List of state leaders in 2010
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This is a list of heads of state, heads of governments, and other rulers in the year 2010.
Africa
- Algeria
- President – Abdelaziz Bouteflika, President of Algeria (1999–2019)
- Prime Minister – Ahmed Ouyahia, Prime Minister of Algeria (2008–2012)
- Angola
- President – José Eduardo dos Santos, President of Angola (1979–2017)
- Prime Minister – Paulo Kassoma, Prime Minister of Angola (2008–2010)
- Benin
- President – Thomas Boni Yayi, President of Benin (2006–2016)
- Botswana
- President – Ian Khama, President of Botswana (2008–2018)
- Burkina Faso
- President – President of Burkina Faso(1987–2014)
- Prime Minister – Prime Minister of Burkina Faso(2007–2011)
- President –
- Burundi
- President – Pierre Nkurunziza, President of Burundi (2005–2020)
- Cameroon
- President – Paul Biya, President of Cameroon (1982–present)
- Prime Minister – Philémon Yang, Prime Minister of Cameroon (2009–2019)
- Cape Verde
- President – President of Cape Verde(2001–2011)
- Prime Minister – Prime Minister of Cape Verde(2001–2016)
- President –
- Central African Republic
- President – President of the Central African Republic(2003–2013)
- Prime Minister – Prime Minister of the Central African Republic(2008–2013)
- President –
- Chad
- President – President of Chad(1990–2021)
- Prime Minister –
- Prime Minister of Chad(2008–2010)
- Prime Minister of Chad(2010–2013)
- President –
- Comoros
- President – President of the Comoros(2006–2011)
- President –
- Congo–Brazzaville (Republic of the Congo)
- President – President of the Republic of the Congo(1997–present)
- President –
- Congo–Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
- President – Joseph Kabila, President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2001–2019)
- Prime Minister – Adolphe Muzito, Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2008–2012)
- Djibouti
- President – President of Djibouti(1999–present)
- Prime Minister – Prime Minister of Djibouti(2001–2013)
- President –
- Egypt
- President – Hosni Mubarak, President of Egypt (1981–2011)
- Prime Minister – Ahmed Nazif, Prime Minister of Egypt (2004–2011)
- Equatorial Guinea
- President – President of Equatorial Guinea(1979–present)
- Prime Minister – Prime Minister of Equatorial Guinea(2008–2012)
- President –
- Eritrea
- President – President of Eritrea (1991–present) [a]
- President –
- Ethiopia
- President – Girma Wolde-Giorgis, President of Ethiopia (2001–2013)
- Prime Minister – Meles Zenawi, Prime Minister of Ethiopia (1995–2012)
- Gabon
- President – Ali Bongo Ondimba, President of Gabon(2009–2023)
- Prime Minister – Paul Biyoghé Mba, Prime Minister of Gabon (2009–2012)
- President –
- The Gambia
- President – Yahya Jammeh, President of the Gambia (1994–2017)
- Ghana
- President – John Atta Mills, President of Ghana (2009–2012)
- Guinea
- President –
- Acting President of Guinea(2009–2010)
- President of Guinea(2010–2021)
- Prime Minister –
- Prime Minister of Guinea(2008–2010)
- Prime Minister of Guinea(2010)
- Prime Minister of Guinea(2010–2015)
- President –
- Guinea-Bissau
- President – President of Guinea-Bissau(2009–2012)
- Prime Minister – Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau(2009–2012)
- President –
- Ivory Coast
- President –
- President of the Ivory Coast(2000–2011; claimant, 2010–2011)
- President of the Ivory Coast(2010–present)
- Prime Minister –
- Prime Minister of the Ivory Coast(2007–2012)
- Prime Minister of the Ivory Coast(claimant, 2010–2011)
- President –
- Kenya
- President – Mwai Kibaki, President of Kenya (2002–2013)
- Prime Minister – Raila Odinga, Prime Minister of Kenya (2008–2013)
- Lesotho
- Monarch – King of Lesotho(1996–present)
- Prime Minister – Prime Minister of Lesotho(1998–2012)
- Monarch –
- Liberia
- President – Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, President of Liberia (2006–2018)
- Libya
- De facto Head of State – Muammar Gaddafi, Guide of the Revolution of Libya (1969–2011)
- De jure Head of State –
- General Secretary of the General People's Congress of Libya(2009–2010)
- General Secretary of the General People's Congress of Libya(2010–2011)
- Prime Minister – General Secretary of the General People's Committee of Libya(2006–2011)
- Madagascar
- the Third Republic was superseded on 11 December
- Head of State – President of the High Transitional Authority of Madagascar(2009–2014)
- Prime Minister – Albert Camille Vital, Prime Minister of Madagascar (2009–2011)
- Malawi
- President – Bingu wa Mutharika, President of Malawi (2004–2012)
- Mali
- President – President of Mali(2002–2012)
- Prime Minister – Prime Minister of Mali(2007–2011)
- President –
- Mauritania
- President – President of Mauritania(2009–2019)
- Prime Minister – Prime Minister of Mauritania(2008–2014)
- President –
- Mauritius
- President – Sir Anerood Jugnauth, President of Mauritius (2003–2012)
- Prime Minister – Navin Ramgoolam, Prime Minister of Mauritius (2005–2014)
- Mayotte (overseas collectivity of France)
- Prefect – Prefect of Mayotte(2009–2011)
- Head of Government – President of the General Council of Mayotte(2008–2011)
- Prefect –
- Morocco
- Monarch – Mohammed VI, King of Morocco (1999–present)
- Prime Minister – Abbas El Fassi, Prime Minister of Morocco (2007–2011)
- Western Sahara (self-declared, partially recognised state)
- President – President of Western Sahara(1976–2016)
- Prime Minister – Prime Minister of Western Sahara(2003–2018)
- President –
- Mozambique
- President – President of Mozambique(2005–2015)
- Prime Minister –
- Prime Minister of Mozambique(2004–2010)
- Prime Minister of Mozambique(2010–2012)
- President –
- Namibia
- President – Hifikepunye Pohamba, President of Namibia (2005–2015)
- Prime Minister – Nahas Angula, Prime Minister of Namibia (2005–2012)
