Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg
Санкт-Петербург | |
---|---|
Postal code | 190000—199406 |
Area code | 812 |
ISO 3166 code | RU-SPE |
Vehicle registration | 78, 98, 178, 198 |
OKATO ID | 40 |
OKTMO ID | 40000000 |
Official language | Russian[8] |
Website | gov |
Saint Petersburg,[a] formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991; see below), is the second-largest city in Russia after Moscow. It is situated on the River Neva, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea. The city had a population of roughly 5.6 million residents as of 2021,[5] with more than 6.4 million people living in the metropolitan area. Saint Petersburg is the fourth-most populous city in Europe, the most populous city on the Baltic Sea, and the world's northernmost city of more than 1 million residents. As Russia's Imperial capital, and a historically strategic port, it is governed as a federal city.
The city was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on 27 May 1703 on the site of a captured Swedish fortress, and was named after the apostle Saint Peter.[10] In Russia, Saint Petersburg is historically and culturally associated with the birth of the Russian Empire and Russia's entry into modern history as a European great power.[11] It served as a capital of the Tsardom of Russia, and the subsequent Russian Empire, from 1712 to 1918 (being replaced by Moscow for a short period of time between 1728 and 1730).[12] After the October Revolution in 1917, the Bolsheviks moved their government to Moscow.[13] The city was renamed Leningrad after Lenin's death in 1924. It was the site of the siege of Leningrad during the Second World War, the most lethal siege in history.[14] In June 1991, only a few months before the Belovezha Accords and the dissolution of the USSR, voters supported restoring the city's original appellation in a city-wide referendum.[15]
As Russia's cultural centre,
Toponymy
The name day of Peter I falls on 29 June, when the Russian Orthodox Church observes the memory of apostles Peter and Paul. The consecration of the small wooden church in their names (its construction began at the same time as the citadel) made them the heavenly patrons of the Peter and Paul Fortress, while Saint Peter at the same time became the eponym of the whole city. When in June 1703 Peter the Great renamed the site after Saint Peter, he did not issue a naming act that established an official spelling; even in his own letters he used diverse spellings, such as Санктьпетерсьбурк (Sanktpetersburk), emulating German Sankt Petersburg, and Сантпитербурх (Santpiterburkh), emulating Dutch Sint-Pietersburgh, as Peter was multilingual and a Hollandophile. The name was later normalized and russified to Санкт-Петербург.[19][20][21]
A former spelling of the city's name in English was Saint Petersburgh. This spelling survives in the name of a
A 14- to 15-letter-long name, composed of the three
In the 1830s
After the October Revolution the name Red Petrograd (Красный Петроград, Krasny Petrograd) was often used in newspapers and other prints until the city was renamed Leningrad in January 1924.
The referendum on restoring the historic name was held on 12 June 1991, with 55% of voters supporting "Saint Petersburg" and 43% supporting "Leningrad".[15] The turnout was 65%[citation needed]. Renaming the city Petrograd was not an option. This change officially took effect on 6 September 1991.[26] Meanwhile, the oblast whose administrative center is also in Saint Petersburg is still named Leningrad.
Having passed the role of capital to Petersburg, Moscow never relinquished the title of "capital", being called pervoprestolnaya ('first-throned') for 200 years. An equivalent name for Petersburg, the "Northern Capital", has re-entered usage today since several federal institutions were recently moved from Moscow to Saint Petersburg. Solemn descriptive names like "the city of three revolutions" and "the cradle of the October revolution" used in the Soviet era are reminders of the pivotal events in national history that occurred here. Petropolis is a translation of a city name to Greek, and is also a kind of descriptive name: Πέτρ- is a Greek root for 'stone', so the "city from stone" emphasizes the material that had been forcibly made obligatory for construction from the first years of the city[23] (a modern Greek translation is Αγία Πετρούπολη, Agia Petroupoli).[27][failed verification]
Saint Petersburg has been traditionally called the "Window to Europe" and the "Window to the West" by the Russians.[28][29] The city is the northernmost metropolis with more than 1 million people in the world, and is also often described as the "Venice of the North" or the "Russian Venice" due to its many water corridors, as the city is built on swamp and water. Furthermore, it has strongly Western European-inspired architecture and culture, which is combined with the city's Russian heritage.[30][31][32] Another nickname of Saint Petersburg is "The City of the White Nights" because of a natural phenomenon which arises due to the closeness to the polar region and ensures that in summer the night skies of the city do not get completely dark for a month.[33][34] The city is also often called the "Northern Palmyra", due to its extravagant architecture.[35]
History
Imperial era (1703–1917)
Swedish colonists built Nyenskans, a fortress at the mouth of the Neva River in 1611, which was later called Ingermanland. This area was inhabited by a Finnic tribe of Ingrians. The small town of Nyen grew up around the fort.
At the end of the 17th century, Peter the Great, who was interested in seafaring and maritime affairs, wanted Russia to gain a seaport to trade with the rest of Europe.[36] He needed a better seaport than the country's main one at the time, Arkhangelsk, which was on the White Sea in the far north and closed to shipping during the winter.
