceston Tas 93,332

Language

Main article: Languages of Australia

Although Australia has no official language, English has always been entrenched as the

General Australian
serves as the standard dialect.

According to the 2016 census, English is the only language spoken in the home for close to 72.7% of the population. The next most common languages spoken at home are

Arabic (1.4%), Cantonese (1.2%), Vietnamese (1.2%) and Italian (1.2%).[240]
A considerable proportion of first- and second-generation migrants are bilingual.

Over 250

Indigenous Australian languages are thought to have existed at the time of first European contact,[241] of which less than 20 are still in daily use by all age groups.[242][243] About 110 others are spoken exclusively by older people.[243] At the time of the 2006 census, 52,000 Indigenous Australians, representing 12% of the Indigenous population, reported that they spoke an Indigenous language at home.[244] Australia has a sign language known as Auslan, which is the main language of about 5,500 deaf people.[245]

Religion

Main article: Religion in Australia
Religion in Australia (as of August 2016)
Religion Percent
No religion
 
 30.1%
Roman Catholic
 
 22.6%
Other Christian
 
 18.7%
Anglican
 
 13.3%
Islam
 
 2.6%
Buddhism
 
 2.4%
Hinduism
 
 1.9%
Other
 
 0.8%
Judaism
 
 0.4%
Undefined or not stated
 
 9.1%

Australia has no

Roman Catholic and 13.3% as Anglican; 30.1% of the population reported having "no religion"; 7.3% identify with non-Christian religions, the largest of these being Islam (2.6%), followed by Buddhism (2.5%), Hinduism (1.9%) and Judaism (0.4%). The remaining 9.6% of the population did not provide an adequate answer. Those who reported having no religion increased conspicuously from 19% in 2006 to 30% in 2016. The largest change was between 2011 (22%) and 2016 (30.1%), when a further 2.2 million people reported having no religion.[247]

Before European settlement, the animist beliefs of Australia's indigenous people had been practised for many thousands of years. Mainland

Dreamtime and it places a heavy emphasis on belonging to the land. The collection of stories that it contains shaped Aboriginal law and customs. Aboriginal art, story and dance continue to draw on these spiritual traditions. The spirituality and customs of Torres Strait Islanders, who inhabit the islands between Australia and New Guinea, reflected their Melanesian origins and dependence on the sea. The 1996 Australian census counted more than 7000 respondents as followers of a traditional Aboriginal religion.[248]

Since the arrival of the First Fleet of British ships in 1788, Christianity has grown to be the major religion practised in Australia. Christian churches have played an integral role in the development of education, health and welfare services in Australia. For much of Australian history, the Church of England (now known as the Anglican Church of Australia) was the largest religious denomination. However, multicultural immigration has contributed to a decline in its relative position, and the Roman Catholic Church has benefitted from recent immigration to become the largest group. Similarly, Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism and Judaism have all grown in Australia over the past half-century.[249]

Australia has one of the lowest levels of religious adherence in the world.[250] In 2001, only 8.8% of Australians attended church on a weekly basis.[251]

Health

See also: Health care in Australia

Australia has the third and seventh highest life expectancy of males and females respectively in the world.[252] Life expectancy in Australia in 2010 was 79.5 years for males and 84.0 years for females.[253] Australia has the highest rates of skin cancer in the world,[254] while cigarette smoking is the largest preventable cause of death and disease, responsible for 7.8% of the total mortality and disease. Ranked second in preventable causes is hypertension at 7.6%, with obesity third at 7.5%.[255][256] Australia ranks 35th in the world[257] and near the top of developed nations for its proportion of obese adults[258] and nearly two thirds (63%) of its adult population is either overweight or obese.[259]

Total expenditure on health (including private sector spending) is around 9.8% of GDP.