- Niger
- Head of State –
- President of Niger(1999–2010)
- President of the Supreme Council for the Restoration of Democracy of Niger(2010–2011)
- Prime Minister –
- Prime Minister of Niger(2009–2010)
- Prime Minister of Niger(2010–2011)
- Head of State –
- Nigeria
- President –
- Umaru Musa Yar'Adua, President of Nigeria (2007–2010)
- Goodluck Jonathan, President of Nigeria (2010–2015)
- President –
- Rwanda
- President – President of Rwanda(2000–present)
- Prime Minister – Bernard Makuza, Prime Minister of Rwanda (2000–2011)
- President –
- Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
- Governor – Andrew Gurr, Governor of Saint Helena (2007–2011)
- São Tomé and Príncipe
- President – President of São Tomé and Príncipe(2003–2011)
- Prime Minister –
- Prime Minister of São Tomé and Príncipe(2008–2010)
- Prime Minister of São Tomé and Príncipe(2010–2012)
- President –
- Senegal
- President – Abdoulaye Wade, President of Senegal (2000–2012)
- Prime Minister – Souleymane Ndéné Ndiaye, Prime Minister of Senegal (2009–2012)
- Seychelles
- President – President of Seychelles(2004–2016)
- President –
- Sierra Leone
- President – Ernest Bai Koroma, President of Sierra Leone (2007–2018)
- Somalia
- President – Sharif Sheikh Ahmed, President of Somalia (2009–2012)
- Prime Minister –
- Prime Minister of Somalia(2009–2010)
- Acting Prime Minister of Somalia(2010)
- Prime Minister of Somalia(2010–2011)
- unrecognised, secessionist state)
- President –
- Dahir Riyale Kahin, President of Somaliland (2002–2010)
- Ahmed Mohamed Mohamoud, President of Somaliland (2010–2017)
- President –
- Puntland (self-declared autonomous state)
- President – Abdirahman Farole, President of Puntland (2009–2014)
- South Africa
- President – Jacob Zuma, President of South Africa (2009–2018)
- Sudan
- President – President of Sudan(1989–2019)
- President –
- Swaziland
- Monarch – King of Swaziland(1986–present)
- Prime Minister – Prime Minister of Swaziland(2008–2018)
- Monarch –
- Tanzania
- President – Jakaya Kikwete, President of Tanzania (2005–2015)
- Prime Minister – Mizengo Pinda, Prime Minister of Tanzania (2008–2015)
- Togo
- President – President of Togo(2005–present)
- Prime Minister – Prime Minister of Togo(2008–2012)
- President –
- Tunisia
- President – Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, President of Tunisia (1987–2011)
- Prime Minister – Mohamed Ghannouchi, Prime Minister of Tunisia (1999–2011)
- Uganda
- President – Yoweri Museveni, President of Uganda (1986–present)
- Prime Minister – Apolo Nsibambi, Prime Minister of Uganda (1999–2011)
- Zambia
- President – Rupiah Banda, President of Zambia (2008–2011)
- Zimbabwe
- President – Robert Mugabe, President of Zimbabwe (1987–2017)
- Prime Minister – Morgan Tsvangirai, Prime Minister of Zimbabwe (2009–2013)
Asia
- Afghanistan
- President – Hamid Karzai, President of Afghanistan (2002–2014)
- Bahrain
- Monarch – Sheikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, King of Bahrain (1999–present)
- Prime Minister – Prince Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa, Prime Minister of Bahrain (1970–2020) [b]
- Bangladesh
- President – Zillur Rahman, President of Bangladesh (2009–2013)
- Prime Minister – Sheikh Hasina, Prime Minister of Bangladesh (2009–present)
- Bhutan
- Monarch – King of Bhutan(2006–present)
- Prime Minister – Prime Minister of Bhutan(2008–2013)
- Monarch –
- Brunei
- Monarch – Sultan of Brunei (1967–present) [c]
- Prime Minister – Hassanal Bolkiah, Prime Minister of Brunei (1984–present)
- Monarch –
- Cambodia
- Monarch – King of Cambodia(2004–present)
- Prime Minister – Hun Sen, Prime Minister of Cambodia (1985–2023) [d]
- Monarch –
- China (People's Republic of China)
- Communist Party Leader – Hu Jintao, General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (2002–2012)
- President – Hu Jintao, President of China (2003–2013)
- Premier – Wen Jiabao, Premier of the State Council of China (2003–2013)
- East Timor
- President – José Ramos-Horta, President of East Timor (2007–2012)
- Prime Minister – Xanana Gusmão, Prime Minister of East Timor (2007–2015)
- India
- President – Pratibha Patil, President of India (2007–2012)
- Prime Minister – Manmohan Singh, Prime Minister of India (2004–2014)
- Indonesia
- President – Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, President of Indonesia (2004–2014)
- Iran
- Supreme Leader – Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, Supreme Leader of Iran (1989–present)
- President – Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, President of Iran (2005–2013)
- Iraq
- Head of State –
- Presidency Council of Iraq [e]
- Members – Jalal Talabani (2006–2010; President of Iraq, 2006–2010), and Adil Abdul-Mahdi and Tariq al-Hashimi (2006–2010)
- Jalal Talabani, President of Iraq (2010–2014)
- Presidency Council of Iraq [e]
- Prime Minister – Nouri al-Maliki, Prime Minister of Iraq (2006–2014)
- Head of State –
- Israel
- President – Shimon Peres, President of Israel (2007–2014)
- Prime Minister – Benjamin Netanyahu, Prime Minister of Israel (2009–2021)
- Palestinian National Authority (non-state administrative authority)
- President – Mahmoud Abbas, President of the Palestinian National Authority (in the West Bank) (2005–present)
- Prime Minister – Salam Fayyad, Prime Minister of the Palestinian National Authority (in the West Bank) (2007–2013)
- Gaza Strip (rebelling against the Palestinian National Authority, in the West Bank)
- President – (2009–2014)
- Prime Minister – Ismail Haniyeh, Prime Minister of the Palestinian National Authority (in the Gaza Strip) (2007–2014)
- Japan
- Monarch – Akihito, Emperor of Japan (1989–2019)
- Prime Minister –
- Yukio Hatoyama, Prime Minister of Japan (2009–2010)
- Naoto Kan, Prime Minister of Japan (2010–2011)
- Jordan