On 12 May [O.S. 1 May] 1703, during the Great Northern War, Peter the Great captured Nyenskans and soon replaced the fortress.[37] On 27 May [O.S. 16 May] 1703,[38] closer to the estuary (5 km (3 mi) inland from the gulf), on Zayachy (Hare) Island, he laid down the Peter and Paul Fortress, which became the first brick and stone building of the new city.[39]
The city was built by conscripted peasants from all over Russia; in some years several Swedish prisoners of war were also involved under the supervision of Alexander Menshikov.[40] Tens of thousands of serfs died while building the city.[41] Later, the city became the centre of the Saint Petersburg Governorate. Peter moved the capital from Moscow to Saint Petersburg in 1712, nine years before the Treaty of Nystad of 1721 ended the war. He referred to Saint Petersburg as the capital (or seat of government) as early as 1704.[36] While the city was being built, Peter lived in a three-room log cabin with his wife Catherine and their children.[citation needed]
During its first few years, the city developed around Trinity Square on the right bank of the Neva, near the Peter and Paul Fortress. However, Saint Petersburg soon started to be built out according to a plan. By 1716 the Swiss Italian Domenico Trezzini had elaborated a project whereby the city centre would be on Vasilyevsky Island and shaped by a rectangular grid of canals. The project was not completed but is evident in the layout of the streets. In 1716, Peter the Great appointed Frenchman Jean-Baptiste Alexandre Le Blond as the chief architect of Saint Petersburg.[42]
The style of Petrine Baroque, developed by Trezzini and other architects and exemplified by such buildings as the Menshikov Palace, Kunstkamera, Peter and Paul Cathedral, Twelve Collegia, became prominent in the city architecture of the early 18th century. In 1724 the Academy of Sciences, University and Academic Gymnasium were established in Saint Petersburg by Peter the Great.
In 1725, Peter died at age fifty-two. His endeavors to modernize Russia had been opposed by the Russian nobility. There were several attempts on his life and a treason case involving his son.[43] In 1728, Peter II of Russia moved his seat back to Moscow. But four years later, in 1732, under Empress Anna of Russia, Saint Petersburg was again designated as the capital of the Russian Empire. It remained the seat of the Romanov dynasty and the Imperial Court of the Russian tsars, as well as the seat of the Russian government, for another 186 years until the communist revolution of 1917.
In 1736–1737 the city suffered from catastrophic fires. To rebuild the damaged boroughs, a committee under Burkhard Christoph von Münnich commissioned a new plan in 1737. The city was divided into five boroughs, and the city centre was moved to the Admiralty borough, on the east bank between the Neva and Fontanka.
It developed along three radial streets, which meet at the Admiralty building and are now known as Nevsky Prospect (which is considered the main street of the city), Gorokhovaya Street and Voznesensky Avenue. Baroque architecture became dominant in the city during the first sixty years, culminating in the Elizabethan Baroque, represented most notably by Italian Bartolomeo Rastrelli with such buildings as the Winter Palace. In the 1760s, Baroque architecture was succeeded by neoclassical architecture.
Established in 1762, the Commission of Stone Buildings of Moscow and Saint Petersburg ruled that no structure in the city could be higher than the Winter Palace and prohibited spacing between buildings. During the reign of Catherine the Great in the 1760s–1780s, the banks of the Neva were lined with granite embankments.
However, it was not until 1850 that the first permanent bridge across the Neva, Annunciation Bridge, was allowed to open. Before that, only pontoon bridges were allowed. Obvodny Canal (dug in 1769–1833) became the southern limit of the city.
The most prominent neoclassical and Empire-style architects in Saint Petersburg included:
- Jean-Baptiste Vallin de la Mothe (Imperial Academy of Arts, Small Hermitage, Gostiny Dvor, New Holland Arch, Catholic Church of St. Catherine)
- Antonio Rinaldi (Marble Palace)
- Yury Felten (Old Hermitage, Chesme Church)
- Giacomo Quarenghi (Academy of Sciences, Hermitage Theatre, Yusupov Palace)
- Andrey Voronikhin (Mining Institute, Kazan Cathedral)
- Andreyan Zakharov (Admiralty building)
- Jean-François Thomas de Thomon (Spit of Vasilievsky Island)
- Carlo Rossi (Yelagin Palace, Mikhailovsky Palace, Alexandrine Theatre, Senate and Synod Buildings, General staff Building, design of many streets and squares)
- Vasily Stasov (Moscow Triumphal Gate, Trinity Cathedral)
- Auguste de Montferrand (Saint Isaac's Cathedral, Alexander Column)
In 1810, Alexander I established the first engineering higher education, the Saint Petersburg Main military engineering School in Saint Petersburg. Many monuments commemorate the Russian victory over Napoleonic France in the Patriotic War of 1812, including the Alexander Column by Montferrand, erected in 1834, and the Narva Triumphal Arch.
In 1825, the suppressed Decembrist revolt against Nicholas I took place on the Senate Square in the city, a day after Nicholas assumed the throne.
By the 1840s, neoclassical architecture had given way to various romanticist styles, which dominated until the 1890s, represented by such architects as Andrei Stackenschneider (Mariinsky Palace, Beloselsky-Belozersky Palace, Nicholas Palace, New Michael Palace) and Konstantin Thon (Moskovsky railway station).
With the emancipation of the serfs undertaken by Alexander II in 1861 and an Industrial Revolution, the influx of former peasants into the capital increased greatly. Poor boroughs spontaneously developed on the outskirts of the city. Saint Petersburg surpassed Moscow in population and industrial growth; it became one of the largest industrial cities in Europe, with a major naval base (in Kronstadt), the Neva River, and a seaport on the Baltic.
The names of Saints Peter and Paul, bestowed upon the original city's citadel and its cathedral (from 1725—a burial vault of Russian emperors) coincidentally were the names of the first two assassinated Russian emperors, Peter III (1762, supposedly killed in a conspiracy led by his wife, Catherine the Great) and Paul I (1801, Nikolay Alexandrovich Zubov and other conspirators who brought to power Alexander I, the son of their victim). The third emperor's assassination took place in Saint Petersburg in 1881 when Alexander II was murdered by terrorists (see the Church of the Savior on Blood).
The
On 1 September 1914, after the outbreak of World War I, the Imperial government renamed the city Petrograd,[24] meaning "Peter's City", to remove the German words Sankt and Burg.
