Hyderabad
Hyderabad | ||
---|---|---|
Coordinates: 17°21′42″N 78°28′29″E / 17.36167°N 78.47472°E | ||
Country | India | |
State | Telangana | |
Districts | ||
Established | 1591 | |
Founded by | Rapid Transit Hyderabad Metro | |
Website | www |
Hyderabad (
The Qutb Shahi dynasty's
Relics of the Qutb Shahi and Nizam eras remain visible today; the Charminar has come to symbolise the city. By the end of the early modern era, the Mughal Empire had declined in the Deccan, and the Nizam's patronage attracted men of letters from various parts of the world. A distinctive culture arose from the amalgamation of local and migrated artisans, with painting, handicraft, jewellery, literature, dialect and clothing prominent even today. For its cuisine, the city is listed as a creative city of gastronomy by UNESCO. The Telugu film industry based in the city is the highest-grossing film industry in India as of 2021[update].
Until the 19th century, Hyderabad was known for the
History
Toponymy
The name Hyderabad means "Haydar's City" or "Lion City", from
The city was originally called Baghnagar ("city of gardens"[7]), and later acquired the name Hyderabad.[7][8] The European travellers von Poser and Thévenot found both names in use in the 17th century.[9][10][11]: 6
One popular legend suggests that the founder of the city, Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, named it Bhagya-nagar ("fortunate city"[12]) after Bhagmati, a local nautch (dancing) girl whom he married. She converted to Islam and adopted the title Hyder Mahal. The city would have been named Hyderabad in her honour.[11]: 6 [13]
Early and medieval history
Historical affiliations |
|
The discovery of
The Kakatiya dynasty was reduced to a vassal of the
In 1496
Modern history
In 1713, Mughal emperor
In 1769 Hyderabad city became the formal capital of the Asaf Jahi Nizams.
Until 1874 there were no modern industries in Hyderabad. With the introduction of railways in the 1880s, four factories were built to the south and east of
Post-Independence
After India
Between 1946 and 1951, the Communist Party of India fomented the
On 1 November 1956 the states of India
Geography
Hyderabad is 1,566 km (973 mi) south of
Climate
Hyderabad has a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen Aw) bordering on a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh).[66] The annual mean temperature is 26.6 °C (79.9 °F); monthly mean temperatures are 21–33 °C (70–91 °F).[67] Summers (March–June) are hot and dry, with average highs in the mid-to-high 30s Celsius;[68] maximum temperatures often exceed 40 °C (104 °F) between April and June.[67] The coolest temperatures occur in December and January, when the lowest temperature occasionally dips to 10 °C (50 °F).[67] May is the hottest month, when daily temperatures range from 26–39 °C (79–102 °F); December, the coldest, has temperatures varying from 14.5–28 °C (58.1–82.4 °F).[68]
Heavy rain from the
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Record high °C (°F) | 35.9 (96.6) |
39.1 (102.4) |
42.2 (108.0) |
43.3 (109.9) |
44.5 (112.1) |
45.5 (113.9) |
38.0 (100.4) |
37.6 (99.7) |
36.5 (97.7) |
36.7 (98.1) |
34.0 (93.2) |
35.0 (95.0) |
45.5 (113.9) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 28.6 (83.5) |
31.8 (89.2) |
35.2 (95.4) |
37.6 (99.7) |
38.8 (101.8) |