- Monarch – King of Jordan(1999–present)
- Prime Minister – Samir Rifai, Prime Minister of Jordan (2009–2011)
- Monarch –
- Kazakhstan
- President – Nursultan Nazarbayev, President of Kazakhstan (1990–2019) [f]
- Prime Minister – Karim Massimov, Prime Minister of Kazakhstan (2007–2012)
- North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea)
- Communist Party Leader – Kim Jong-il, General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea(1997–2011)
- De facto Head of State – Chairman of the National Defence Commission of North Korea [g](1993–2011)
- De jure Head of State – Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly of North Korea(1998–2019)
- Premier –
- Kim Yong-il, Premier of the Cabinet of North Korea (2007–2010)
- Choe Yong-rim, Premier of the Cabinet of North Korea (2010–2013)
- Communist Party Leader –
- South Korea (Republic of Korea)
- President – Lee Myung-bak, President of South Korea (2008–2013)
- Prime Minister –
- Chung Un-chan, Prime Minister of South Korea (2009–2010)
- Yoon Jeung-hyun, Acting Prime Minister of South Korea (2010)
- Kim Hwang-sik, Prime Minister of South Korea (2010–2013)
- Kuwait
- Monarch – Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, Emir of Kuwait (2006–2020)
- Prime Minister – Sheikh Prime Minister of Kuwait(2006–2011)
- Kyrgyzstan
- President –
- Kurmanbek Bakiyev, President of Kyrgyzstan (2005–2010)
- Roza Otunbayeva, President of Kyrgyzstan (2010–2011)
- Prime Minister –
- Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan(2009–2010)
- Acting Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan(2010)
- Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan(2010–2011)
- President –
- Laos
- Communist Party Leader – Choummaly Sayasone, General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (2006–2016)
- President – Choummaly Sayasone, President of Laos (2006–2016)
- Prime Minister –
- Lebanon
- President – Michel Suleiman, President of Lebanon (2008–2014)
- Prime Minister – Saad Hariri, President of the Council of Ministers of Lebanon (2009–2011)
- Malaysia
- Monarch – Tuanku Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia(2006–2011)
- Prime Minister – Najib Razak, Prime Minister of Malaysia (2009–2018)
- Monarch – Tuanku
- Maldives
- President – Mohamed Nasheed, President of the Maldives (2008–2012)
- Mongolia
- President – Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj, President of Mongolia (2009–2017)
- Prime Minister – Sükhbaataryn Batbold, Prime Minister of Mongolia (2009–2012)
- Myanmar
- Head of State – Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council of Myanmar(1992–2011)
- Prime Minister – Thein Sein, Prime Minister of Myanmar (2007–2011)
- Head of State –
- Nepal
- President – Ram Baran Yadav, President of Nepal (2008–2015)
- Prime Minister – Madhav Kumar Nepal, Prime Minister of Nepal (2009–2011)
- Oman
- Monarch – Sultan of Oman(1970–2020)
- Prime Minister – Prime Minister of Oman(1972–2020)
- Monarch –
- Pakistan
- President – Asif Ali Zardari, President of Pakistan (2008–2013)
- Prime Minister – Yousaf Raza Gillani, Prime Minister of Pakistan(2008–2012)
- Philippines
- President –
- Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, President of the Philippines (2001–2010)
- Benigno Aquino, President of the Philippines (2010–2016)
- President –
- Qatar
- Monarch – Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, Emir of Qatar (1995–2013)
- Prime Minister – Sheikh Prime Minister of Qatar(2007–2013)
- Saudi Arabia
- Monarch – Abdullah, King of Saudi Arabia (2005–2015)
- Prime Minister – Abdullah, Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia (2005–2015)
- Singapore
- President – S. R. Nathan, President of Singapore (1999–2011)
- Prime Minister – Lee Hsien Loong, Prime Minister of Singapore (2004–present)
- Sri Lanka
- President – Mahinda Rajapaksa, President of Sri Lanka (2005–2015)
- Prime Minister –
- Ratnasiri Wickremanayake, Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (2005–2010)
- D. M. Jayaratne, Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (2010–2015)
- Syria
- President – Bashar al-Assad, President of Syria (2000–present)
- Prime Minister – Muhammad Naji al-Otari, Prime Minister of Syria (2003–2011)
- Taiwan (Republic of China)
- President – Ma Ying-jeou, President of Taiwan (2008–2016)
- Premier – Wu Den-yih, President of the Executive Yuan of Taiwan (2009–2012)
- Tajikistan
- President – Emomali Rahmon, President of Tajikistan (1992–present)
- Prime Minister – Oqil Oqilov, Prime Minister of Tajikistan (1999–2013)
- Thailand
- Monarch – Bhumibol Adulyadej, King of Thailand (1946–2016)
- Prime Minister – Abhisit Vejjajiva, Prime Minister of Thailand (2008–2011)
- Turkey
- President – Abdullah Gül, President of Turkey (2007–2014)
- Prime Minister – Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Prime Minister of Turkey (2003–2014)
- Turkmenistan
- President – Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow, President of Turkmenistan (2006–2022)
- United Arab Emirates
- President – Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, President of the United Arab Emirates (2004–2022)
- Prime Minister – Sheikh Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates(2006–present)
- Uzbekistan
- President – Islam Karimov, President of Uzbekistan (1990–2016) [h]
- Prime Minister – Shavkat Mirziyoyev, Prime Minister of Uzbekistan (2003–2016)
- Vietnam
- Communist Party Leader – Nông Đức Mạnh, General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam (2001–2011)
- President – Nguyễn Minh Triết, President of Vietnam (2006–2011)
- Prime Minister – Nguyễn Tấn Dũng, Prime Minister of Vietnam (2006–2016)
- Yemen
- President – Ali Abdullah Saleh, President of Yemen (1978–2012) [i]
- Prime Minister – Ali Muhammad Mujawar, Prime Minister of Yemen (2007–2011)
Europe
- Albania