Revolution and Soviet era (1917–1941)
In March 1917, during the
In September and October 1917, German troops
On 26 January 1924, five days after Lenin's death, Petrograd was renamed Leningrad. Later many streets and other toponyms were renamed accordingly, with names in honour of communist figures replacing historic names given centuries before. The city has over 230 places associated with the life and activities of Lenin. Some of them were turned into museums,[46] including the cruiser Aurora—a symbol of the October Revolution and the oldest ship in the Russian Navy.
In the 1920s and 1930s, the poor outskirts were reconstructed into
In December 1931, Leningrad was administratively separated from Leningrad Oblast. At that time it included the Leningrad Suburban District, some parts of which were transferred back to Leningrad Oblast in 1936 and turned into Vsevolozhsky District, Krasnoselsky District, Pargolovsky District and Slutsky District (renamed Pavlovsky District in 1944).[47]
During the Soviet era, many historic architectural monuments of the previous centuries were destroyed by the new regime for ideological reasons. While that mainly concerned churches and cathedrals, some other buildings were also demolished.[48][49][50]
On 1 December 1934,
World War II (1941–1945)
During World War II, German forces besieged Leningrad following the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941.[53] The siege lasted 872 days, or almost two and a half years,[53] from 8 September 1941 to 27 January 1944.[54]
The
On 1 May 1945
Post-war Soviet era (1945–1991)
In October 1946 some territories along the northern coast of the Gulf of Finland, which had been annexed into the USSR from Finland in 1940 under the peace treaty following the Winter War, were transferred from Leningrad Oblast to Leningrad and divided into Sestroretsky District and Kurortny District. These included the town of Terijoki (renamed Zelenogorsk in 1948).[47] Leningrad and many of its suburbs were rebuilt over the post-war decades, partially according to pre-war plans. The 1948 general plan for Leningrad featured radial urban development in the north as well as in the south. In 1953, Pavlovsky District in Leningrad Oblast was abolished, and parts of its territory, including Pavlovsk, merged with Leningrad. In 1954, the settlements Levashovo, Pargolovo and Pesochny merged with Leningrad.[47]
Leningrad gave its name to the
The Leningrad Metro underground rapid transit system, designed before the war, opened in 1955 with its first eight stations decorated with marble and bronze. However, after Stalin's death in 1953, the perceived ornamental excesses of the Stalinist architecture were abandoned. From the 1960s to the 1980s many new residential boroughs were built on the outskirts; while the functionalist apartment blocks were nearly identical to each other, many families moved there from kommunalkas in the city centre to live in separate apartments.
Contemporary era (1991–present)
Meanwhile, economic conditions started to deteriorate as the country tried to adapt to major changes. For the first time since the 1940s, food
In 1996,
The law on election of the City Governor was changed, breaking the tradition of democratic election by universal suffrage that started in 1991. In 2006, the
Although the central part of the city has a
Geography
The area of Saint Petersburg city proper is 605.8 km2 (233.9 square miles). The area of the federal subject is 1,439 km2 (556 sq mi), which contains Saint Petersburg proper (consisting of eighty-one municipal
Petersburg is on the middle
The elevation of Saint Petersburg ranges from the sea level to its highest point of 175.9 m (577 ft) at the Orekhovaya Hill in the
Since the 18th century, the city's terrain has been raised artificially, at some places by more than 4 m (13 ft), making mergers of several islands, and changing the hydrology of the city. Besides the Neva and its tributaries, other important rivers of the federal subject of Saint Petersburg are
Due to its northerly location at c. 60° N
Saint Petersburg is about 165 km (103 miles) from the border with Finland, connected to it via the M10 highway (E18), along which there is also a connection to the historic city of Vyborg.
Climate
Under the Köppen climate classification, Saint Petersburg is classified as Dfb, a humid continental climate. The distinct moderating influence of Baltic Sea cyclones results in warm, humid, and short summers and long, moderately cold wet winters. The climate of Saint Petersburg is close to that of Helsinki, although slightly more continental (i.e. colder in winter and warmer in summer) because of its more eastern location, while slightly less continental than that of Moscow.
The average maximum temperature in July is 23 °C (73 °F), and the average minimum temperature in February is −8.5 °C (16.7 °F); an extreme temperature of 37.1 °C (98.8 °F) occurred during the
Average annual
Climate data for Saint Petersburg (1991–2020, extremes 1743–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 8.7 (47.7) |