34.4 (93.9) |
30.5 (86.9) |
29.6 (85.3) |
30.1 (86.2) |
30.4 (86.7) |
28.8 (83.8) |
27.8 (82.0) |
32.0 (89.5) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 22.8 (73.0) |
25.4 (77.7) |
28.8 (83.8) |
31.4 (88.5) |
33.2 (91.8) |
29.7 (85.5) |
27.2 (81.0) |
26.4 (79.5) |
26.8 (80.2) |
26.2 (79.2) |
24.1 (75.4) |
22.2 (72.0) |
27.0 (80.6) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 13.9 (57.0) |
15.5 (59.9) |
20.3 (68.5) |
24.1 (75.4) |
26.0 (78.8) |
23.9 (75.0) |
22.5 (72.5) |
22.0 (71.6) |
21.7 (71.1) |
20.0 (68.0) |
16.4 (61.5) |
13.1 (55.6) |
20.0 (67.9) |
Record low °C (°F) | 6.1 (43.0) |
8.9 (48.0) |
13.2 (55.8) |
16.0 (60.8) |
16.7 (62.1) |
17.8 (64.0) |
18.6 (65.5) |
18.7 (65.7) |
17.8 (64.0) |
11.7 (53.1) |
7.4 (45.3) |
7.1 (44.8) |
6.1 (43.0) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 9.2 (0.36) |
10.2 (0.40) |
12.3 (0.48) |
27.2 (1.07) |
34.5 (1.36) |
113.8 (4.48) |
162.0 (6.38) |
203.9 (8.03) |
148.5 (5.85) |
113.9 (4.48) |
19.1 (0.75) |
5.0 (0.20) |
859.6 (33.84) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.3 mm) | 1.1 | 1 | 1.4 | 3.7 | 4.2 | 10.9 | 15.4 | 16.3 | 12.3 | 7.6 | 2.5 | 0.5 | 76.9 |
Average rainy days | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 2.0 | 2.5 | 6.8 | 9.5 | 11.3 | 8.4 | 5.6 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 49.8 |
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST )
|
41 | 33 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 52 | 65 | 70 | 67 | 59 | 49 | 44 | 48 |
Average dew point °C (°F) | 12 (54) |
12 (54) |
13 (55) |
15 (59) |
15 (59) |
19 (66) |
20 (68) |
20 (68) |
20 (68) |
17 (63) |
15 (59) |
13 (55) |
16 (61) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 272.8 | 265.6 | 272.8 | 276.0 | 279.0 | 180.0 | 136.4 | 133.3 | 162.0 | 226.3 | 243.0 | 251.1 | 2,698.3 |
Mean daily sunshine hours | 8.8 | 9.4 | 8.8 | 9.2 | 9.0 | 6.0 | 4.4 | 4.3 | 5.4 | 7.3 | 8.1 | 8.1 | 7.4 |
Average ultraviolet index | 9 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 9 | 8 | 11 |
Source 1: India Meteorological Department (sun 1971–2000)[71][72][73] Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015)[74][75] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)[76] Weather Atlas[77] |
Conservation
Hyderabad's lakes and the sloping terrain of its low-lying hills provide habitat for an assortment of flora and fauna. As of 2016[update], the tree cover is 1.7% of the total city area, a decrease from 2.7% in 1996.
Administration
Common capital status
According to the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 part 2 Section 5:[81] "(1) On and from the appointed day, Hyderabad in the existing State of Andhra Pradesh, shall be the common capital of the State of Telangana and the State of Andhra Pradesh for such period not exceeding ten years. (2) After the expiry of the period referred to in sub-section (1), Hyderabad shall be the capital of the State of Telangana and there shall be a new capital for the State of Andhra Pradesh."
The same sections also define that the common capital includes the existing area designated as the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation under the Hyderabad Municipal Corporation Act, 1955. As stipulated in sections 3 and 18(1) of the Reorganisation Act, city MLAs are members of the Telangana state assembly.