- President – Bamir Topi, President of Albania (2007–2012)
- Prime Minister – Sali Berisha, Prime Minister of Albania (2005–2013)
- Andorra
- Monarchs –
- French Co-Prince – Nicolas Sarkozy, French Co-prince of Andorra (2007–2012)
- Co-Prince's Representative – Christian Frémont (2008–2012)
- Episcopal Co-Prince – Archbishop Joan Enric Vives Sicília, Episcopal Co-prince of Andorra(2003–present)
- Co-Prince's Representative – Nemesi Marqués Oste(1993–2012)
- Co-Prince's Representative –
- French Co-Prince – Nicolas Sarkozy, French Co-prince of Andorra (2007–2012)
- Prime Minister – Head of Government of Andorra(2009–2011)
- Monarchs –
- Armenia
- President – Serzh Sargsyan, President of Armenia (2008–2018)
- Prime Minister – Tigran Sargsyan, Prime Minister of Armenia (2008–2014)
- Austria
- President – Heinz Fischer, Federal President of Austria (2004–2016)
- Chancellor – Werner Faymann, Federal Chancellor of Austria (2008–2016)
- Azerbaijan
- President – Ilham Aliyev, President of Azerbaijan (2003–present)
- Prime Minister – Artur Rasizade, Prime Minister of Azerbaijan (2003–2018)
- unrecognised, secessionist state)
- President – President of Nagorno-Karabakh(2007–2020)
- Prime Minister – Prime Minister of Nagorno-Karabakh(2007–2017)
- President –
- Belarus
- President – Alexander Lukashenko, President of Belarus (1994–present)
- Prime Minister –
- Sergei Sidorsky, Prime Minister of Belarus (2003–2010)
- Mikhail Myasnikovich, Prime Minister of Belarus (2010–2014)
- Belgium
- Monarch – Albert II, King of the Belgians (1993–2013)
- Prime Minister – Yves Leterme, Prime Minister of Belgium (2009–2011)
- Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Head of State – Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Serb Member – Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2010–2011)
- Bosniak Member –
- Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2010)
- Bakir Izetbegović (2010–2018)
- Croat Member – Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2009–2010)
- Serb Member –
- Prime Minister – Nikola Špirić, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina (2007–2012)
- High Representative – Valentin Inzko, High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina (2009–2021)
- Head of State – Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Bulgaria
- President – Georgi Parvanov, President of Bulgaria (2002–2012)
- Prime Minister – Boyko Borisov, Prime Minister of Bulgaria (2009–2013)
- Croatia
- President –
- Stjepan Mesić, President of Croatia (2000–2010)
- Ivo Josipović, President of Croatia (2010–2015)
- Prime Minister – Jadranka Kosor, Prime Minister of Croatia (2009–2011)
- President –
- Cyprus
- President – Demetris Christofias, President of Cyprus (2008–2013)
- unrecognised, secessionist state)
- President –
- Mehmet Ali Talat, President of Northern Cyprus (2005–2010)
- Derviş Eroğlu, President of Northern Cyprus (2010–2015)
- Prime Minister –
- Derviş Eroğlu, Prime Minister of Northern Cyprus (2009–2010)
- Hüseyin Özgürgün, Acting Prime Minister of Northern Cyprus (2010)
- İrsen Küçük, Prime Minister of Northern Cyprus (2010–2013)
- President –
- Czech Republic
- President – Václav Klaus, President of the Czech Republic (2003–2013)
- Prime Minister –
- Jan Fischer, Prime Minister of the Czech Republic (2009–2010)
- Petr Nečas, Prime Minister of the Czech Republic (2010–2013)
- Denmark
- Monarch – Margrethe II, Queen of Denmark(1972–2024)
- Prime Minister – Lars Løkke Rasmussen, Prime Minister of Denmark (2009–2011)
- Monarch –
- Estonia
- President – Toomas Hendrik Ilves, President of Estonia (2006–2016)
- Prime Minister – Andrus Ansip, Prime Minister of Estonia (2005–2014)
- Finland
- President – Tarja Halonen, President of Finland (2000–2012)
- Prime Minister –
- Matti Vanhanen, Prime Minister of Finland (2003–2010)
- Mari Kiviniemi, Prime Minister of Finland (2010–2011)
- France
- President – Nicolas Sarkozy, President of France (2007–2012)
- Prime Minister – François Fillon, Prime Minister of France (2007–2012)
- Georgia
- President – Mikheil Saakashvili, President of Georgia (2008–2013)
- Prime Minister – Nika Gilauri, Prime Minister of Georgia (2009–2012)
- partially recognised, secessionist state)
- President – Sergei Bagapsh, President of Abkhazia (2005–2011)
- Prime Minister –
- Aleksander Ankvab, Prime Minister of Abkhazia (2005–2010)
- Sergei Shamba, Prime Minister of Abkhazia (2010–2011)
- partially recognised, secessionist state)
- President – Eduard Kokoity, President of South Ossetia (2001–2011)
- Prime Minister – Vadim Brovtsev, Prime Minister of South Ossetia (2009–2012)
- Germany
- President –
- Horst Köhler, Federal President of Germany (2004–2010)
- Jens Böhrnsen, Acting Federal President of Germany (2010)
- Christian Wulff, Federal President of Germany (2010–2012)
- Chancellor – Federal Chancellor of Germany(2005–2021)
- President –
- Greece
- President – Karolos Papoulias, President of Greece (2005–2015)
- Prime Minister – George Papandreou, Prime Minister of Greece (2009–2011)
- Hungary
- President –
- László Sólyom, President of Hungary (2005–2010)
- Pál Schmitt, President of Hungary (2010–2012)
- Prime Minister –
- Gordon Bajnai, Prime Minister of Hungary (2009–2010)
- Viktor Orbán, Prime Minister of Hungary (2010–present)
- President –
- Iceland
- President – Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson, President of Iceland (1996–2016)
- Prime Minister – Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir, Prime Minister of Iceland (2009–2013)
- Ireland
- President – Mary McAleese, President of Ireland (1997–2011)
- Prime Minister – Brian Cowen, Taoiseach of Ireland (2008–2011)
- Italy
- President – Giorgio Napolitano, President of Italy (2006–2015)
- Prime Minister – Silvio Berlusconi, President of the Council of Ministers of Italy (2008–2011)
- Latvia