10.2 (50.4) |
15.3 (59.5) |
25.3 (77.5) |
33.0 (91.4) |
35.9 (96.6) |
35.3 (95.5) |
37.1 (98.8) |
30.4 (86.7) |
21.0 (69.8) |
12.3 (54.1) |
10.9 (51.6) |
37.1 (98.8) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −2.5 (27.5) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
2.3 (36.1) |
9.5 (49.1) |
16.3 (61.3) |
20.5 (68.9) |
23.3 (73.9) |
21.4 (70.5) |
15.9 (60.6) |
8.7 (47.7) |
2.8 (37.0) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
9.6 (49.3) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −4.8 (23.4) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
5.2 (41.4) |
11.5 (52.7) |
16.1 (61.0) |
19.1 (66.4) |
17.4 (63.3) |
12.4 (54.3) |
6.2 (43.2) |
0.9 (33.6) |
−2.5 (27.5) |
6.3 (43.3) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −7.2 (19.0) |
−7.6 (18.3) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
1.7 (35.1) |
7.2 (45.0) |
12.2 (54.0) |
15.3 (59.5) |
13.9 (57.0) |
9.4 (48.9) |
4.1 (39.4) |
−0.9 (30.4) |
−4.5 (23.9) |
3.3 (37.9) |
Record low °C (°F) | −35.9 (−32.6) |
−35.2 (−31.4) |
−29.9 (−21.8) |
−21.8 (−7.2) |
−6.6 (20.1) |
0.1 (32.2) |
4.9 (40.8) |
1.3 (34.3) |
−3.1 (26.4) |
−12.9 (8.8) |
−22.2 (−8.0) |
−34.4 (−29.9) |
−35.9 (−32.6) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 46 (1.8) |
36 (1.4) |
36 (1.4) |
37 (1.5) |
47 (1.9) |
69 (2.7) |
84 (3.3) |
87 (3.4) |
57 (2.2) |
64 (2.5) |
56 (2.2) |
51 (2.0) |
670 (26.4) |
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 15 (5.9) |
19 (7.5) |
14 (5.5) |
1 (0.4) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
3 (1.2) |
9 (3.5) |
19 (7.5) |
Average rainy days | 9 | 7 | 10 | 13 | 16 | 18 | 17 | 17 | 20 | 20 | 16 | 10 | 173 |
Average snowy days | 25 | 23 | 16 | 8 | 1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 5 | 16 | 23 | 117 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
86 | 84 | 79 | 69 | 65 | 69 | 71 | 76 | 80 | 83 | 86 | 87 | 78 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 18.9 | 45.5 | 120.5 | 177.9 | 255.6 | 254.3 | 267.7 | 228.1 | 134.8 | 61.8 | 23.0 | 8.1 | 1,596.2 |
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[65] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: NOAA[68]
|
Demographics
Saint Petersburg is the second largest city in Russia. As of the
Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
---|---|---|
1897 | 1,264,920 | — |
1926 | 1,590,770 | +0.79% |
1939 | 3,191,304 | +5.50% |
1959 | 3,321,196 | +0.20% |
1970 | 3,949,501 | +1.59% |
1979 | 4,588,183 | +1.68% |
1989 | 5,023,506 | +0.91% |
2002 | 4,661,219 | −0.57% |
2010 | 4,879,566 | +0.57% |
2021 | 5,601,911 | +1.26% |
Source: Census data |
Vital statistics for 2022:[71][72]
- Births: 50,663 (9.4 per 1,000)
- Deaths: 65,137 (12.1 per 1,000)
Total fertility rate (2022):[73]
1.28 children per woman
Life expectancy (2021):[74]
Total — 72.51 years (male — 68.23, female — 76.30)
Ethnic composition of Saint Petersburg
Ethnicity | Year | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1939[75] | 1959[76] | 1970[77] | 1979[78] | 1989[79] | 2002[80] | 2010[80] | 2021[81] | |||||||||
Population | % | Population | % | Population | % | Population | % | Population | % | Population | % | Population | % | Population1 | % | |
Russians | 2,775,979 | 86.9 | 2,951,254 | 88.9 | 3,514,296 | 89.0 | 4,097,629 | 89.7 | 4,448,884 | 89.1 | 3,949,623 | 92.0 | 3,908,753 | 92.5 | 4,275,058 | 90.6 |
Ukrainians | 54,660 | 1.7 | 68,308 | 2.1 | 97,109 | 2.5 | 117,412 | 2.6 | 150,982 | 3.0 | 87,119 | 2.0 | 64,446 | 1.5 | 29,353 | 0.6 |
Tatars | 31,506 | 1.0 | 27,178 | 0.8 | 32,851 | 0.8 | 39,403 | 0.9 | 43,997 | 0.9 | 35,553 | 0.8 | 30,857 | 0.7 | 20,286 | 0.4 |
Azerbaijanis | 385 | - | 855 | - | 1,576 | - | 3,171 | 0.1 | 11,804 | 0.2 | 16,613 | 0.4 | 17,717 | 0.4 | 16,406 | 0.3 |
Belarusians | 32,353 | 1.0 | 47,004 | 1.4 | 63,799 | 1.6 | 81,575 | 1.8 | 93,564 | 1.9 | 54,484 | 1.3 | 38,136 | 0.9 | 15,545 | 0.3 |
Armenians | 4,615 | 0.1 | 4,897 | 0.1 | 6,628 | 0.2 | 7,995 | 0.2 | 12,070 | 0.2 | 19,164 | 0.4 | 19,971 | 0.5 | 14,737 | 0.3 |
Uzbeks | 238 | - | - | - | 1,678 | - | 1,883 | - | 7,927 | 0.2 | 2,987 | 0.1 | 20,345 | 0.5 | 12,181 | 0.3 |
Tajiks | 61 | - | - | - | 361 | - | 473 | - | 1,917 | - | 2,449 | 0.1 | 12,072 | 0.3 | 9,573 | 0.2 |
Jews | 201,542 | 6.3 | 168,641 | 5.1 | 162,525 | 4.1 | 142,779 | 3.1 | 106,469 | 2.1 | 36,570 | 0.9 | 24,132 | 0.6 | 9,205 | 0.2 |
Others | 89,965 | 2.8 | 53,059 | 1.6 | 68,678 | 1.7 | 76,228 | 1.7 | 113,135 | 2.3 | 88,661 | 2.1 | 90,310 | 2.1 | 277,297 | 6.7 |
Total | 3,191,304 | 100 | 3,321,196 | 100 | 3,949,501 | 100 | 4,588,183 | 100 | 5,023,506 | 100 | 4,661,219 | 100 | 4,879,566 | 100 | 5,601,911 | 100 |
1884,678 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group. |
During the 20th century, the city experienced dramatic population changes. From 2.4 million residents in 1916, its population dropped to less than 740,000 by 1920 during the
Religion
According to various opinion polls, more than half of the residents of Saint Petersburg "believe in God" (up to 67% according to VTsIOM data for 2002).