Medicare levy, currently set at 2%.[262] The states manage hospitals and attached outpatient services, while the Commonwealth funds the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (subsidising the costs of medicines) and general practice.[261]

Education

Main article: Education in Australia
Five Australian universities rank in the top 50 of the QS World University Rankings, including the Australian National University (19th).[263]

School attendance, or registration for home schooling,[264] is compulsory throughout Australia. Education is the responsibility of the individual states and territories[265] so the rules vary between states, but in general children are required to attend school from the age of about 5 until about 16.[266][267] In some states (e.g., Western Australia,[268] the Northern Territory[269] and New South Wales[270][271]), children aged 16–17 are required to either attend school or participate in vocational training, such as an apprenticeship.

Australia has an adult literacy rate that was estimated to be 99% in 2003.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). Catholic education
accounts for the largest non-government sector.

Australia has 37 government-funded universities and two private universities, as well as a number of other specialist institutions that provide approved courses at the higher education level.[274] The OECD places Australia among the most expensive nations to attend university.[275] There is a state-based system of vocational training, known as TAFE, and many trades conduct apprenticeships for training new tradespeople.[276] About 58% of Australians aged from 25 to 64 have vocational or tertiary qualifications,[219] and the tertiary graduation rate of 49% is the highest among OECD countries. The ratio of international to local students in tertiary education in Australia is the highest in the OECD countries.[277] In addition, 30.9 percent of Australia's population has attained a higher education qualification, which is among the highest percentages in the world.[278][279][280]

Culture

Main article: Culture of Australia
Ornate white building with an elevated dome in the middle, fronted by a golden fountain and orange flowers
The Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne was the first building in Australia to be listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2004.[281]

Since 1788, the primary influence behind Australian culture has been Anglo-Celtic Western culture, with some Indigenous influences.[282][283] The divergence and evolution that has occurred in the ensuing centuries has resulted in a distinctive Australian culture.[284][285] Since the mid-20th century, American popular culture has strongly influenced Australia, particularly through television and cinema.[286] Other cultural influences come from neighbouring Asian countries, and through large-scale immigration from non-English-speaking nations.[286][287]

Arts

Main articles: Australian art, Australian literature, Theatre of Australia, and Dance in Australia

Indigenous Australian rock art is the oldest and richest in the world, dating as far back as 60,000 years and spread across hundreds of thousands of sites.[288] Traditional designs, patterns and stories infuse contemporary Indigenous Australian art, "the last great art movement of the 20th century";[289] its exponents include Emily Kame Kngwarreye.[290] Early colonial artists, trained in Europe, showed a fascination with the unfamiliar land.[291] The impressionistic works of Arthur Streeton, Tom Roberts and others associated with the 19th-century Heidelberg School—the first "distinctively Australian" movement in Western art—gave expression to a burgeoning Australian nationalism in the lead-up to Federation.[291] While the school remained influential into the new century, modernists such as Margaret Preston, and, later, Sidney Nolan and Arthur Boyd, explored new artistic trends.[291] The landscape remained a central subject matter for Fred Williams, Brett Whiteley and other post-World War II artists whose works, eclectic in style yet uniquely Australian, moved between the figurative and the abstract.[291][292] The national and state galleries maintain collections of local and international art.[293] Australia has one of the world's highest attendances of art galleries and museums per head of population.[294]

Sidney Nolan's Snake mural (1970), held at the Museum of Old and New Art in Hobart, Tasmania, is inspired by the Aboriginal creation myth of the Rainbow Serpent, as well as desert flowers in bloom after a drought.[295]

Booker Prize include Peter Carey, Thomas Keneally and Richard Flanagan.[300] Author David Malouf, playwright David Williamson and poet Les Murray are also renowned literary figures.[301][302]

Many of Australia's performing arts companies receive funding through the federal government's

Australia Council.[303] There is a symphony orchestra in each state,[304] and a national opera company, Opera Australia,[305] well known for its famous soprano Joan Sutherland.[306] At the beginning of the 20th century, Nellie Melba was one of the world's leading opera singers.[307] Ballet and dance are represented by The Australian Ballet and various state companies. Each state has a publicly funded theatre company.[308]