- President – Valdis Zatlers, President of Latvia (2007–2011)
- Prime Minister – Valdis Dombrovskis, Prime Minister of Latvia (2009–2014)
- Liechtenstein
- Monarch – Prince Regnant of Liechtenstein(1989–present)
- Regent – Hereditary Prince Regent of Liechtenstein(2004–present)
- Prime Minister – Head of Government of Liechtenstein(2009–2013)
- Monarch –
- Lithuania
- President – Dalia Grybauskaitė, President of Lithuania (2009–2019)
- Prime Minister – Andrius Kubilius, Prime Minister of Lithuania (2008–2012)
- Luxembourg
- Monarch – Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (2000–present)
- Prime Minister – Prime Minister of Luxembourg(1995–2013)
- Macedonia
- President – President of Macedonia(2009–2019)
- Prime Minister – President of the Government of Macedonia(2006–2016)
- President –
- Malta
- President – George Abela, President of Malta (2009–2014)
- Prime Minister – Lawrence Gonzi, Prime Minister of Malta (2004–2013)
- Moldova
- President –
- Mihai Ghimpu, Acting President of Moldova (2009–2010)
- Vlad Filat, Acting President of Moldova (2010)
- Marian Lupu, Acting President of Moldova (2010–2012)
- Prime Minister – Vlad Filat, Prime Minister of Moldova (2009–2013)
- unrecognised, secessionist state)
- President – Igor Smirnov, President of Transnistria (1990–2011) [j]
- President –
- Monaco
- Monarch – Albert II, Sovereign Prince of Monaco (2005–present)
- Prime Minister –
- Jean-Paul Proust, Minister of State of Monaco (2005–2010)
- Michel Roger, Minister of State of Monaco (2010–2015)
- Montenegro
- President – Filip Vujanović, President of Montenegro (2003–2018) [k]
- Prime Minister –
- Milo Đukanović, President of the Government of Montenegro (2008–2010)
- Igor Lukšić, President of the Government of Montenegro (2010–2012)
- Kingdom of the Netherlands
- Monarch – Beatrix, Queen of the Netherlands (1980–2013)
- constituent country)
- Prime Minister –
- Jan Peter Balkenende, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (2002–2010)
- Mark Rutte, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (2010–present)
- Prime Minister –
- constituent country)
- see § North America
- constituent country)
- see § North America
- constituent country)
- see § North America
- constituent country)
- see § North America
- Norway
- Monarch – Harald V, King of Norway(1991–present)
- Prime Minister – Jens Stoltenberg, Prime Minister of Norway (2005–2013)
- Monarch –
- Poland
- President –
- Lech Kaczyński, President of Poland (2005–2010)
- Bronisław Komorowski, Acting President of Poland (2010)
- Bogdan Borusewicz, Acting President of Poland (2010)
- Grzegorz Schetyna, Acting President of Poland (2010)
- Bronisław Komorowski, President of Poland (2010–2015)
- Prime Minister – Donald Tusk, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Poland (2007–2014)
- President –
- Portugal
- President – Aníbal Cavaco Silva, President of Portugal (2006–2016)
- Prime Minister – José Sócrates, Prime Minister of Portugal (2005–2011)
- Romania
- President – Traian Băsescu, President of Romania (2004–2014)
- Prime Minister – Emil Boc, Prime Minister of Romania (2008–2012)
- Russia
- President – Dmitry Medvedev, President of Russia (2008–2012)
- Prime Minister – Vladimir Putin, Chairman of the Government of Russia (2008–2012)
- San Marino
- Captains-Regent –
- Francesco Mussoni and Stefano Palmieri, Captains Regent of San Marino (2009–2010)
- Marco Conti and Glauco Sansovini, Captains Regent of San Marino (2010)
- Giovanni Francesco Ugolini and Andrea Zafferani, Captains Regent of San Marino (2010–2011)
- Captains-Regent –
- Serbia
- President – Boris Tadić, President of Serbia (2004–2012) [l]
- Prime Minister – Mirko Cvetković, President of the Government of Serbia (2008–2012)
- Kosovo (partially recognised, secessionist state; under nominal international administration)
- President –
- Fatmir Sejdiu, President of Kosovo (2006–2010) [m]
- Jakup Krasniqi, Acting President of Kosovo (2010–2011)
- Prime Minister – Hashim Thaçi, Prime Minister of Kosovo (2008–2014)
- UN Special Representative – Lamberto Zannier, Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General for Kosovo (2008–2011)
- President –
- Slovakia
- President – Ivan Gašparovič, President of Slovakia (2004–2014)
- Prime Minister –
- Robert Fico, Prime Minister of Slovakia (2006–2010)
- Iveta Radičová, Prime Minister of Slovakia (2010–2012)
- Slovenia
- President – Danilo Türk, President of Slovenia (2007–2012)
- Prime Minister – Borut Pahor, Prime Minister of Slovenia (2008–2012)
- Spain
- Monarch – Juan Carlos I, King of Spain(1975–2014)
- Prime Minister – José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, President of the Government of Spain (2004–2011)
- Monarch –
- Sweden
- Monarch – Carl XVI Gustaf, King of Sweden(1973–present)
- Prime Minister – Fredrik Reinfeldt, Prime Minister of Sweden (2006–2014)
- Monarch –
- Switzerland
- Council – Federal Council of Switzerland [n]
- Members – Moritz Leuenberger (1995–2010), Micheline Calmy-Rey (2003–2011), Hans-Rudolf Merz (2004–2010), Doris Leuthard (2006–2018; President of Switzerland, 2010), Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf (2008–2015), Ueli Maurer (2009–2022), Didier Burkhalter (2009–2017), Johann Schneider-Ammann (2010–2018), and Simonetta Sommaruga (2010–2022)
- Council –
- Ukraine
- President –
- Viktor Yushchenko, President of Ukraine (2005–2010)
- Viktor Yanukovych, President of Ukraine (2010–2014)
- Prime Minister –
- Yulia Tymoshenko, Prime Minister of Ukraine (2007–2010)
- Oleksandr Turchynov, Acting Prime Minister of Ukraine (2010)
- Mykola Azarov, Prime Minister of Ukraine (2010–2014)
- President –
- United Kingdom
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom (1952–2022)
- Prime Minister –
- Gordon Brown, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (2007–2010)
