Jakarta
Jakarta | |
---|---|
Jakarta Old Town | |
Coordinates: 6°10′30″S 106°49′39″E / 6.17500°S 106.82750°E | |
Country | Indonesia |
Region | Java |
Administrative cities and regencies | |
Originated | 397 CE as Sunda Kelapa |
Founded | 22 June 1527[3] |
Established as Batavia | 30 May 1619[4] |
City status | 4 March 1621[3] |
Province status | 28 August 1961[3] |
Capital | Central Jakarta
(de facto) Jakarta Regional People's Representative Council |
Area | |
• Special Capital Region | 661.23 km2 (255.30 sq mi) |
• Urban | 1,417.14 km2 (547.16 sq mi) |
• Metro | 7,076.31 km2 (2,732.18 sq mi) |
• Rank | 38th in Indonesia |
Elevation | 8 m (26 ft) |
Population (mid 2023)[5] | |
• Special Capital Region | 11,350,328 |
• Rank | 6th in Indonesia |
• Density | 17,000/km2 (44,000/sq mi) |
• Urban | 19,078,692 |
• Urban density | 13,000/km2 (35,000/sq mi) |
• Metro | 32,594,159 |
• Metro density | 4,600/km2 (12,000/sq mi) |
Demonym | Jakartan |
Demographics | |
• Ethnic groups | List |
• Religion (2022)[8] | List |
HDI (2023) | 0.827[13] (1st) – very high |
Website | jakarta |
Jakarta (/dʒəˈkɑːrtə/; Indonesian pronunciation: [dʒaˈkarta] ⓘ, Betawi: Jakartè), officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta[14] (Indonesian: Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta, abbreviated to DKI Jakarta) and formerly known as Batavia until 1949, is the nation's capital city and the centre of the largest metropolis of Indonesia. Lying on the northwest coast of Java, the world's most populous island, Jakarta is the largest metropole in Southeast Asia, and serves as the diplomatic capital of ASEAN. Jakarta is bordered by two provinces: West Java to the south and east; and (since 2000, when it was separated from West Java) Banten to the west. Its coastline faces the Java Sea to the north, and it shares a maritime border with Lampung to the west. Jakarta's metropolitan area is ASEAN's second largest economy after Singapore.
Jakarta is the economic, cultural, and political centre of Indonesia. It possesses a province-level status and has a population of 10,679,951 as of mid-2022.[15] Although Jakarta extends over only 661.23 km2 (255.30 sq mi) and thus has the smallest area of any Indonesian province, its metropolitan area covers 9,957.08 km2 (3,844.45 sq mi), which includes the satellite cities of Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, South Tangerang, and Bekasi, and has an estimated population of 35 million as of 2022[update], making it the largest urban area in Indonesia and the second-largest in the world (after Tokyo). Jakarta ranks first among the Indonesian provinces in the human development index. Jakarta's business and employment opportunities, along with its ability to offer a potentially higher standard of living compared to other parts of the country, have attracted migrants from across the Indonesian archipelago, making it a melting pot of numerous cultures.
Jakarta is one of the
Jakarta's main challenges include rapid urban growth, ecological breakdown, gridlocked traffic, congestion, and flooding due to subsidence (sea level rise is relative, not absolute). Jakarta is sinking up to 17 cm (6.7 inches) annually, which has made the city more prone to flooding and one of the fastest-sinking capitals in the world. In response to these challenges, in August 2019, President Joko Widodo announced plans to move the capital from Jakarta to the planned city of Nusantara, in the province of East Kalimantan on the island of Borneo. The MPR approved the move on 18 January 2022.
Name
Jakarta has been home to multiple settlements. Below is the list of names used during its existence:
Sunda Kelapa (397–1527)
Jayakarta (1527–1619)
Batavia (1619–1949)
Djakarta (1942–1972)
Jakarta (1972–present)
The original name for the city was 'Sunda Kelapa' or 'Coconut of Sunda', growing to be the main harbour for the Sunda Kingdom, due to its desirable location.[16][17]
The name 'Jakarta' is derived from the word Jayakarta (
After the Dutch East India Company took over the area in 1619, they renamed it to 'Batavia', after the
During the Japanese occupation, the city was renamed as Jakaruta Tokubetsu-shi (ジャカルタ特別市, Jakarta Special City).[16][16]
After the Japanese surrender, the name was changed to 'Jakarta'.[16]
History
Precolonial era
The north coast area of western Java including Jakarta was the location of prehistoric
The first European fleet, four Portuguese ships from
Through the relationship with Prince Jayawikarta of the Banten Sultanate, Dutch ships arrived in 1596. In 1602, an English East India Company (EIC) voyage led by Sir James Lancaster arrived in Aceh and sailed on to Banten, where they were allowed to build a trading post. This site became the centre of English trade in the Indonesian archipelago until 1682.[30] Jayawikarta is thought to have made trading connections with the English merchants, who were rivals with the Dutch, by allowing them to build houses directly across from the Dutch buildings in 1615.[29]
Colonial era
When relations between Prince Jayawikarta and the Dutch deteriorated, his soldiers attacked the Dutch fortress. His army and their EIC allies, however, were defeated by the Dutch, in part owing to the timely arrival of Jan Pieterszoon Coen. The Dutch burned the EIC trading post and forced them to retreat to their ships. The victory consolidated Dutch power, and they renamed the city Batavia in 1619.
