Poland
Republic of Poland Rzeczpospolita Polska (Polish) | |
---|---|
Anthem: Mazurek Dąbrowskiego " | |
Religion (2021[3] ) |
|
Demonym(s) |
|
Government | Unitary parliamentary republic |
Andrzej Duda | |
Donald Tusk | |
Legislature | Parliament |
Senate | |
Sejm | |
Formation | |
c. 960 | |
14 April 966 | |
18 April 1025 | |
1 July 1569 | |
24 October 1795 | |
11 November 1918 | |
17 September 1939 | |
22 July 1944 | |
31 December 1989[6] | |
Area | |
• Total | 312,696 km2 (120,733 sq mi)[7][8] (69th) |
• Water (%) | 1.48 (2015)[9] |
Population | |
• 2022 census | 38,036,118[10] (38th) |
• Density | 122/km2 (316.0/sq mi) (75th) |
GDP (PPP) | 2024 estimate |
• Total | $1.801 trillion[11] (20th) |
• Per capita | $49,060[11] (39th) |
GDP (nominal) | 2024 estimate |
• Total | $844.623 billion[11] (21st) |
• Per capita | $23,014[11] (45th) |
Gini (2020) | 27.2[12] low |
HDI (2022) | 0.881[13] very high (36th) |
Currency | Złoty (PLN) |
Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
Date format | dd.mm.yyyy (CE) |
Driving side | right |
Calling code | +48 |
ISO 3166 code | PL |
Internet TLD | .pl [a] |
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Poland,[c] officially the Republic of Poland,[d] is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative voivodeship provinces, covering an area of 312,696 km2 (120,733 sq mi).[14] Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populous member state of the European Union. Warsaw is the nation's capital and largest metropolis. Other major cities include Kraków, Wrocław, Łódź, Poznań, and Gdańsk.
Poland has a
Prehistoric human activity on Polish soil dates to the Lower Paleolithic, with continuous settlement since the end of the Last Glacial Period. Culturally diverse throughout late antiquity, in the early medieval period the region became inhabited by the tribal Polans, who gave Poland its name. The process of establishing proper statehood, which began in 966, coincided with the conversion of a pagan ruler of the Polans to Christianity, under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Church. The Kingdom of Poland emerged in 1025, and in 1569 cemented its long-standing association with Lithuania, thus forming the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. At the time, the Commonwealth was one of the great powers of Europe, with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe's first modern constitution in 1791.
With the passing of the prosperous Polish Golden Age, the country was partitioned by neighbouring states at the end of the 18th century. Poland regained its independence in 1918 as the Second Polish Republic and successfully defended it in the Polish–Soviet War from 1919 to 1921. In September 1939, the invasion of Poland by Germany and the Soviet Union marked the beginning of World War II, which resulted in the Holocaust and millions of Polish casualties. Forced into the Eastern Bloc in the global Cold War, the Polish People's Republic was a founding signatory of the Warsaw Pact. Through the emergence and contributions of the Solidarity movement, the communist government was dissolved and Poland re-established itself as a democratic state in 1989.
Poland is a parliamentary republic, with its bicameral legislature comprising the Sejm and the Senate. It is a developed market and a high-income economy. Considered a middle power, Poland has the sixth-largest economy in the European Union by GDP (nominal) and the fifth-largest by GDP (PPP). It provides a very high standard of living, safety, and economic freedom, as well as free university education and a universal health care system. The country has 17 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, 15 of which are cultural. Poland is a founding member state of the United Nations, as well as a member of the World Trade Organization, OECD, NATO, and the European Union (including the Schengen Area).