Among the believers, the overwhelming majority of the residents of the city are Orthodox (57.5%), followed by small minority communities of Muslims (0.7%), Protestants (0.6%), and Catholics (0.5%), and Buddhists (0.1%).[89]
In total, roughly 59% of the population of the city is Christian, of which over 90% are Orthodox.[89] Non-Abrahamic religions and other faiths are represented by only 1.2% of the total population.[89]
There are 268 communities of confessions and religious associations in the city: the Russian Orthodox Church (130 associations), Pentecostalism (23 associations), the Lutheranism (19 associations), Baptism (13 associations), as well as Old Believers, Roman Catholic Church, Armenian Apostolic Church, Georgian Orthodox Church, Seventh-day Adventist Church, Judaism, Buddhist, Muslim, Bahá'í and others.[89]
229 religious buildings in the city are owned or run by religious associations. Among them are architectural monuments of federal significance. The oldest cathedral in the city is the Peter and Paul Cathedral, built between 1712 and 1733, and the largest is the Kazan Cathedral, completed in 1811.
Government
Saint Petersburg is a federal subject of Russia (a federal city).[92] The political life of Saint Petersburg is regulated by the Charter of Saint Petersburg adopted by the city legislature in 1998.[93] The superior executive body is the Saint Petersburg City Administration, led by the city governor (mayor before 1996). Saint Petersburg has a single-chamber legislature, the Saint Petersburg Legislative Assembly, which is the city's regional parliament.
According to the
Saint Petersburg is also the unofficial but de facto administrative centre of
Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast, being two different federal subjects, share a number of local departments of federal executive agencies and courts, such as court of arbitration, police,
Administrative divisions
Saint Petersburg is divided into 18 administrative districts: | ||
Within the boundaries of the districts, there are 111 |
Economy
Saint Petersburg is a major trade gateway, serving as the financial and industrial centre of Russia, with specializations in oil and gas trade; shipbuilding yards;
Ten per cent of the world's power
The Port of Saint Petersburg has three large cargo terminals, Bolshoi Port Saint Petersburg, Kronstadt, and Lomonosov terminal.[citation needed] International cruise liners have been served at the passenger port at Morskoy Vokzal on the south-west of Vasilyevsky Island. In 2008 the first two berths opened at the New Passenger Port on the west of the island.[100] The new passenger terminal is part of the city's "Marine Facade" development project[101] and was due to have seven berths in operation by 2010.[needs update]
A complex system of riverports on both banks of the
The
In 2007, Toyota opened a Camry plant after investing 5 billion roubles (approx. 200 mln dollars) in Shushary, one of the southern suburbs of Saint Petersburg. Opel, Hyundai and Nissan have also signed deals with the Russian government to build their automotive plants in Saint Petersburg. The automotive and auto-parts industry is on the rise there during the last decade.
Saint Petersburg has a large brewery and distillery industry. Known as Russia's "beer capital" due to the supply and quality of local water, its five large breweries account for over 30% of the country's domestic beer production. They include Europe's second-largest brewery
The city's many local
Saint Petersburg has the second-largest construction industry in Russia, including commercial, housing, and road construction.
In 2006, Saint Petersburg's city budget was 180 billion rubles (about 7 billion US$ at
Budget revenues of the city in 2009 amounted to 294.3 billion rubles (about 10.044 billion US$ at 2009 exchange rates), expenses – 336.3 billion rubles (about 11.477 billion US$ at 2009 exchange rates). The budget deficit amounted to about 42 billion rubles.[107] (about 1.433 billion US$ at 2009 exchange rates)
In 2015, St. Petersburg was ranked in 4th place economically amongst all federal subjects of the Russian Federation, surpassed only by Moscow, the Tyumen and Moscow Region.[108]
Cityscape
Saint Petersburg has three
Unlike in Moscow, the historic architecture of Saint Petersburg's city centre, mostly Baroque and Neoclassical buildings of the 18th and 19th centuries, has been largely preserved; although a number of buildings were demolished after the Bolsheviks' seizure of power, during the Siege of Leningrad and in recent years.[citation needed] The oldest of the remaining building is a wooden house built for Peter I in 1703 on the shore of the Neva near Trinity Square. Since 1991 the Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments in Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast have been listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.
The ensemble of
On the southern, left bank of the Neva, connected to the spit of Vasilyevsky Island via the
The Alexander Nevsky Lavra, intended to house the relics of St. Alexander Nevsky, is an important centre of Christian education in Russia. It also contains the Tikhvin Cemetery with graves of many notable Petersburgers.
On the territory between the Neva and Nevsky Prospekt the Church of the Savior on Blood, Mikhailovsky Palace housing the Russian Museum, Field of Mars, St. Michael's Castle, Summer Garden, Tauride Palace, Smolny Institute and Smolny Convent are located.
Many notable landmarks are to the west and south of the Admiralty Building, including the Trinity Cathedral, Mariinsky Palace, Hotel Astoria, famous Mariinsky Theatre, New Holland Island, Saint Isaac's Cathedral, the largest in the city, and Senate Square, with the Bronze Horseman, 18th-century equestrian monument to Peter the Great, which is considered among the city's most recognisable symbols.
Other symbols of Saint Petersburg include the weather vane in the shape of a small ship on top of the Admiralty's golden spire and the golden angel on top of the Peter and Paul Cathedral. The Palace Bridge drawn at night is yet another symbol of the city.
From April to November, 22 bridges across the Neva and main canals are drawn to let ships pass in and out of the Baltic Sea according to a schedule.
Southern suburbs of the city feature former imperial residences, including Petergof, with majestic fountain cascades and parks, Tsarskoe Selo, with the baroque Catherine Palace and the neoclassical Alexander Palace, and Pavlovsk, which has a domed palace of Emperor Paul and one of Europe's largest English-style parks. Some other residences nearby and making part of the world heritage site, including a castle and park in Gatchina, actually belong to Leningrad Oblast rather than Saint Petersburg. Another notable suburb is Kronstadt with its 19th-century fortifications and naval monuments, occupying the Kotlin Island in the Gulf of Finland.