Commercial opportunities in the city attracted native and especially Chinese and Arab immigrants. This sudden population increase created burdens on the city. Tensions grew as the colonial government tried to restrict Chinese migration through deportations. Following a revolt, 5,000 Chinese were massacred by the Dutch and natives on 9 October 1740, and the following year, Chinese inhabitants were moved to Glodok outside the city walls.[31] At the beginning of the 19th century, around 400 Arabs and Moors lived in Batavia, a number that changed little during the following decades. Among the commodities traded were fabrics, mainly imported cotton, batik and clothing worn by Arab communities.[32]
The city began to expand further south as epidemics in 1835 and 1870 forced residents to move away from the port. The Koningsplein, now Merdeka Square was completed in 1818, the housing park of Menteng was started in 1913,[33] and Kebayoran Baru was the last Dutch-built residential area.[31] By 1930, Batavia had more than 500,000 inhabitants,[34] including 37,067 Europeans.[35] The city was expanded in 1935 through the annexation of the town of Meester Cornelis, modern Jatinegara.[36]
On 5 March 1942, the Japanese captured Batavia from Dutch control, and the city was named Jakarta (Jakarta Special City (ジャカルタ特別市, Jakaruta tokubetsu-shi), under the special status that was assigned to the city). After the war, the Dutch name Batavia was internationally recognised until full Indonesian independence on 27 December 1949. The city, now renamed Jakarta, was officially proclaimed the national capital of Indonesia.
Independence era
After World War II ended, Indonesian nationalists declared independence on 17 August 1945,[37] and the government of Jakarta City was changed into the Jakarta National Administration in the following month. During the Indonesian National Revolution, Indonesian Republicans withdrew from Allied-occupied Jakarta and established their capital in Yogyakarta.
After securing full independence, Jakarta again became the national capital in 1950.
In 1966, Jakarta was declared a 'special capital region' (Daerah Khusus Ibukota), with a status equivalent to that of a province.[40] Based on law No. 5 of 1974 relating to regional governments, the Jakarta Special Capital Region was confirmed as the capital of Indonesia and one of the country's then 26 provinces.[41] Lieutenant General Ali Sadikin served as governor from 1966 to 1977; he rehabilitated roads and bridges, encouraged the arts, built hospitals and a large number of schools. He cleared out slum dwellers for new development projects — some for the benefit of the Suharto family,[42]— and attempted to eliminate rickshaws and ban street vendors. He began control of migration to the city to stem overcrowding and poverty.[43] Foreign investment contributed to a real estate boom that transformed the face of Jakarta.[44] The boom ended with the 1997 Asian financial crisis, putting Jakarta at the centre of violence, protest, and political manoeuvring.
After three decades in power, support for President
During the
Between 2016 and 2017, a series of terrorist attacks rocked Jakarta with scenes of multiple suicide bombings and gunfire. In suspicion to its links, the Islamic State, the perpetrator led by Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi claimed responsibility for the attacks.
