Gaels
Na Gaeil · Na Gàidheil · Ny Gaeil | |
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Scottish Romani Travellers |
The Gaels (
Gaelic language and culture originated in
In the 12th century, Anglo-Normans conquered parts of Ireland, while parts of Scotland became Normanized. However, Gaelic culture remained strong throughout Ireland, the Scottish Highlands and Galloway. In the early 17th century, the last Gaelic kingdoms in Ireland fell under English control. James VI and I sought to subdue the Gaels and wipe out their culture;[citation needed] first in the Scottish Highlands via repressive laws such as the Statutes of Iona, and then in Ireland by colonizing Gaelic land with English and Scots-speaking Protestant settlers. In the following centuries Gaelic language was suppressed and mostly supplanted by English. However, it continues to be the main language in Ireland's Gaeltacht and Scotland's Outer Hebrides. The modern descendants of the Gaels have spread throughout the rest of the British Isles, the Americas and Australasia.
Traditional Gaelic society was organised into
Ethnonyms
Part of a series on |
Indo-European topics |
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Throughout the centuries, Gaels and Gaelic-speakers have been known by a number of names. The most consistent of these have been Gael,
Gael
The word "Gaelic" is first recorded in print in the
These names all come from the
.In medieval Ireland, the
Irish
A common name, passed down to the modern day, is "
The
Scots
The
From the 5th to 10th centuries, early Scotland was home not only to the Gaels of Dál Riata but also the
The Gaels of northern Britain referred to themselves as
Population
Kinship groups
In traditional Gaelic society, a patrilineal kinship group is referred to as a
Using the Munster-based
The Irish Gaels can be grouped into the following major historical groups;
For the Irish Gaels, their culture did not survive the conquests and colonisations by the English between 1534 and 1692 (see
Human genetics
At the turn of the 21st century, the principles of human genetics and genetic genealogy were applied to the study of populations of Irish origin.[47][48] The two other peoples who recorded higher than 85% for R1b in a 2009 study published in the scientific journal, PLOS Biology, were the Welsh and the Basques.[49]
The development of in-depth studies of DNA sequences known as
In 2016, a study analyzing
Demographics
In countries where Gaels live, census records documenting population statistics exist. The following chart shows the number of speakers of the
The two comparatively "major" Gaelic nations in the modern era are Ireland (which had 71,968 "daily" Irish speakers and 1,873,997 people claiming "some ability of Irish", as of the 2022 census)[56] and Scotland (58,552 fluent "Gaelic speakers" and 92,400 with "some Gaelic language ability" in the 2001 census).[57] Communities where the languages still are spoken natively are restricted largely to the west coast of each country and especially the Hebrides islands in Scotland. However, a large proportion of the Gaelic-speaking population now lives in the cities of Glasgow and Edinburgh in Scotland, and Dublin, Cork as well as Counties Donegal and Galway in Ireland. There are about 2,000 Scottish Gaelic speakers in Canada (Canadian Gaelic dialect), although many are elderly and concentrated in Nova Scotia and more specifically Cape Breton Island.[58] According to the U.S. Census in 2000,[3] there are more than 25,000 Irish-speakers in the United States, with the majority found in urban areas with large Irish-American communities such as Boston, New York City and Chicago.