Local government
The
In Hyderabad police jurisdiction is divided into three commissionerates: Hyderabad (established in 1847 AD, an oldest police commissionerate in India ), Cyberabad, and Rachakonda, each headed by a commissioner of police, who are Indian Police Service (IPS) officers. The Hyderabad police is a division of the Telangana Police, under the state Home Ministry.[88][89]
The jurisdictions of the city's administrative agencies are, in ascending order of size: the Hyderabad Police area, Hyderabad district, the GHMC area ("Hyderabad city"), and the area under the Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority (HMDA). The HMDA is an apolitical urban planning agency that covers the GHMC and its suburbs, extending to 54 mandals in five districts encircling the city. It coordinates the development activities of GHMC and suburban municipalities and manages the administration of bodies such as the Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (HMWSSB).[90]
Hyderabad is the seat of the Government of Telangana, Government of Andhra Pradesh and the President of India's winter retreat Rashtrapati Nilayam, as well as the Telangana High Court and various local government agencies. The Lower City Civil Court and the Metropolitan Criminal Court are under the jurisdiction of the High Court.[91][92][93]: 1 The GHMC area contains 24 State Legislative Assembly constituencies,[94][95] which form five constituencies of the Lok Sabha (the lower house of the Parliament of India).[96]
Utility services
The HMWSSB (Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply & Sewage Board) regulates rainwater harvesting, sewerage services, and water supply. In 2005, the HMWSSB started operating a 116 km-long (72 mi) water supply pipeline from Nagarjuna Sagar Dam to meet increasing demand.[97][98] The Telangana Southern Power Distribution Company Limited (TSPDCL) manages electricity supply.[99] As of 2014[update], there were 15 fire stations in the city, operated by the Telangana State Disaster and Fire Response Department.[100] The government-owned India Post has five head post offices and many sub-post offices in Hyderabad, which are complemented by private courier services.[61]
Pollution control
Hyderabad produces around 4,500
Healthcare
The Commissionerate of Health and Family Welfare is responsible for planning, implementation and monitoring of all facilities related to health and preventive services.[114][115] As of 2010[update]–11, the city had 50 government hospitals,[116] 300 private and charity hospitals and 194 nursing homes providing around 12,000 hospital beds, fewer than half the required 25,000.[117] For every 10,000 people in the city, there are 17.6 hospital beds,[118] 9 specialist doctors, 14 nurses and 6 physicians.[117] The city has about 4,000 individual clinics.[119] Private clinics are preferred by many residents because of the distance to, poor quality of care at and long waiting times in government facilities,[120]: 60–61 despite the high proportion of the city's residents being covered by government health insurance: 24% according to a National Family Health Survey in 2005.[120]: 41 As of 2012[update], many new private hospitals of various sizes were opened or being built.[119] Hyderabad has outpatient and inpatient facilities that use Unani, homoeopathic and Ayurvedic treatments.[121]
In the 2005 National Family Health Survey, it was reported that the city's
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1951 | 1,085,722 | — |
1961 | 1,118,553 | +3.0% |
1971 | 1,796,000 | +60.6% |
1981 | 2,546,000 | +41.8% |
1991 | 3,059,262 | +20.2% |
2001 | 3,637,483 | +18.9% |
2011 | 6,809,970 | +87.2% |
When the
Ethnicity
Referred to as "Hyderabadi", the residents of Hyderabad are predominantly
Religion
Hindus are in the majority. Muslims form a very large minority, and are present throughout the city and predominate in and around the Old City of Hyderabad. There are also Christian, Sikh, Jain, Buddhist and Parsi communities and iconic churches, mosques and temples.[136] According to the 2011[update] census, the religious make-up of Greater Hyderabad was: Hindus (64.9%), Muslims (30.1%), Christians (2.8%), Jains (0.3%), Sikhs (0.3%) and Buddhists (0.1%); 1.5% did not state any religion.[137]
Languages
Slums
As of 2012, in the greater metropolitan area, 13% of the population live
Cityscape
Neighbourhoods
The historic city established by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah on the southern side of the Musi River forms the heritage region of Hyderabad called the Purana Shahar (Old City), while the "New City" encompasses the urbanised area on the northern banks. The two are connected by many bridges across the river, the oldest of which is Purana Pul—("old bridge") built in 1578 AD.[146] Hyderabad is twinned with neighbouring Secunderabad, to which it is connected by Hussain Sagar.[147]
Many historic and heritage sites lie in south central Hyderabad, such as the Charminar, Mecca Masjid,