Geography
Jakarta covers 661.23 km2 (255.30 sq mi), the smallest among any
Jakarta is situated on the northwest coast of
Jakarta lies in a low and flat
These rivers, combined with the wet season rains and insufficient drainage due to clogging, make Jakarta prone to
Moreover, Jakarta is sinking about 5 to 10 cm (2.0 to 3.9 in) each year, and up to 20 cm (7.9 in) in the northern coastal areas. After a feasibility study, a ring
Environmental advocates point out that subsidence is driven by the extraction of groundwater, much of it illegal. Furthermore, the government's lack of strict regulation amplifies the issue as many recently built high-rise buildings, corporations, and factories around Jakarta opt for illegally extracting groundwater. In fact, in a recent inspection of 80 buildings in Jalan Thamrin, a busy road lined with skyscrapers and shopping malls, 56 buildings had a groundwater pump, and 33 were pumping groundwater illegally.[61] This could be halted by stopping extraction (as the city of Tokyo has done), increasing efficiency, and finding other sources for water use. Moreover, increasing regulation through higher taxes or limiting groundwater pumping has proven to help cities like Shanghai, Tokyo, and San Jose relieve their subsidence issue.[62] The rivers of Jakarta are highly polluted and currently unsuitable for drinking water.[63]
Architecture
Jakarta has architecturally significant buildings spanning distinct historical and cultural periods. Architectural styles reflect Malay, Sundanese, Javanese, Arabic, Chinese and Dutch influences.[64] External influences inform the architecture of the Betawi house. The houses were built of nangka wood (Artocarpus integrifolia) and comprised three rooms. The shape of the roof is reminiscent of the traditional Javanese joglo.[65] Additionally, the number of registered cultural heritage buildings has increased.[66]
Colonial buildings and structures include those that were constructed during the colonial period. The dominant colonial styles can be divided into three periods: the
After independence, the process of nation-building in Indonesia and demolishing the memory of colonialism was as important as the symbolic building of arterial roads, monuments, and government buildings. The
The urban construction boom continued during the 21st century. The
Landmarks
Most landmarks, monuments and statues in Jakarta were begun in the 1960s during the
The most famous landmark, which became the symbol of the city, is the 132 m-tall (433 ft) obelisk of the National Monument (Monumen Nasional or Monas) in the centre of Merdeka Square. On its southwest corner stands a Mahabharata-themed Arjuna Wijaya chariot statue and fountain. Further south through Jalan M.H. Thamrin, one of the main avenues, the Selamat Datang monument stands on the fountain in the centre of the Hotel Indonesia roundabout. Other landmarks include the Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta Cathedral and the Immanuel Church. The former Batavia Stadhuis, Sunda Kelapa port in Jakarta Old Town is another landmark. The Autograph Tower in Central Jakarta, at 382.9 metres is the tallest building in Indonesia. The most recent landmark built is the Jakarta International Stadium.
Some of the statues and monuments are nationalist, such as the West Irian Liberation Monument, the Tugu Tani, the Youth statue and the Dirgantara Monument. Some statues commemorate Indonesian national heroes, such as the Diponegoro and Kartini statues in Merdeka Square. The Sudirman and Thamrin statues are located on the streets bearing their names. There is also a statue of Sukarno and Hatta at the Proclamation Monument as well as at the entrance to Soekarno–Hatta International Airport.
Parks and lakes
In June 2011, Jakarta had only 10.5% green open spaces (Ruang Terbuka Hijau), although this grew to 13.94%. Public parks are included in public green open spaces.[72] There are about 300 integrated child-friendly public spaces (RPTRA) in the city in 2019.[73] As of 2014, 183 water reservoirs and lakes supported the greater Jakarta area.[74]
- Monas or Monumen Nasional (National Monument). Until 2000, it was the world's largest city square. The square was created by Dutch Governor-General Herman Willem Daendels (1810) and was originally named Koningsplein (King's Square). On 10 January 1993, President Soeharto started the beautification of the square. Features include a deer park and 33 trees that represent the 33 provinces of Indonesia.[75]
- Lapangan Banteng (Buffalo Field) is located in Central Jakarta near Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta Cathedral, and Jakarta Central Post Office. It covers about 4.5 hectares. Initially, it was called Waterlooplein and functioned as a ceremonial square during the colonial period. Colonial monuments and memorials erected on the square during the colonial period were demolished during the Sukarno era. The most notable monument in the square is the Monumen Pembebasan Irian Barat (Monument of the Liberation of West Irian). During the 1970s and 1980s, the park was used as a bus terminal. In 1993, the park was again turned into a public space. It became a recreation place for people and now serves as an exhibition place or for other events.[76] 'Jakarta Flona' (Flora dan Fauna), a flower and decoration plants and pet exhibition, is held in this park around August annually.
- Taman Mini Indonesia Indah (Miniature Park of Indonesia), in East Jakarta, has ten mini-parks.
- ASEAN countries, which contributes to its nickname 'Taman persahabatan seniman ASEAN' ('Park of the ASEAN artists friendship').[77]
- Persija football stadium. Situ Lembang Parkis also located nearby, which has a lake at the centre.