- David Cameron, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (2010–2016)
- Crown dependency of the United Kingdom)
- Lieutenant-Governor – Sir Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man(2005–2011)
- Chief Minister – Chief Minister of the Isle of Man(2006–2011)
- Lieutenant-Governor – Sir
- Crown dependency of the United Kingdom)
- Lieutenant-Governor – Sir Fabian Malbon, Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey (2005–2011)
- Chief Minister – Lyndon Trott, Chief Minister of Guernsey (2008–2012)
- Crown dependency of the United Kingdom)
- Lieutenant-Governor – Andrew Ridgway, Lieutenant Governor of Jersey (2006–2011)
- Chief Minister – Terry Le Sueur, Chief Minister of Jersey (2008–2011)
- Gibraltar (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
- Governor – Sir Adrian Johns, Governor of Gibraltar (2009–2013)
- Chief Minister – Peter Caruana, Chief Minister of Gibraltar (1996–2011)
- Vatican City
- Monarch – Sovereign of Vatican City(2005–2013)
- Head of Government – Cardinal President of the Governorate of Vatican City(2006–2011)
- public international law)
- Secretary of State – Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone, Cardinal Secretary of State (2006–2013)
- Monarch –
North America
- Anguilla (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
- Governor – Alistair Harrison, Governor of Anguilla (2009–2013)
- Chief Minister –
- Chief Minister of Anguilla(2000–2010)
- Chief Minister of Anguilla(2010–2015)
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Antigua and Barbuda (1981–2022)
- Governor-General – Dame Louise Lake-Tack, Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda (2007–2014)
- Prime Minister – Baldwin Spencer, Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda (2004–2014)
- constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)
- Governor – Fredis Refunjol, Governor of Aruba (2004–2016)
- Prime Minister – Mike Eman, Prime Minister of Aruba (2009–2017)
- The Bahamas
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of the Bahamas (1973–2022)
- Governor-General –
- Arthur Dion Hanna, Governor-General of the Bahamas (2006–2010)
- Sir Arthur Foulkes, Governor-General of the Bahamas (2010–2014)
- Prime Minister – Hubert Ingraham, Prime Minister of the Bahamas (2007–2012)
- Barbados
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Barbados (1966–2021)
- Governor-General – Sir Clifford Husbands, Governor-General of Barbados (1996–2011)
- Prime Minister –
- David Thompson, Prime Minister of Barbados (2008–2010)
- Freundel Stuart, Prime Minister of Barbados (2010–2018)
- Belize
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Belize (1981–2022)
- Governor-General – Sir Colville Young, Governor-General of Belize (1993–2021)
- Prime Minister – Prime Minister of Belize(2008–2020)
- Bermuda (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
- Governor – Sir Richard Gozney, Governor of Bermuda (2007–2012)
- Premier –
- Premier of Bermuda(2006–2010)
- Premier of Bermuda(2010–2012)
- British Virgin Islands (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
- Governor –
- Premier – Ralph T. O'Neal, Premier of the British Virgin Islands (2007–2011)
- Canada
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada (1952–2022)
- Governor-General –
- Michaëlle Jean, Governor General of Canada (2005–2010)
- David Johnston, Governor General of Canada (2010–2017)
- Prime Minister – Stephen Harper, Prime Minister of Canada (2006–2015)
- Cayman Islands (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
- Governor –
- Donovan Ebanks, Acting Governor of the Cayman Islands (2009–2010)
- Duncan Taylor, Governor of the Cayman Islands (2010–2013)
- Premier – McKeeva Bush, Premier of the Cayman Islands (2009–2012)
- Governor –
- Costa Rica
- President –
- Óscar Arias, President of Costa Rica (2006–2010)
- Laura Chinchilla, President of Costa Rica (2010–2014)
- President –
- Cuba
- Communist Party Leader –
- President – Raúl Castro, President of the Council of State of Cuba (2008–2018)
- Prime Minister – Raúl Castro, President of the Council of Ministers of Cuba (2008–2018)
- constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)
- separately became a constituent country, with the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles, on 10 October
- Governor – Frits Goedgedrag, Governor of Curaçao (2010–2012)
- Prime Minister – Gerrit Schotte, Prime Minister of Curaçao (2010–2012)
- Dominica
- President – President of Dominica(2003–2012)
- Prime Minister – Roosevelt Skerrit, Prime Minister of Dominica (2004–present)
- President –
- Dominican Republic
- President – Leonel Fernández, President of the Dominican Republic (2004–2012)
- El Salvador
- President – Mauricio Funes, President of El Salvador (2009–2014)
- Grenada
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Grenada (1974–2022)
- Governor-General – Sir Carlyle Glean, Governor-General of Grenada (2008–2013)
- Prime Minister – Prime Minister of Grenada(2008–2013)
- Guatemala
- President – Álvaro Colom, President of Guatemala (2008–2012)
- Haiti
- President – René Préval, President of Haiti (2006–2011)
- Prime Minister – Jean-Max Bellerive, Prime Minister of Haiti (2009–2011)
- Honduras
- President –
- Roberto Micheletti, President of Honduras (2009–2010)
- Porfirio Lobo Sosa, President of Honduras (2010–2014)
- President –
- Jamaica
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Jamaica (1962–2022)
- Governor-General – Sir Patrick Allen, Governor-General of Jamaica(2009–present)
- Prime Minister – Bruce Golding, Prime Minister of Jamaica (2007–2011)
- Mexico
- President – Felipe Calderón, President of Mexico (2006–2012)
- Montserrat (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
- Governor – Peter Waterworth, Governor of Montserrat (2007–2011)