North of central Hyderabad lie Hussain Sagar,
Landmarks
Qutb Shahi architecture of the 16th and early 17th centuries followed classical
Among the oldest surviving examples of Nizam architecture in Hyderabad is the
Economy
Recent estimates of the economy of Hyderabad's metropolitan area have ranged from US$40-US$74 billion (
Hyderabad's role in the pearl trade has given it the name "
Hyderabad's commercial markets are divided into four sectors: central business districts,[182] sub-central business centres, neighbourhood business centres and local business centres.[183] Many traditional and historic bazaars are located throughout the city, Laad Bazaar being the prominent among all is popular for selling a variety of traditional and cultural antique wares, along with gems and pearls.[184][185]
The establishment of
The
Like the rest of India, Hyderabad has a large informal economy that employs 30% of the labour force.[145]: 71 According to a survey published in 2007, it had 40–50,000 street vendors, and their numbers were increasing.[196]: 9 Among the street vendors, 84% are male and 16% female,[197]: 12 and four fifths are "stationary vendors" operating from a fixed pitch, often with their own stall.[197]: 15–16 Most are financed through personal savings; only 8% borrow from moneylenders.[197]: 19 Vendor earnings vary from ₹50 (63¢ US) to ₹800 (US$10) per day.[196]: 25 Other unorganised economic sectors include dairy, poultry farming, brick manufacturing, casual labour and domestic help. Those involved in the informal economy constitute a major portion of urban poor.[145]: 71 [198]
In 2024, the World Economic Forum established a Centre for Fourth Industrial Revolution (C4IR), in the city. Which it describes as a hub to leverage the latest technology in advancing the life sciences and health sectors.[199]
Culture
Hyderabad emerged as the foremost centre of culture in India with the decline of the
Traditional Hyderabadi garb reveals a mix of Muslim and Hindu influences with men wearing
Literature
In the past, Qutb Shahi rulers and Asaf Jahi Nizams attracted artists, architects, and men of letters from different parts of the world through patronage. The resulting ethnic mix popularised cultural events such as mushairas (poetic symposia), Qawwali (devotional songs) and Dholak ke Geet (traditional folk songs).[211][212][213] The Qutb Shahi dynasty particularly encouraged the growth of Deccani literature leading to works such as the Deccani Masnavi and Diwan poetry, which are among the earliest available manuscripts in Urdu.[214] Lazzat Un Nisa, a book compiled in the 15th century at Qutb Shahi courts, contains erotic paintings with diagrams for secret medicines and stimulants in the eastern form of ancient sexual arts.[215] The reign of the Asaf Jahi Nizams saw many literary reforms and the introduction of Urdu as a language of court, administration and education.[216] In 1824, a collection of Urdu Ghazal poetry, named Gulzar-e-Mahlaqa, authored by Mah Laqa Bai—the first female Urdu poet to produce a Diwan—was published in Hyderabad.[217] Hyderabad has continued with these traditions in its annual Hyderabad Literary Festival, held since 2010, showcasing the city's literary and cultural creativity.[218] Organisations engaged in the advancement of literature include the Sahitya Akademi, the Urdu Academy, the Telugu Academy, the National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language, the Comparative Literature Association of India, and the Andhra Saraswata Parishad. Literary development is further aided by state institutions such as the State Central Library, the largest public library in the state which was established in 1891,[219] and other major libraries including the Sri Krishna Devaraya Andhra Bhasha Nilayam, the British Library and the Sundarayya Vignana Kendram.[220]
Music and films
Although the city is not particularly noted for theatre and drama,
The city is home to the Telugu film industry, popularly known as
Art and handicrafts
The region is well known for its Golconda and Hyderabad painting styles which are branches of Deccan painting.[235] Developed during the 16th century, the Golconda style is a native style blending foreign techniques and bears some similarity to the Vijayanagara paintings of neighbouring Mysore. A significant use of luminous gold and white colours is generally found in the Golconda style.[236] The Hyderabad style originated in the 17th century under the Nizams. Highly influenced by Mughal painting, this style makes use of bright colours and mostly depicts regional landscape, culture, costumes, and jewellery.[235]
Although not a centre for handicrafts itself, the patronage of the arts by the Mughals and Nizams attracted artisans from the region to Hyderabad. Such crafts include:
Cuisine
Hyderabadi cuisine comprises a broad repertoire of rice, wheat and
Media
One of Hyderabad's earliest newspapers,
Television broadcasting in Hyderabad began in 1974 with the launch of
Education
Public and