- Kalijodo Park is the newest park, in Penjaringan subdistrict, with 3.4 ha (8.4 acres) beside the Krendang River. It formally opened on 22 February 2017. The park is open 24 hours as a green open space (RTH) and child-friendly integrated public space (RPTRA) and has international-standard skateboard facilities.[78]
- Muara Angke Wildlife Sanctuary and Angke Kapuk Nature Tourism Park at Penjaringan in North Jakarta.[79]
- Tebet Eco Park, Puring Park, Mataram Park, Langsat Park, Ayodya Park and Martha Christina Tiahahu Literacy Park in South Jakarta.[80][81]
- Ragunan Zoo is located in Pasar Minggu, South Jakarta. It is the world's third-oldest zoo and the second-largest with the most diverse animal and plant populations.[82]
- Setu Babakan is a 32-hectare lake surrounded by Betawi cultural village, located at Jagakarsa, South Jakarta.[83]Dadap Merah Park is also found in this area.
- UI City forest is the largest Urban forest in Jakarta. It located at South Jakarta bordering with Depok, West Java.[84]
- Ancol Dreamland is the largest integrated tourism area in Southeast Asia. It is located along the bay, at Ancol in North Jakarta.
- Taman Waduk Pluit/Pluit Lake park and Putra Putri Park at Pluit, North Jakarta.[85]
- Hutan Kota by Plataran is the city park in Golden Triangle of Jakarta, it located within Gelora Bung Karno Sports Complex.[86]
Climate
Climate data for Jakarta (Kemayoran) (1991–2020 normals) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 36.9 (98.4) |
34.8 (94.6) |
36.0 (96.8) |
35.9 (96.6) |
36.1 (97.0) |
36.3 (97.3) |
35.6 (96.1) |
35.6 (96.1) |
37.1 (98.8) |
37.9 (100.2) |
37.1 (98.8) |
36.7 (98.1) |
37.9 (100.2) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 31.0 (87.8) |
30.8 (87.4) |
32.1 (89.8) |
32.8 (91.0) |
33.2 (91.8) |
32.9 (91.2) |
32.7 (90.9) |
33.0 (91.4) |
33.4 (92.1) |
33.4 (92.1) |
32.8 (91.0) |
32.0 (89.6) |
32.5 (90.5) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 27.5 (81.5) |
27.3 (81.1) |
28.0 (82.4) |
28.4 (83.1) |
28.7 (83.7) |
28.4 (83.1) |
28.2 (82.8) |
28.3 (82.9) |
28.6 (83.5) |
28.8 (83.8) |
28.4 (83.1) |
28.0 (82.4) |
28.2 (82.8) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 25.2 (77.4) |
25.2 (77.4) |
25.5 (77.9) |
25.6 (78.1) |
25.8 (78.4) |
25.5 (77.9) |
25.3 (77.5) |
25.3 (77.5) |
25.5 (77.9) |
25.6 (78.1) |
25.6 (78.1) |
25.5 (77.9) |
25.5 (77.9) |
Record low °C (°F) | 20.6 (69.1) |
20.6 (69.1) |
20.6 (69.1) |
20.6 (69.1) |
21.1 (70.0) |
19.4 (66.9) |
19.4 (66.9) |
19.4 (66.9) |
18.9 (66.0) |
20.6 (69.1) |
20.0 (68.0) |
19.4 (66.9) |
18.9 (66.0) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 373.3 (14.70) |
381.4 (15.02) |
210.4 (8.28) |
164.1 (6.46) |
103.2 (4.06) |
80.4 (3.17) |
77.7 (3.06) |
51.5 (2.03) |
61.0 (2.40) |
112.2 (4.42) |
134.8 (5.31) |
183.3 (7.22) |
1,933.3 (76.11) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 17.5 | 17.9 | 14.1 | 11.5 | 8.2 | 6.2 | 4.8 | 3.3 | 4.0 | 7.4 | 10.4 | 12.8 | 118.1 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
85 | 85 | 83 | 82 | 82 | 81 | 78 | 76 | 75 | 77 | 81 | 82 | 81 |
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[87] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Sistema de Clasificación Bioclimática Mundial[88]Danish Meteorological Institute (humidity)[89] |
Climate data for Jakarta | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Average sea temperature °C (°F) | 28.0 (82.0) |
28.0 (82.0) |
29.0 (84.0) |
30.0 (86.0) |
30.0 (86.0) |
29.0 (84.0) |
29.0 (84.0) |
29.0 (84.0) |
29.0 (84.0) |
29.0 (84.0) |
29.0 (84.0) |
29.0 (84.0) |
29.0 (84.0) |
Mean daily daylight hours | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 |
Average Ultraviolet index | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 12 |
Source: Weather Atlas[90] |
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1870 | 65,000 | — |
1875 | 99,100 | +52.5% |
1880 | 102,900 | +3.8% |
1883 | 97,000 | −5.7% |
1886 | 100,500 | +3.6% |
1890 | 105,100 | +4.6% |
1901 | 115,900 | +10.3% |
1905 | 138,600 | +19.6% |
1918 | 234,700 | +69.3% |
1920 | 253,800 | +8.1% |
1925 | 290,400 | +14.4% |
1928 | 311,000 | +7.1% |
1930 | 435,184 | +39.9% |
1940 | 530,000 | +21.8% |
1945 | 600,000 | +13.2% |
1950 | 1,800,000 | +200.0% |
1959 | 2,814,000 | +56.3% |
1960 | 2,678,740 | −4.8% |
1961 | 2,906,533 | +8.5% |
1970 | 3,915,406 | +34.7% |
1980 | 6,700,000 | +71.1% |
1985 | 7,900,000 | +17.9% |
1990 | 8,174,756 | +3.5% |
2000 | 8,389,759 | +2.6% |
2010 | 9,625,579 | +14.7% |
2020 | 10,562,088 | +9.7% |
2021 | 10,609,681 | +0.5% |
2022 | 10,679,951 | +0.7% |
Note: Census figures cover the actual and projected populations of the largest Asian urban agglomerations.[91] According to the Indonesia Central Bureau of Statistics, 23 per cent of urban residents live in poverty. With a population of 7.9 million in 1985, Jakarta accounted for 19 per cent of the total Indonesia urban population. [92] Source: [93][94] |