State | Gaeilge | Ethnic Irish | Gàidhlig | Ethnic Scots | Gaelg | Ethnic Manx |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ireland | 1,873,997 (2022)[56] | 3,969,319 (2011) | not recorded | not recorded | not recorded | not recorded |
United Kingdom and dependencies
|
64,916 (2011)[2] | 1,101,994 (2011)[2][59] | 57,602 (2011) | 4,446,000 (2011) | 1,689 (2000)[60] | 38,108 (2011) |
United States | 25,870 (2000)[3] | 33,348,049 (2013)[61]
|
1,605 (2000)[3] | 5,310,285 (2013)[61]
|
not recorded | 6,955
|
Canada | 7,500 (2011)[4] | 4,354,155 (2006)[62]
|
1,500 (2011)[4] | 4,719,850 (2006)[62]
|
not recorded | 4,725 |
Australia | 1,895 (2011)[5] | 2,087,800 (2011)[63]
|
822 (2001) | 1,876,560 (2011)
|
not recorded | 46,000 |
New Zealand | not recorded | 14,000 (2013)[64] | 670 (2006) | 12,792 (2006)
|
not recorded | not recorded |
Total | 1,974,178 | 44,875,317 | 62,199 | 16,318,487 | 1,689 | 95,788 |
Diaspora
As the Western Roman Empire began to collapse, the Irish (along with the Anglo-Saxons) were one of the peoples able to take advantage in
Since the fall of Gaelic polities, the Gaels have made their way across parts of the world, successively under the auspices of the Spanish Empire, French Empire, and the British Empire. Their main destinations were Iberia, France, the West Indies, North America (what is today the United States and Canada) and Oceania (Australia and New Zealand). There has also been a mass "internal migration" within Ireland and Britain from the 19th century, with Irish and Scots migrating to the English-speaking industrial cities of London, Dublin, Glasgow, Liverpool, Manchester, Birmingham, Cardiff, Leeds, Edinburgh and others. Many underwent a linguistic "Anglicisation" and eventually merged with Anglo populations.
In a more narrow interpretation of the term Gaelic diaspora, it could be interpreted as referring to the Gaelic-speaking minority among the Irish, Scottish, and Manx diaspora. However, the use of the term "diaspora" in relation to the Gaelic languages (i.e., in a narrowly linguistic rather than a more broadly cultural context) is arguably not appropriate, as it may suggest that Gaelic speakers and people interested in Gaelic necessarily have Gaelic ancestry, or that people with such ancestry naturally have an interest or fluency in their ancestral language. Research shows that this assumption is inaccurate.[67]
History
Origin legends
In their own
The Gaels are then said to have sailed to Ireland via Galicia in the form of the Milesians, sons of Míl Espáine.[13] The Gaels fight a battle of sorcery with the Tuatha Dé Danann, the gods, who inhabited Ireland at the time. Ériu, a goddess of the land, promises the Gaels that Ireland shall be theirs so long as they pay tribute to her. They agree, and their bard Amergin recites an incantation known as the Song of Amergin. The two groups agree to divide Ireland between them: the Gaels take the world above, while the Tuath Dé take the world below (i.e. the Otherworld).
Ancient
During the
According to medieval Irish legend, High King
The Gaels emerged into the clear historical record during the classical era, with
Medieval
In the Middle Ages,
Some, particularly champions of Christianity, hold the 6th to 9th centuries to be a
There is some evidence in early
The late 8th century heralded outside involvement in Gaelic affairs, as Norsemen from
The monarchy of
After a spell when the Norsemen were driven from Dublin by Leinsterman
The Irish Church became closer to Continental models with the
The remainder of the Middle Ages was marked by conflict between Gaels and
In 1315, a Scottish army landed in Ireland as part of Scotland's war against England. It was led by Edward Bruce, brother of Scottish king Robert the Bruce. Despite his own Norman ancestry, Edward urged the Irish to ally with the Scots by invoking a shared Gaelic ancestry and culture, and most of the northern kings acknowledged him as High King of Ireland.[83] However, the campaign ended three years later with Edward's defeat and death in the Battle of Faughart.
A Gaelic Irish resurgence began in the mid-14th century: English royal control shrank to an area known as the Pale and, outside this, many Norman lords adopted Gaelic culture, becoming culturally Gaelicised. The English government tried to prevent this through the Statutes of Kilkenny (1366), which forbade English settlers from adopting Gaelic culture, but the results were mixed and particularly in the West, some Normans became Gaelicised.