There are 13 universities in Hyderabad: two private universities, two
Hyderabad is home to a number of centres specialising in particular fields such as biomedical sciences, biotechnology and pharmaceuticals,
Institutes in Hyderabad include the
Sports
At the professional level, the city has hosted national and international sports events such as the 2002
During British rule, Secunderabad became a well-known sporting centre and many race courses, parade grounds and polo fields were built.[284]: 18 Many elite clubs formed by the Nizams and the British such as the Secunderabad Club, the Nizam Club and the Hyderabad Race Club, which is known for its horse racing[285] especially the annual Deccan derby, still exist.[286] In more recent times, motorsports has become popular with the Andhra Pradesh Motor Sports Club organising popular events such as the Deccan 1⁄4 Mile Drag,[287] TSD Rallies and 4x4 off-road rallying.[288] The 2023 Hyderabad ePrix, at the Hyderabad Street Circuit, was the first FIA Formula E World Championship race in India.[289]
Transport
As of 2018[update], the most commonly used forms of medium-distance transport in Hyderabad include government-owned services such as light railways and buses, as well as privately operated taxis and auto rickshaws. These altogether serve 3.5 million passengers daily. Bus services operate from the Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station in the city centre with a fleet of 3800 buses serving 3.3 million passengers.[290][291]
As of 2018[update], there are over 5.3 million vehicles operating in the city, of which 4.3 million are two-wheelers and 1.04 million four-wheelers.
Hyderabad sits at the junction of three
Air traffic was previously handled via Begumpet Airport established in 1930, but this was replaced by Rajiv Gandhi International Airport (RGIA) (IATA: HYD, ICAO: VOHS) in 2008,[299] capable of handling 25 million passengers and 150,000 metric-tonnes of cargo per annum. In 2020, Airports Council International, an autonomous body representing the world's airports, judged RGIA the Best Airport in Environment and Ambience and the Best Airport by Size and Region in the 15-25 million passenger category.[300]
See also
- List of people from Hyderabad
- List of tallest buildings in Hyderabad
- List of tourist attractions in Hyderabad
Explanatory notes
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General and cited references
- Prasad, G. Durga (1988). History of the Andhras up to 1565 A.D. (PDF). Guntur: P.G. Publishers. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 July 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
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Further reading
- Ahmad, Akbar S. (July 1985). "Muslim society in South India: the case of Hyderabad". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 6 (2): 317–331. .
- Austin, Ian (1992). City of Legends: The Story of Hyderabad. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-670-84724-2. Archivedfrom the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
- Husain, M. Burhan (1991). Hyderabad, 400 Years of Science & Technology. Al-Kitab Publishers. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
- Khalidi, Omar (1988). Hyderabad, After the Fall. Hyderabad Historical Society, South Asia Books. ISBN 978-0-930811-02-0. Archivedfrom the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
- Khalidi, Omar (1999). Romance of the Golconda Diamonds. Mapin Publishing. ISBN 978-1-890206-10-9. Archivedfrom the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
- Krishnan, Usha Ramamrutham Bala (2001). Jewels of the Nizams. Department of Culture, Government of India, India Book House. ISBN 978-81-85832-15-9. Archivedfrom the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
- Law, John (2010). Modern Hyderabad: Deccan (1914). Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-1-164-08734-2. Archivedfrom the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
- Luther, Narendra (2006). Hyderabad: A Biography. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-567535-1. Archivedfrom the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
- Naidu, Ratna (1990). Old Cities, New Predicament : A Study of Hyderabad. SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-81-7036-202-9. Archivedfrom the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
- Pernau, Margrit (2000). The Passing of Patrimonialism: Politics and Political Culture in Hyderabad, 1911–1948. Manohar Publication. ISBN 978-81-7304-362-8. Archivedfrom the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
- Prasad, Dharmendra (1 January 1986). Social and Cultural Geography of Hyderabad City: A Historical Perspective. Inter-India Publications. ISBN 978-81-210-0045-1. Archivedfrom the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
- Sastri, Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta (1976). A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar. ISBN 978-0-19-560686-7.
External links
- A guide to Hyderabad
- Hyderabad at Curlie