Jakarta attracts people from across Indonesia, often in search of employment. The 1961 census showed that 51% of the city's population was born in Jakarta.[95] Inward immigration tended to negate the effect of family planning programs.[41] Ministry of Home Affairs (Kemendagri) tabulates its own data, which has improved since ID card requirements in last decade, lists Jakarta's population at 11,261,595 in yearend 2021.
Between 1961 and 1980, the population of Jakarta doubled, and during the period 1980–1990, the city's population grew annually by 3.7%.
Ethnicity
Jakarta is pluralistic and religiously diverse, without a majority ethnic group. As of 2010, 36.17% of the city's population were
The 'Betawi' (Orang Betawi, or 'people of Batavia') are immigrant descendants of the old city who became widely recognised as an ethnic group by the mid-19th century. They mostly descend from an eclectic mix of Southeast Asians brought or attracted to meet labour needs.[105] They are thus a creole ethnic group who came from much of Indonesia. Over generations, most have intermarried with one or more ethnicities, especially people of Chinese, Arab and European descent.[106] Most Betawis lived in the fringe zones with few Betawi-majority zones of central Jakarta.[107] It is thus a conundrum for some Javanese people, especially multi-generational Jakarta residents, to identify as either Javanese or Betawi since living in a Betawi-majority district and speaking more of that creole and adapting is a matter of preference for such families.
A significant
The Sumatran residents are diverse. According to the 2020 census, roughly 361,000
Language
The Chinese in Jakarta mainly speak Indonesian and English due to a strict language ban during
The Batak in Jakarta mostly speak Indonesian, while the older generation tends to speak their native languages, such as
Religion
In 2022, Jakarta's religious composition was distributed over
Most pesantren (Islamic boarding schools) in Jakarta are affiliated with the traditionalist Nahdlatul Ulama,[115] modernist organisations mostly catering to a socioeconomic class of educated urban elites and merchant traders. They give priority to education, social welfare programs and religious propagation.[116] Many Islamic organisations have headquarters in Jakarta, including Nahdlatul Ulama, Indonesian Ulema Council, Muhammadiyah, Indonesia Institute of Islamic Dawah, and Jaringan Islam Liberal.
The
-
Istiqlal Mosque is the largest mosque in Southeast Asia
-
Immanuel's Church is a Protestant church in Jakarta, It is considered one of the oldest churches in Indonesia
-
TheCatholicchurches in Jakarta
-
Aditya Jaya Hindu temple with Balinese architecture, East Jakarta
-
TheravādaBuddhist temple in Jakarta
-
Mahāyāna Buddhist (Tridharma) temple in West Jakarta
Education
Jakarta is home to numerous educational institutions. The
Economy
Indonesia is the largest economy of
Jakarta's economy depends highly on manufacturing and service sectors such as banking, trading and financial. Industries include electronics, automotive, chemicals, mechanical engineering and biomedical sciences. The head office of
The Wealth Report 2015 by Knight Frank reported that 24 individuals in Indonesia in 2014 had wealth of at least US$1 billion and 18 live in Jakarta.[146] The cost of living continues to rise. Both land prices and rents have become expensive. Mercer's 2017 Cost of Living Survey ranked Jakarta as 88th costliest city in the world for expatriates.[147] Industrial development and the construction of new housing thrive on the outskirts, while commerce and banking remain concentrated in the city centre.[148] Jakarta has a bustling luxury property market. Knight Frank, a global real estate consultancy based in London, reported in 2014 that Jakarta offered the highest return on high-end property investment in the world in 2013, citing a supply shortage and a sharply depreciated currency as reasons.[149]
Shopping
As of 2015, with a total of 550 hectares, Jakarta had the largest
Traditional markets include
Tourism
Though Jakarta has been named the most popular location as per tag stories,[157] and ranked eighth most-posted among the cities in the world in 2017 on image-sharing site Instagram,[158] it is not a top international tourist destination. The city, however, is ranked as the fifth fastest-growing tourist destination among 132 cities according to MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index.[159]
The
In 2012, the tourism sector contributed Rp. 2.6 trillion (US$268.5 million) to the city's total direct income of Rp. 17.83 trillion (US$1.45 billion), a 17.9% increase from the previous year 2011.Culture
As the capital of Indonesia, Jakarta is a melting pot of cultures from all ethnic groups of the country. Though Betawi people are an indigenous community of Jakarta, the city's culture represents many languages and ethnic groups, supports differences regarding religion, traditions and linguistics, rather than any single and dominant culture.