Since around the end of the 20th century a great deal of active building and restoration works have been carried out in a number of the city's older districts. The authorities have recently been compelled to transfer the ownership of state-owned private residences in the city centre to private lessors. Many older buildings have been reconstructed to allow their use as apartments and penthouses.
Some of these structures, such as the Saint Petersburg Commodity and Stock Exchange have been recognised as town-planning errors.[111]
Parks
Saint Petersburg is home to many parks and gardens. Some of the most well-known are in the southern suburbs, including
Among other notable parks are the
In order to commemorate 300 years anniversary of Saint Petersburg a new park was laid out. The park is in the northwestern part of the city. The construction was started in 1995. It is planned to connect the park with the pedestrian bridge to the territory of
-
Cameron gallery in Catherine park of Tsarskoe Selo
-
Grotto pavilion in Catherine park of Tsarskoe Selo
-
The Imperial Lyceum in Tsarskoye Selo
-
Grand Menshikov Palace
Tourism
This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: Needs discussion on how the Russian invasion of Ukraine has affected tourism. (June 2023) |
Tsarskoe Selo | |
---|---|
Official name | Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments |
Criteria | Cultural: (i), (ii), (iv), (vi) |
Reference | 540bis |
Inscription | 1990 (14th Session) |
Extensions | 2013 |
Area | 3,934.1 ha (15.190 sq mi) |
Saint Petersburg has a significant historical and cultural heritage.[113][114][115][116][117][118][119]
The city's 18th and 19th-century architectural ensemble and its environs is preserved in virtually unchanged form. For various reasons (including large-scale destruction during World War II and construction of modern buildings during the postwar period in the largest historical centres of Europe), Saint Petersburg has become a unique reserve of European architectural styles of the past three centuries. Saint Petersburg's loss of capital city status helped it retain many of its pre-revolutionary buildings, as modern architectural 'prestige projects' tended to be built in Moscow; this largely prevented the rise of mid-to-late-20th century architecture and helped maintain the architectural appearance of the historic city centre.
Saint Petersburg is inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage list as an area with 36 historical architectural complexes and around 4000 outstanding individual monuments of architecture, history and culture. New tourist programs and sightseeing tours have been developed for those wishing to see Saint Petersburg's cultural heritage.
The city has 221 museums, 2,000 libraries, more than 80 theatres, 100 concert organizations, 45 galleries and exhibition halls, 62 cinemas, and 80 other cultural establishments. Every year the city hosts around 100 festivals and various competitions of art and culture, including more than 50 international ones.[citation needed]
Despite the
The musical life of Saint Petersburg is rich and diverse, with the city now playing host to a number of annual carnivals. Ballet performances occupy a special place in the cultural life of Saint Petersburg. The Petersburg School of Ballet is named as one of the best in the world. Traditions of the Russian classical school have been passed down from generation to generation among outstanding educators. The art of famous and prominent Saint Petersburg dancers like Rudolf Nureyev, Natalia Makarova, Mikhail Baryshnikov was, and is, admired throughout the world. Contemporary Petersburg ballet is made up not only of traditional Russian classical school but also ballets by those like Boris Eifman, who expanded the scope of strict classical Russian ballet to almost unimaginable limits. Remaining faithful to the classical basis (he was a choreographer at the Vaganova Academy of Russian Ballet), he combined classical ballet with the avant-garde style, and then, in turn, with acrobatics, rhythmic gymnastics, dramatic expressiveness, cinema, color, light, and finally with spoken word.
The Russian invasion of Ukraine has impacted on tourism. The British Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office advises against travelling to Russia, including Saint Petersburg, noting there have been reports of fires and explosions in areas close to the city.[120]
Media and communications
All major Russian newspapers are active in Saint Petersburg. The city has a developed telecommunications system. In 2014, Rostelecom, the national operator, announced the beginning of a major modernization of the fixed-line network in the city.[121]
Culture
Museums
Saint Petersburg is home to more than two hundred museums, many of them in historic buildings. The largest is the
The
-
The State Russian Museum is the world's largest depository of Russian fine art.
-
The Russian Museum of Ethnography is one of the largest ethnographic museums in the world.[123]
A number of museums provide insight into the Soviet history of Saint Petersburg, including the Museum of the Blockade, which describes the Siege of Leningrad and the Museum of Political History, which explains many authoritarian features of the USSR.
Other notable museums include the
Music
Among the city's more than fifty theatres is the Mariinsky Theatre (formerly known as the Kirov Theatre), home to the Mariinsky Ballet company and opera. Leading ballet dancers, such as Vaslav Nijinsky, Anna Pavlova, Rudolph Nureyev, Mikhail Baryshnikov, Galina Ulanova and Natalia Makarova, were principal stars of the Mariinsky ballet.
The first music school, the
Dmitri Shostakovich, who was born and raised in Saint Petersburg, dedicated his Seventh Symphony to the city, calling it the "Leningrad Symphony". He wrote the symphony while based in the city during the siege of Leningrad. It was premiered in Samara in March 1942; a few months later, it received its first performance in the besieged Leningrad at the Bolshoy Philharmonic Hall under the baton of conductor Karl Eliasberg. It was heard over the radio and was said to have lifted the spirits of the surviving population.[125] In 1992, the 7th Symphony was performed by the 14 surviving orchestral players of the Leningrad premiere in the same hall as half a century before.[126] The Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra remained one of the best known symphony orchestras in the world under the leadership of conductors Yevgeny Mravinsky and Yuri Temirkanov. Mravinsky's term as artistic director of the Leningrad Philharmonic—a term that is possibly the longest of any conductor with any orchestra in modern times—led the orchestra from a little-known provincial ensemble to one of the world's most highly regarded orchestras, especially for the performance of Russian music.
The Imperial Choral Capella was founded and modelled after the royal courts of other European capitals.