Imperial
During the 16th and 17th centuries, the Gaels were affected by the policies of the
In 1603, with the Union of the Crowns, King James of Scotland also became king of England and Ireland. James saw the Gaels as a barbarous and rebellious people in need of civilising,[85] and believed that Gaelic culture should be wiped out.[86] Also, while most of Britain had converted to Protestantism, most Gaels had held on to Catholicism. When the leaders of the Irish Gaelic alliance fled Ireland in 1607, their lands were confiscated. James set about colonising this land with English-speaking Protestant settlers from Britain, in what became known as the Plantation of Ulster. It was meant to establish a loyal British Protestant colony in Ireland's most rebellious region and to sever Gaelic Ulster's links with Gaelic Scotland.[85] In Scotland, James attempted to subdue the Gaelic clans and suppress their culture through laws such as the Statutes of Iona.[84] He also attempted to colonise the Isle of Lewis with settlers from the Lowlands.
Since then, the Gaelic language has gradually diminished in most of Ireland and Scotland. The 19th century was the turning point as
Modern
The
The last
Culture
Gaelic society was traditionally made up of kin groups known as clans, each with its own territory and headed by a male chieftain.
Language
Emergence
The
Estimates of the emergence of proto-Gaelic in Ireland vary widely from the introduction of agriculture c. 7,000–6,000 BC to around the first[
Contemporary
The Gaelic languages have been in steep decline since the beginning of the 19th century, when they were majority languages of Ireland and the Scottish Highlands; today they are endangered languages.[90][91] As far back as the Statutes of Kilkenny in 1366, the English government had dissuaded use of Gaelic for political reasons.[92] The Statutes of Iona in 1609 and the Society in Scotland for Propagating Christian Knowledge in the Highlands (for most of its history) are also notable examples. As the old Gaelic aristocracy was displaced or assimilated, the language lost its prestige and became primarily a peasant language, rather than one of education and government. The spread of the English language has resulted in a vast majority of people of Gaelic ancestry being unable to speak a Goidelic language.
During the 19th century, a number of Gaeilgeoir organisations were founded to promote a broad cultural and linguistic revival.
During the 1950s, the independent Irish state developed
Religion
Pre-Christian
The traditional, or "
The main gods held in high regard were the
Christianity
The Gaels underwent
This balance began to unravel during the 12th century with the polemics of
During the 16th century, with the emergence of
The adoption of the Free Church of Scotland (1843–1900) in the Highlands following the Disruption of 1843 was a reassertion of Gaelic identity in opposition to forces of improvement and clearance.[105][106][107]
Notes
- ^ Origin and migration theories about the Gaelic peoples vary, as do those about the Gaels as victims of colonization and the roles of the colonists.[7][8][9]
- 2011 Census of the United Kingdom; this did not distinguish between those of Gaelic-Irish descent and those of Anglo-Irish descent. The results for this were: 531,087 in England and Wales; 517,907 in Northern Ireland; and 53,000 in Scotland. According to the census, 83% (or 4,399,000) of the population in Scotland identified as "Scottish" and this did not distinguish between Gaelic Highlander and Anglo Lowlander ethnicities. In the rest of the United Kingdom, the Scots were included under White British.
- Gaelic Scotland as being derived directly from Gaelic Ireland via population movement as laid out in works such as the Senchus fer n-Alban and the Annals of Tigernach. The pioneering figure in this direction is Dr. Ewan Campbell of the University of Glasgow with his 2001 paper Were the Scots Irish?; an archaeologist, he argues that there is no evidence of mass population movement across the Irish Sea for this time period at Dunadd.
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External links
- Foras na Gaeilge – Irish agency promoting the language
- Bòrd na Gàidhlig – Scottish agency promoting the language
- Culture Vannin – Manx agency promoting the language
- The Columba Project – Pan-Gaelic cultural initiative
- Gaelic Society Collection at University College London (c. 700 items collected by the Gaelic Society of London)