Arts and festivals
The Betawi culture is distinct from those of the Sundanese or Javanese, forming a language island in the surrounding area. Betawi arts have a "low profile" in Jakarta, and most Betawi people have moved to the suburbs. The cultures of the Javanese and other Indonesian ethnic groups have a "higher profile" than that of the Betawi. There is a significant Chinese influence in Betawi culture, reflected in the popularity of Chinese cakes and sweets, firecrackers and Betawi wedding attire that demonstrates Chinese and Arab influences.
Some festivals such as the Jalan Jaksa Festival, Kemang Festival, Festival Condet and Lebaran Betawi include efforts to preserve Betawi arts by inviting artists to display performances.
Arts and culture festivals and exhibitions include the annual ARKIPEL – Jakarta International Documentary and Experimental Film Festival,
Several foreign art and culture centres in Jakarta promote culture and language through learning centres, libraries and art galleries. These include the Chinese
Cuisine
All varieties of Indonesian cuisine have a presence in Jakarta. The local cuisine is Betawi cuisine, which reflects various foreign culinary traditions. Betawi cuisine is heavily influenced by Malay-Chinese Peranakan cuisine, Sundanese and Javanese cuisine, which is also influenced by Indian, Arabic and European cuisines. One of the most popular local dishes of Betawi cuisine is Soto Betawi which is prepared from chunks of beef and offal in rich and spicy cow's milk or coconut milk broth. Other popular Betawi dishes include soto kaki, nasi uduk (mixed rice), kerak telor (spicy omelette), nasi ulam, asinan, ketoprak, rujak and gado-gado Betawi (salad in peanut sauce).
Jakarta cuisine can be found in modest street-side warung food stalls and Hawkers travelling vendors to high-end fine dining restaurants.[169] Live music venues and exclusive restaurants are abundant.[170] Many traditional foods from far-flung regions in Indonesia can be found in Jakarta. For example, traditional Padang restaurants and low-budget Warteg (Warung Tegal) food stalls are ubiquitous in the capital. Other popular street foods include nasi goreng (fried rice), sate (skewered meats), pecel lele (fried catfish), bakso (meatballs), bakpau (Chinese bun) and siomay (fish dumplings).
Trendy restaurants, cafe and bars can be found at
.Global fast-food chains are present, and usually found in
, and modern fusion food restaurants can all be found in Jakarta.Sports
Jakarta hosted the
The Senayan sports complex has several sports venues, including the Bung Karno football stadium,
The Jakarta
Jakarta's most popular home football club is
Jakarta successfully hosted the first Jakarta ePrix race of the Formula E championship in June 2022 at Ancol Circuit, North Jakarta.[197]
Media and entertainment
Jakarta is home to most of the Indonesian national newspapers, besides some local-based newspapers. Daily local newspapers in Jakarta are
Newspapers other than in Indonesian, mainly for a national and global audience, are also published daily. Examples are English-language newspapers The Jakarta Post and online-only The Jakarta Globe. Chinese language newspapers also circulate, such as Indonesia Shang Bao (印尼商报), Harian Indonesia (印尼星洲日报), and Guo Ji Ri Bao (国际日报). The only Japanese language newspaper is The Daily Jakarta Shimbun (じゃかるた新聞).
Around 75 radio stations broadcast in Jakarta, 52 on the FM band, and 23 on the AM band. Radio entities are based in Jakarta, for example, national radio networks MNC Trijaya FM, Prambors FM, Trax FM, I-Radio, Hard Rock FM, Delta FM, Global FM and the public radio RRI; as well as local stations Gen FM, Radio Elshinta and PM2FAS.