- Chief Minister – Chief Minister of Montserrat(2009–2014)
- constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)
- dissolved into both Curaçao and Sint Maarten on 10 October
- Governor – Frits Goedgedrag, Governor of the Netherlands Antilles (2002–2010)
- Prime Minister – Emily de Jongh-Elhage, Prime Minister of the Netherlands Antilles (2006–2010)
- Nicaragua
- President – Daniel Ortega, President of Nicaragua (2007–present)
- Panama
- President – President of Panama(2009–2014)
- President –
- Saint Barthélemy (overseas collectivity of France)
- Prefect – Prefect of Saint Barthélemy(2009–2011)
- Head of Government – Bruno Magras, President of the Territorial Council of Saint Barthélemy (2007–2022)
- Prefect –
- Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Saint Kitts and Nevis (1983–2022)
- Governor-General – Sir Cuthbert Sebastian, Governor-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis (1996–2013)
- Prime Minister – Prime Minister of Saint Kitts and Nevis(1995–2015)
- Saint Lucia
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Saint Lucia (1979–2022)
- Governor-General – Dame Pearlette Louisy, Governor-General of Saint Lucia (1997–2017)
- Prime Minister – Prime Minister of Saint Lucia(2007–2011)
- Saint Martin (overseas collectivity of France)
- Prefect – Prefect of Saint Martin(2009–2011)
- Head of Government – President of the Territorial Council of Saint Martin(2009–2012)
- Prefect –
- Saint Pierre and Miquelon (overseas collectivity of France)
- Prefect – Jean-Régis Borius, Prefect of Saint Pierre and Miquelon (2009–2011)
- Head of Government – President of the Territorial Council of Saint Pierre and Miquelon(2006–2017)
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (1979–2022)
- Governor-General – Sir Frederick Ballantyne, Governor-General of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (2002–2019)
- Prime Minister – Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines(2001–present)
- constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)
- separately became a constituent country, with the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles, on 10 October
- Governor – Eugene Holiday, Governor of Sint Maarten (2010–2022)
- Prime Minister – Sarah Wescot-Williams, Prime Minister of Sint Maarten (2010–2014)
- Trinidad and Tobago
- President – George Maxwell Richards, President of Trinidad and Tobago (2003–2013)
- Prime Minister –
- Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago(2001–2010)
- Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago(2010–2015)
- Turks and Caicos Islands (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
- Governor – Gordon Wetherell, Governor of the Turks and Caicos Islands (2008–2011)
- United States
- President – Barack Obama, President of the United States (2009–2017)
- Puerto Rico (Commonwealth of the United States)
- Governor – Luis Fortuño, Governor of Puerto Rico (2009–2013)
- United States Virgin Islands (insular area of the United States)
- Governor – Governor of the United States Virgin Islands(2007–2015)
- Governor –
Oceania
- American Samoa (unorganised, unincorporated territory of the United States)
- Governor – Governor of American Samoa(2003–2013)
- Governor –
- Australia
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia (1952–2022)
- Governor-General – Quentin Bryce, Governor-General of Australia (2008–2014)
- Prime Minister –
- Kevin Rudd, Prime Minister of Australia (2007–2010)
- Julia Gillard, Prime Minister of Australia (2010–2013)
- Christmas Island (external territory of Australia)
- Administrator – Administrator of Christmas Island(2009–2012)
- Shire-President – Shire president of Christmas Island(2003–2011)
- Administrator –
- Cocos (Keeling) Islands (external territory of Australia)
- Administrator – Administrator of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands(2009–2012)
- Shire-President – Shire president of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands(2009–2011)
- Administrator –
- Norfolk Island (self-governing territory of Australia)
- Administrator – Administrator of Norfolk Island(2007–2012)
- Chief Minister –
- Chief Minister of Norfolk Island(2007–2010)
- Chief Minister of Norfolk Island(2010–2013)
- Administrator –
- Fiji
- President – Ratu Epeli Nailatikau, President of Fiji (2009–2015)
- Prime Minister – Frank Bainimarama, Prime Minister of Fiji (2007–2022)
- French Polynesia (overseas collectivity of France)
- High Commissioner – High Commissioner of the Republic in French Polynesia(2008–2011)
- President – Gaston Tong Sang, President of French Polynesia (2009–2011)
- High Commissioner –
- Guam (insular area of the United States)
- Governor – Governor of Guam(2003–2011)
- Governor –
- Kiribati
- President – Anote Tong, President of Kiribati (2003–2016)
- Marshall Islands
- President – President of the Marshall Islands(2009–2012)
- President –
- Micronesia
- President – President of Micronesia(2007–2015)
- President –
- Nauru
- President – Marcus Stephen, President of Nauru (2007–2011)
- sui generis collectivity of France)
- High Commissioner –
- High Commissioner of New Caledonia(2007–2010)
- Acting High Commissioner of New Caledonia(2010)
- High Commissioner of New Caledonia(2010–2013)
- Head of Government – Philippe Gomès, President of the Government of New Caledonia (2009–2011)
- High Commissioner –
- New Zealand
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of New Zealand (1952–2022)
- Governor-General – Sir Anand Satyanand, Governor-General of New Zealand (2006–2011)
- Prime Minister – John Key, Prime Minister of New Zealand (2008–2016)
- Cook Islands (associated state of New Zealand)
- Queen's Representative – Sir Queen's Representative of the Cook Islands(2001–2013)
- Prime Minister –
- Jim Marurai, Prime Minister of the Cook Islands (2004–2010)