Saint Petersburg has been home to the newest movements in
In the 1970s many bands came out from the "underground" scene and eventually founded the
Today's Saint Petersburg boasts many notable musicians of various genres, from popular Leningrad's
.The White Nights Festival in Saint Petersburg is famous for spectacular fireworks and a massive show celebrating the end of the school year.
The rave band
Literature
Saint Petersburg has a longstanding and world-famous tradition in literature.
Twentieth-century writers from Saint Petersburg, such as
Film
Over 250 international and Russian movies were filmed in Saint Petersburg.
The cult comedy Irony of Fate[130] (also Ирония судьбы, или С лёгким паром!) is set in Saint Petersburg and pokes fun at Soviet city planning. The 1985 film White Nights received considerable Western attention for having captured genuine Leningrad street scenes at a time when filming in the Soviet Union by Western production companies was generally unheard of. Other movies include GoldenEye (1995), Midnight in Saint Petersburg (1996), Brother (1997) and Tamil romantic thriller film-Dhaam Dhoom (2008). Onegin (1999) is based on the Pushkin poem and showcases many tourist attractions. In addition, the Russian romantic comedy, Piter FM, intricately showcases the cityscape, almost as if it were a main character in the film.
Several international film festivals are held annually, such as the Festival of Festivals, Saint Petersburg, as well as the Message to Man International Documentary Film Festival, since its inauguration in 1988 during the White Nights.[131]
Dramatic theatre
St Petersburg has a number of dramatic theatres and drama schools. These include the Student Theatre on Mokhovaya Street. Учебный театр «На Моховой», Leteiny Theatre and Youth Theatre on the Fontanka.
Education
As of 2006[update]–2007, there were 1,024 kindergartens, 716
Sports
Leningrad hosted part of the association football tournament during the 1980 Summer Olympics. The 1994 Goodwill Games were also held here.
In boating, the first competition here was the 1703
Equestrianism has been a long tradition, popular among the Tsars and aristocracy, as well as part of military training. Several historic sports arenas were built for equestrianism since the 18th century to maintain training all year round, such as the Zimny Stadion and Konnogvardeisky Manezh.
.The city's main football team is FC Zenit Saint Petersburg, who have been champions of the Soviet and Russian league nine times, most notably claiming the RPL title in four consecutive seasons from 2018–19 to 2021–22, along with winning the Soviet/Russian Cup five times. The club also won the 2007–08 UEFA Cup and the 2008 UEFA Super Cup, spearheaded by successful player and local hero Andrey Arshavin.
Hockey teams in the city include
The city's long-time basketball team is
Transportation
Saint Petersburg is a major transport hub. The first Russian railway was built here in 1837, and since then the city's transport infrastructure has kept pace with the city's growth. Petersburg has an extensive system of local roads and railway services, maintains a large public transport system that includes the
The city is connected to the rest of Russia and the wider world by several federal highways and national and international rail routes. Pulkovo Airport serves most of the air passengers departing from or arriving to the city.
Roads and public transport
Saint Petersburg has an extensive city-funded network of public transport (buses,
Buses carry up to three million passengers daily, serving over 250 urban and a number of suburban bus routes. Saint Petersburg Metro underground rapid transit system was opened in 1955; it now has 5 lines with 72 stations, connecting all five railway terminals, and carrying 2.3 million passengers daily.[137] Metro stations are often elaborately decorated with materials such as marble and bronze.
As of 2018, the Saint Petersburg Metro will include new stations: Prospekt Slavy, Dunayskaya, Shushary, Begovaya, and Novokrestovskaya, the latter built specifically to offer convenient access to the stadium during the 2018 FIFA World Cup games and games played by FC Zenit.[138]
Saint Petersburg Metro map |
---|
Saint Petersburg is an important transport corridor linking Scandinavia to Russia and Eastern Europe. The city is a node of the international European routes E18 towards Helsinki, E20 towards Tallinn, E95 towards Pskov, Kyiv and Odesa and E105 towards Petrozavodsk, Murmansk and Kirkenes (north) and towards Moscow and Kharkiv (south).
Saint Petersburg public transportation statistics
The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Saint Petersburg, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 69 minutes. 19.6% of public transit riders ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 11 minutes, while 16.1% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 7 km (4.3 mi), while 15% travel for over 12 km (7.5 mi) in a single direction.[139]
Waterways
The city is also served by passenger and cargo seaports[clarification needed] in the Neva Bay of the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea, the river port higher up the Neva and tens of smaller passenger stations on both banks of the Neva river. It is a terminus of both the Volga–Baltic and White Sea–Baltic waterways.[citation needed]
The first high bridge that does not need to be drawn, the 2,824-meter-long (9,265 ft)
The shipping company St. Peter Line operates two ferries that sail from Helsinki to Saint Petersburg and from Stockholm to Saint Petersburg.[141]
Rail
The city is the final destination for a web of intercity and suburban railways, served by five different railway terminals (
The
In 2009 Russian Railways launched a high speed service for the Moscow–Saint Petersburg route. The new train, known as Sapsan, is a derivative of the popular Siemens Velaro train; various versions of this already operate in some European countries. It set records for the fastest train in Russia on 2 May 2009, travelling at 281 km/h (174.6 mph)[144] and on 7 May 2009, traveling at 290 kilometers per hour (180 mph).
From 12 December 2010 until March 2022,
Intercity and suburban rail terminals of Petersburg |
---|
Air
Saint Petersburg is served by Pulkovo International Airport.[146]
Pulkovo airport was opened to passengers as a small aerodrome in 1931. As of 2013[update], the Pulkovo airport, which handles over 12 million passengers annually, is the 3rd busiest in Russia after Moscow's
There is a regular rapid-bus connection (buses 39, 39E, K39) between Pulkovo airport and the Moskovskaya metro station as well as 24/7 taxi service.