Jakarta is the headquarters for Indonesia's public television TVRI as well as private national television networks, such as Metro TV, tvOne, Kompas TV, RCTI and NET. Jakarta has local television channels such as TVRI Jakarta, JakTV, Elshinta TV and KTV. Many TV stations are analogue PAL, but some are now converting to digital signals using DVB-T2 following a government plan to digital television migration.[198]
Government and politics
Jakarta is administratively equal to a
Executive governance consists of five administrative cities (
Aside from representatives to the provincial parliament, Jakarta sends 21 delegates to the
The Jakarta Smart City (JSC) program was launched on 14 December 2014 with the goal for smart governance, smart people, smart mobility, smart economy, smart living and a smart environment in the city using the web and various smartphone-based apps.[200]
Public safety
The
The
Municipal finances
The Jakarta provincial government relies on transfers from the central government for the bulk of its income. Local (non-central government) sources of revenue are incomes from various taxes such as vehicle ownership and vehicle transfer fees, among others.[201] The ability of the regional government to respond to Jakarta's many problems is constrained by limited finances.
The provincial government consistently runs a surplus of between 15 and 20% of planned spending, primarily because of delays in procurement and other inefficiencies.[202] Regular under-spending is a matter of public comment.[203] In 2013, the budget was around Rp 50 trillion ($US5.2 billion), equivalent to around $US380 per citizen. Spending priorities were on education, transport, flood control, environment and social spending (such as health and housing).[204] Jakarta's regional budget (APBD) was Rp 77.1 trillion ($US5.92 billion), Rp 83.2 trillion ($US6.2 billion), and Rp 89 trillion ($US6.35 billion) for the year of 2017, 2018 and 2019 respectively.[205][206][207]
Administrative divisions
Jakarta consists of five Kota Administratif (Administrative cities/municipalities), each headed by a mayor, and one Kabupaten Administratif (
- Jakarta Old Town.[209]
- South Jakarta (Jakarta Selatan), originally planned as a satellite city, is now the location of upscale shopping centres and affluent residential areas. It has ten districts and functions as Jakarta's groundwater buffer,[210] but recently the green belt areas are threatened by new developments. Much of the central business district is concentrated in Kebayoran Baru, Setiabudi, a small part in Tebet, Pancoran, Mampang Prapatan, and bordering the Tanah Abang/Sudirman area of Central Jakarta. The area is known as the Jakarta Golden Triangle.
- East Jakarta (Jakarta Timur) territory is characterised by several industrial sectors.[211] Also located in East Jakarta are Taman Mini Indonesia Indah and Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport. This city has ten districts.
- Jakarta Old Town, which was the centre of VOC trade activity during the colonial era. Also located in North Jakarta is Ancol Dreamland (Taman Impian Jaya Ancol), the largest integrated tourism area in Southeast Asia.[212]North Jakarta is divided into six districts.
The only administrative regency (kabupaten) of Jakarta is the Thousand Islands (Kepulauan Seribu), formerly a district within North Jakarta. It is a collection of 105 small islands located on the Java Sea. It is of high conservation value because of its unique ecosystems. Marine tourism, such as diving, water bicycling, and windsurfing, are the primary tourist activities in this territory. The main mode of transportation between the islands is speed boats or small ferries.[213]
Name of City or Regency |
Area in km2 |
Pop'n 2010 census[214] |
Pop'n 2020 census[215] |
Pop'n mid 2022 estimate[15] |
Pop'n density (per km2) in mid 2022 |
HDI [216] 2021 estimates |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
South Jakarta | 144.94 | 2,062,232 | 2,226,812 | 2,244,623 | 15,487 | 0.849 (Very High) |
East Jakarta | 185.54 | 2,693,896 | 3,037,139 | 3,083,883 | 16,621 | 0.829 (Very High) |
Central Jakarta | 47.56 | 902,973 | 1,056,896 | 1,079,995 | 22,708 | 0.815 (Very High) |
West Jakarta | 124.97 | 2,281,945 | 2,434,511 | 2,448,975 | 19,597 | 0.817 (Very High) |
North Jakarta | 147.46 | 1,645,659 | 1,778,981 | 1,793,550 | 12,162 | 0.805 (Very High) |
Thousand Islands | 10.73 | 21,082 | 27,749 | 28,925 | 2,696 | 0.721 (High) |
Infrastructure
To transform the city into a more livable one, a ten-year urban regeneration project was undertaken, for Rp 571 trillion ($40.5 billion). The project aimed to develop infrastructure, including the creation of a better integrated public transit system and the improvement of the city's clean water and wastewater systems, housing and flood control systems.[217]
Transportation
As a metropolitan area of about 30 million people, Jakarta has a variety of transport systems.[219] Jakarta was awarded 2021 global Sustainable Transport Award (STA) for integrated public transportation system.[220]
The city prioritized development of road networks, which were mostly designed to accommodate private vehicles.