Media

Main articles:
Media of Australia, and Music of Australia
Actor playing the bushranger Ned Kelly in The Story of the Kelly Gang (1906), the world's first feature film

Mad Max series became international blockbusters.[313] In a film market flooded with foreign content, Australian films delivered a 7.7% share of the local box office in 2015.[314] The AACTAs are Australia's premier film and television awards, and notable Academy Award winners from Australia include Geoffrey Rush, Nicole Kidman, Cate Blanchett and Heath Ledger.[315]

Australia has two public broadcasters (the

The Australian Financial Review.[316] In 2010, Reporters Without Borders placed Australia 18th on a list of 178 countries ranked by press freedom, behind New Zealand (8th) but ahead of the United Kingdom (19th) and United States (20th).[317] This relatively low ranking is primarily because of the limited diversity of commercial media ownership in Australia;[318] most print media are under the control of News Corporation and Fairfax Media.[319]

Cuisine

Main article: Australian cuisine

Most Indigenous Australian tribal groups subsisted on a simple

pavlova, lamingtons and meat pies are regarded as iconic Australian foods.[325] Australian wine
is produced mainly in the southern, cooler parts of the country.

Australia is also known for its cafe and coffee culture in urban centres, which has influenced coffee culture abroad, including New York City.[326] Australia and New Zealand were responsible for the flat white coffee.

Sport and recreation

Main article: Sport in Australia
The Melbourne Cricket Ground is strongly associated with the history and development of cricket and Australian rules football, Australia's two most popular spectator sports.[327]

About 24% of Australians over the age of 15 regularly participate in organised sporting activities.[219]

Australia is unique in that it has professional leagues for four football codes. Australian rules football, the world's oldest major football code and Australia's most popular sport in terms of revenue and spectatorship, originated in Melbourne in the late 1850s, and predominates in all states except New South Wales and Queensland, where rugby league holds sway, followed by rugby union. Soccer, while ranked fourth in popularity and resources, has the highest overall participation rates.[328]

The Australian national cricket team have participated in every edition of the Cricket World Cup. Australia have been very successful in the event, winning the tournament five times, the record number.[329]

Australia is a powerhouse in water-based sports, such as swimming and surfing.[330] The surf lifesaving movement originated in Australia, and the volunteer lifesaver is one of the country's icons.[331] Nationally, other popular sports include horse racing, basketball, and motor racing. The annual Melbourne Cup horse race and the Sydney to Hobart yacht race attract intense interest.[332] In 2016, the Australian Sports Commission revealed that swimming, cycling and soccer are the three most popular participation sports.[333][334]

Australia is one of five nations to have participated in every

Rugby League State of Origin, and the grand finals of the National Rugby League and Australian Football League.[340] Skiing in Australia began in the 1860s and snow sports take place in the Australian Alps and parts of Tasmania
.

See also

Notes

  1. God Save the Queen", played in the presence of a member of the Royal family when they are in Australia. In other contexts, the national anthem of Australia, "Advance Australia Fair", is played.[1]
  2. ^ English does not have de jure status.[2]
  3. ^ a b There are minor variations from three basic time zones; see Time in Australia.
  4. ^ The earliest recorded use of the word Australia in English was in 1625 in "A note of Australia del Espíritu Santo, written by Sir Richard Hakluyt", published by Samuel Purchas in Hakluytus Posthumus, a corruption of the original Spanish name "Austrialia del Espíritu Santo" (Southern Land of the Holy Spirit)[20][21][22] for an island in Vanuatu.[23] The Dutch adjectival form australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia (Jakarta) in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south.[24]
  5. ^ For instance, the 1814 work A Voyage to Terra Australis.
  6. ^ Australia describes the body of water south of its mainland as the Southern Ocean, rather than the Indian Ocean as defined by the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO). In 2000, a vote of IHO member nations defined the term "Southern Ocean" as applying only to the waters between Antarctica and 60 degrees south latitude.[83]
  7. ^ Based on the Köppen climate classification.

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Bibliography

Further reading

Further information: Bibliography of Australian history

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