Notable people
International relations
List of sister cities to Saint Petersburg as it appears on the official portal of the City Government, listing both sister cities and partnership ties:[149]
Non CIS/Baltic states sister cities of Saint Petersburg (from official government list)
- Adana, Turkey (since 1997)[149]
- Alexandroupoli, Greece (since 2015)
- Antwerp, Belgium (since 1958)[149]
- Bangkok, Thailand (since 1997)[149]
- Barcelona, Spain (since 1984)[149][150]
- Bethlehem, Palestine (since 2003)[151]
- Bordeaux, France (since 1991)[149][152][153]
- Cape Town, South Africa (since 2001)[149]
- Cebu, Philippines (since 2010)[149][154]
- Colombo, Sri Lanka (since 1997)[149]
- Chengdu, China (since 1998)[149]
- Daegu, South Korea (since 1997)[149][155]
- Dresden, Germany (since 1961)[149][156]
- Edinburgh, United Kingdom (since 1995)[149][157][failed verification]
- Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Gothenburg, Sweden (since 1962)[149]
- Hamburg, Germany (since 1957)[149]
- Havana, Cuba (since 2000)[149]
- Helsinki, Finland (since 1993)[149]
- Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (since 1977)[149]
- Isfahan, Iran (since 1999)[149]
- Istanbul, Turkey (since 1990)[149][158][159]
- Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia (since 2017)[149]
- Le Havre, France (since 1965)[149][160]
- Los Angeles, United States (since 1990)[149][161]
- Lyon, France (since 1993)[149][162]
- Manchester, United Kingdom (since 1956)[163]
- Mariupol', Ukraine (since 2022)[149]
- Mikkeli, Finland (since 1996)[149]
- Montevideo, Uruguay (since 1998)[149]
- Mumbai, India (since 1963)[149][164]
- Nice, France (since 1997)[149][165]
- Osaka, Japan (since 1961)[149][166]
- Piraeus, Greece (since 1965)[149][167]
- Plovdiv, Bulgaria (since 2001)[149][168]
- Québec City, Canada (since 2002)[149]
- Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (since 1986)[149]
- Rotterdam, Netherlands (since 1966)[149]
- Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain[169]
- Santiago, Cuba[149]
- Shanghai, China (since 1959)[149]
- Sofia, Bulgaria
- St. Petersburg, Florida, United States
- Stockholm, Sweden (since 1992)[149]
- Tampere, Finland (since 1993)[149]
- Thessaloniki, Greece (since 2002)[149][170]
- Zagreb, Croatia (since 1968)[149][171]
Sister cities in the Commonwealth of Independent States and Baltic states
Sister cities of Saint Petersburg (not included on official government list)
- Astana, Kazakhstan (since 2008)[citation needed]
- Aqaba, Jordan (since 2003)[citation needed]
- Bethlehem, Palestine[176]
- Busan, South Korea (since 2008)[citation needed]
- Cebu City, Philippines (since 2008)[citation needed]
- Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea (since 2008)[citation needed]
- Debrecen, Hungary (since 2002)[177]
- Florence, Italy (since 2001)[178]
- Galveston, Texas, United States[179]
- Guadalajara, Mexico (since 2008)[citation needed][180]
- Haifa, Israel (since 2008)[181]
- Hai Phong, Vietnam (since 2008)[citation needed]
- Khartoum, Sudan (since 2002)[citation needed]
- Lansing, Michigan, United States (since 1992)[182]
- Le Havre, France[183][184]
- Lviv, Ukraine (since 2006)[185]
- Mar del Plata, Argentina (since 2008)[citation needed]
- Maribor, Slovenia (since 2001)[186]
- State of Maryland, United States[187]
- Nampho, North Korea (since 2002)[citation needed]
- Osh, Kyrgyzstan (since 2004)[citation needed]
- Oslo, Norway (since 2002)[188]
- Port Vila, Vanuatu
- Porto Alegre, Brazil (since 2002)[189]
- Rishon LeZion, Israel (since 1966)
- Sousse, Tunisia (since 2008)[citation needed]
- Turin, Italy (since 2012)[190][191]
- Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia (since 2008)[citation needed]
- Westport, Connecticut, United States[192]
Former twin towns
Italian cities Milan and Venice were formerly twin cities of Saint Petersburg, but suspended this link due to St Petersburg's ban on "gay propaganda".[193] Milan suspended the relationship with Saint Petersburg on 23 November 2012[194] and Venice did so on 28 January 2013.[195]
Shortly after the beginning of the
Twinning with occupied Mariupol
Some Russian cities are twinned with ones in occupied Ukraine, in particular, Saint Petersburg is twinned with Mariupol.[207] An art symbol of the twinning was unveiled on Palace Square in Saint Petersburg, defaced and removed.[208]
See also
- Fences in Saint Petersburg
- Hotels in Saint Petersburg
- List of buildings and structures in Saint Petersburg
- List of museums in Saint Petersburg
- List of notable people from Saint Petersburg
- List of Saint Petersburg Metro stations
- List of Saint Petersburg sister cities
- List of theatres in Saint Petersburg
- Outline of Saint Petersburg
- Timeline of Saint Petersburg
Notes
- ^ /ˈpiːtərzbɜːrɡ/ PEE-tərz-burg;[9] Russian: Санкт-Петербург, tr. Sankt-Peterburg, IPA: [ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk] ⓘ.
- ^ In the pre-1918 Russian orthography, these names were spelled Санктпетербургъ and Петроградъ with a trailing hard sign.
- Saint Petersburg Mining Institute, which is normally 11 cm (4.3 in) above sea level
- Varshavsky Rail Terminalserved as a major station; it now is a railway museum.
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- City Tourist Portal Archived 1 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine
- St. Petersburg – 2018 FIFA World Cup Host City on YouTube by FIFA
- St Petersburg on In Our Time at the BBC
- St-Petersburg, Virtual Tour • 360° Aerial Panorama
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