- Henry Puna, Prime Minister of the Cook Islands (2010–2020)
- Queen's Representative – Sir
- Niue (associated state of New Zealand)
- Premier – Toke Talagi, Premier of Niue (2008–2020)
- Tokelau (dependent territory of New Zealand)
- Administrator – John Allen, Acting Administrator of Tokelau (2009–2011)
- Head of Government –
- Head of Government of Tokelau(2009–2010)
- Head of Government of Tokelau(2010–2011)
- Northern Mariana Islands (Commonwealth of the United States)
- Governor – Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands(2006–2013)
- Governor –
- Palau
- President – Johnson Toribiong, President of Palau (2009–2013)
- Papua New Guinea
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Papua New Guinea (1975–2022)
- Governor-General –
- Sir Paulias Matane, Governor-General of Papua New Guinea (2004–2010)
- Jeffrey Nape, Acting Governor-General of Papua New Guinea(2010)
- Michael Ogio, Acting Governor-General of Papua New Guinea (2010–2011)
- Prime Minister –
- Sir Michael Somare, Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea (2002–2010)
- Sam Abal, Acting Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea (2010–2011)
- Pitcairn Islands (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
- Governor –
- George Fergusson, Governor of the Pitcairn Islands (2006–2010)
- Mike Cherrett, Acting Governor of the Pitcairn Islands (2010)
- Victoria Treadell, Governor of the Pitcairn Islands (2010–2014)
- Mayor – Mayor of the Pitcairn Islands(2008–2013)
- Governor –
- Samoa
- Head of State – Tufuga Efi, O le Ao o le Malo of Samoa(2007–2017)
- Prime Minister – Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi, Prime Minister of Samoa(1998–2021)
- Head of State –
- Solomon Islands
- Monarch – Queen of the Solomon Islands(1978–2022)
- Governor-General – Sir Governor-General of the Solomon Islands(2009–2019)
- Prime Minister –
- Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands(2007–2010)
- Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands(2010–2011)
- Monarch –
- Tonga
- Monarch – King of Tonga(2006–2012)
- Prime Minister –
- Feleti Sevele, Prime Minister of Tonga (2006–2010)
- Sialeʻataongo Tuʻivakanō, Prime Minister of Tonga (2010–2014)
- Monarch –
- Tuvalu
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Tuvalu (1978–2022)
- Governor-General –
- Sir Filoimea Telito, Governor-General of Tuvalu (2005–2010)
- Iakoba Italeli, Governor-General of Tuvalu (2010–2019)
- Prime Minister –
- Apisai Ielemia, Prime Minister of Tuvalu (2006–2010)
- Maatia Toafa, Prime Minister of Tuvalu (2010)
- Willy Telavi, Prime Minister of Tuvalu (2010–2013)
- Vanuatu
- President – Iolu Abil, President of Vanuatu (2009–2014)
- Prime Minister –
- Edward Natapei, Prime Minister of Vanuatu (2008–2010)
- Sato Kilman, Prime Minister of Vanuatu (2010–2011)
- Wallis and Futuna (overseas collectivity of France)
- Administrator –
- Head of Government –
- President of the Territorial Assembly of Wallis and Futuna(2007–2010)
- President of the Territorial Assembly of Wallis and Futuna(2010–2011)
South America
- Argentina
- President – Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, President of Argentina (2007–2015)
- Bolivia
- President – Evo Morales, President of Bolivia (2006–2019)
- Brazil
- President – Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, President of Brazil (2003–2010)
- Chile
- President –
- Michelle Bachelet, President of Chile (2006–2010)
- Sebastián Piñera, President of Chile (2010–2014)
- President –
- Colombia
- President –
- Álvaro Uribe, President of Colombia (2002–2010)
- Juan Manuel Santos, President of Colombia (2010–2018)
- President –
- Ecuador
- President – Rafael Correa, President of Ecuador (2007–2017)
- Falkland Islands (Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
- Governor –
- Alan Huckle, Governor of the Falkland Islands (2006–2010)
- Ric Nye, Acting Governor of the Falkland Islands (2010)
- Nigel Haywood, Governor of the Falkland Islands (2010–2014)
- Governor –
- Guyana
- President – Bharrat Jagdeo, President of Guyana (1999–2011)
- Prime Minister – Sam Hinds, Prime Minister of Guyana (1999–2015)
- Paraguay
- President – Fernando Lugo, President of Paraguay (2008–2012)
- Peru
- President – Alan García, President of Peru (2006–2011)
- Prime Minister –
- Suriname
- President –
- Ronald Venetiaan, President of Suriname (2000–2010)
- Dési Bouterse, President of Suriname (2010–2020)
- President –
- Uruguay
- President –
- Tabaré Vázquez, President of Uruguay (2005–2010)
- José Mujica, President of Uruguay (2010–2015)
- President –
- Venezuela
- President – Hugo Chávez, President of Venezuela (2002–2013)
Notes
- ^ Eritrea only became independent in 1993.
- ^ Bahrain only became independent in 1971.
- ^ Brunei only became independent in 1984.
- ^ Hun Sen was titled Second Prime Minister in 1993–98.
- ^ The three-member Presidency Council was head of state collectively, but this changed to the usual form of having just the president as head after the 2009 elections.
- ^ Kazakhstan only became independent in 1991.
- ^ The position of Chairman of the National Defence Commission was declared to be the highest office of state by the constitution that came into effect in 1998.
- ^ Uzbekistan only became independent in 1991.
- president of North Yemenuntil 1990.
- ^ Transnistria only declared independence in 1991.
- ^ Montenegro only became independent in 2006.
- ^ Serbia only became independent in 2006.
- ^ Kosovo only declared independence in 2008.
- ^ The seven-member Swiss Federal Council is head of state and government collectively. As a party to the Council, the president serves solely in a primus inter pares capacity for one year.
External links
- Rulers—a list of rulers throughout time and places
- WorldStatesmen—an online encyclopedia of the leaders of nations and territories