There are many bus terminals in the city, from where buses operate on numerous routes to connect neighborhoods within the city limit, to other areas of
As of September 2023, Jakarta's public transport service coverage has reached 86 percent, which is targeted to Increase to 95 percent. Rapid transit in
Privately owned bus systems like
The city administration has undertaken a project to build about 500 kilometers of bicycle lanes. As of June 2021, Jakarta already has 63 kilometers of bicycle lanes, and another 101 kilometers will be added by the end of the year 2021.[225][226]
Jakarta is part of the Maritime Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast via the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean and there to the Upper Adriatic region.[228][229][230]
Healthcare
Jakarta has many of the country's best-equipped private and public
Government-run hospitals are of a good standard but are often overcrowded. Government-run specialised hospitals include Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Gatot Soebroto Army Hospital, as well as community hospitals and puskesmas. Other options for healthcare services include private hospitals and clinics. The private healthcare sector has seen significant changes, since the government began allowing foreign investment in the private sector in 2010. While some private facilities are run by nonprofit or religious organisations, most are for-profit. Hospital chains such as Siloam, Pondok Indah Hospital Group, Mayapada, Mitra Keluarga, Medika, Medistra, Ciputra, Radjak Hospital Group, RS Bunda Group, and Hermina operate in the city.[236][237][238]
Water supply
Two private companies, PALYJA and Aetra, provide piped water in the western and eastern half of Jakarta respectively under 25-year concession contracts signed in 1998. A public asset holding company called PAM Jaya owns the infrastructure. Eighty per cent of the water distributed in Jakarta comes through the West Tarum Canal system from Jatiluhur reservoir on the
According to PALYJA, the service coverage ratio increased substantially from 34% (1998) to 65% (2010) in the western half of the concession.
International relations
International organisations
Jakarta hosts foreign
Jakarta is a member of the Asian Network of Major Cities 21, C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group and ASEAN Smart Cities Network.
Twin towns – sister cities
Jakarta signed sister city agreements with other cities, including Casablanca. To promote friendship between the two cities, the main avenue famous for its shopping and business centres was named after Jakarta's Moroccan sister city. No street in Casablanca is named after Jakarta. However, the Moroccan capital city of Rabat has an avenue named after Sukarno, Indonesia's first president, to commemorate his visit in 1960 and as a token of friendship.[245]
Jakarta's sister cities are:[246]
- Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei
- Bangkok, Thailand
- Beijing, China
- Berlin, Germany
- Casablanca, Morocco
- East Jerusalem, Palestine
- Hanoi, Vietnam
- Islamabad, Pakistan
- Istanbul, Turkey
- Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Kyiv, Ukraine
- Los Angeles, United States
- Manila, Philippines
- Maputo, Mozambique
- Moscow, Russia
- Mumbai, India
- New York, United States
- Pyongyang, North Korea
- Seoul, South Korea
- Shanghai, China
- Tokyo, Japan
Cooperation and friendship
Jakarta has established a partnership with Rotterdam, especially on integrated urban water management, including capacity-building and knowledge exchange.[247] This cooperation is mainly because both cities are dealing with similar problems; they lie in low-lying flat plains and are prone to flooding. Additionally, they have both implemented drainage systems involving canals, dams, and pumps vital for both cities for below-sea-level areas.
In addition to its sister cities, Jakarta cooperates with:[246]
- Arkansas, United States
- Budapest, Hungary
- New South Wales, Australia
- Paris, France
- Rotterdam, Netherlands
Notable people
See also
- Greater Jakarta
- Betawi people
- Climate change in Indonesia
- Geology of Indonesia
- Java
- List of tallest buildings in Jakarta
- Outline of Jakarta
- Transport in Jakarta
Notes
- ^ Collaboration with the "Plus Jakarta" Wordmark.[2]
- ^ Jakarta is a city with province-level Special Capital Region comprising five Kota Administrasi (administrative cities/municipalities) and one Kabupaten Administrasi (administrative regency). It has no de jure capital, but many governmental buildings are located at Central Jakarta.
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Further reading
- Ring, Trudy (1994). Schellinger, Paul E.; Salkin, Robert M. (eds.). International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania. Vol. 5. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. ISBN 1-884964-05-2.
External links
- Official website
- Jakarta (official travel website)
- Geographic data related to Jakarta at OpenStreetMap