Etymology
The native
The country's alternative archaic name is
History
Prehistory and protohistory
The first
The period spanning the
Throughout
Kingdom of Poland
Poland began to form into a recognisable unitary and territorial entity around the middle of the 10th century under the
In 1000, at the Congress of Gniezno, Bolesław obtained the right of investiture from Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor, who assented to the creation of additional bishoprics and an archdioceses in Gniezno.[40] Three new dioceses were subsequently established in Kraków, Kołobrzeg, and Wrocław.[42] Also, Otto bestowed upon Bolesław royal regalia and a replica of the Holy Lance, which were later used at his coronation as the first King of Poland in c. 1025, when Bolesław received permission for his coronation from Pope John XIX.[43][44] Bolesław also expanded the realm considerably by seizing parts of German Lusatia, Czech Moravia, Upper Hungary and southwestern regions of the Kievan Rus'.[45]
The transition from
In the first half of the 13th century,
In 1320,
In 1386, Jadwiga of Poland entered a marriage of convenience with
In the Baltic Sea region, the struggle of Poland and Lithuania with the
Poland was developing as a
The 16th century saw
The European Renaissance evoked under Sigismund I the Old and Sigismund II Augustus a sense of urgency in the need to promote a cultural awakening.[22] During the Polish Golden Age, the nation's economy and culture flourished.[22] The Italian-born Bona Sforza, daughter of the Duke of Milan and queen consort to Sigismund I, made considerable contributions to architecture, cuisine, language and court customs at Wawel Castle.[22]
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
The
In 1573,
In 1609, Sigismund
Sigismund's long reign in Poland coincided with the
Partitions
The
In 1772, the
In 1791,
Era of insurrections
The Polish people rose several times against the partitioners and occupying armies. An unsuccessful attempt at defending Poland's sovereignty took place in the 1794 Kościuszko Uprising, where a popular and distinguished general Tadeusz Kościuszko, who had several years earlier served under George Washington in the American Revolutionary War, led Polish insurgents.[105] Despite the victory at the Battle of Racławice, his ultimate defeat ended Poland's independent existence for 123 years.[106]
In 1806, an
In 1830,
Second Polish Republic
In the aftermath of
The Second Polish Republic reaffirmed its sovereignty after a series of military conflicts, most notably the Polish–Soviet War, when Poland inflicted a crushing defeat on the Red Army at the Battle of Warsaw.[117]
The inter-war period heralded a new era of Polish politics. Whilst Polish political activists had faced heavy censorship in the decades up until
In 1926, the
World War II
World War II began with the
Poland made the fourth-largest troop contribution in Europe,
The
Nazi German forces under orders from
In 1945, Poland's borders
Post-war communism
At the insistence of
Despite widespread objections, the new Polish government accepted the Soviet annexation of the pre-war eastern regions of Poland
The new communist government took control with the adoption of the
Labour turmoil in 1980 led to the formation of the independent trade union "Solidarity" ("Solidarność"), which over time became a political force. Despite persecution and imposition of martial law in 1981 by General Wojciech Jaruzelski, it eroded the dominance of the Polish United Workers' Party and by 1989 had triumphed in Poland's first partially free and democratic parliamentary elections since the end of the Second World War. Lech Wałęsa, a Solidarity candidate, eventually won the presidency in 1990. The Solidarity movement heralded the collapse of communist regimes and parties across Europe.[155]
Third Polish Republic
A
Poland joined the
In 2011, the ruling
Geography
Poland covers an administrative area of 312,722 km2 (120,743 sq mi), and is the
The country has a coastline spanning 770 km (480 mi); extending from the shores of the Baltic Sea, along the
The mountainous belt in the extreme south of Poland is divided into two major
Poland's
Climate
The climate of Poland is
There is a considerable fluctuation in day-to-day weather and the arrival of a particular season can differ each year.[183] Climate change and other factors have further contributed to interannual thermal anomalies and increased temperatures; the average annual air temperature between 2011 and 2020 was 9.33 °C (48.8 °F), around 1.11 °C higher than in the 2001–2010 period.[185] Winters are also becoming increasingly drier, with less sleet and snowfall.[183]
Biodiversity
The
Around 315,100 hectares (1,217 sq mi), equivalent to 1% of Poland's territory, is protected within 23
Government and politics
Poland is a
Poland's
With the exception of ethnic minority parties, only candidates of political parties receiving at least 5% of the total national vote can enter the Sejm.[199] Both the lower and upper houses of parliament in Poland are elected for a four-year term and each member of the Polish parliament is guaranteed parliamentary immunity.[201] Under current legislation, a person must be 21 years of age or over to assume the position of deputy, 30 or over to become senator and 35 to run in a presidential election.[201]
Members of the Sejm and Senate jointly form the
Administrative divisions
Poland is divided into 16 provinces or states known as voivodeships.[203] As of 2022, the voivodeships are subdivided into 380 counties (powiats), which are further fragmented into 2,477 municipalities (gminas).[203] Major cities normally have the status of both gmina and powiat.[203] The provinces are largely founded on the borders of historic regions, or named for individual cities.[204] Administrative authority at the voivodeship level is shared between a government-appointed governor (voivode), an elected regional assembly (sejmik) and a voivodeship marshal, an executive elected by the assembly.[204]
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Law
The
The
Poland has a low
Historically, the most significant Polish legal act is the
Foreign relations
Poland is a
In recent years, Poland significantly strengthened its relations with the United States, thus becoming one of its closest allies and strategic partners in Europe.[222] Historically, Poland maintained strong cultural and political ties to Hungary; this special relationship was recognised by the parliaments of both countries in 2007 with the joint declaration of 23 March as "The Day of Polish-Hungarian Friendship".[223]
Military
The Polish Armed Forces are composed of five branches – the
Poland is spending 2% of its GDP on defence, equivalent to approximately US$14.5 billion in 2022, with a slated increase to US$29 billion in 2023.
Compulsory
Security, law enforcement and emergency services
Thanks to its location, Poland is a country essentially free from the threat of natural disasters such as
Law enforcement in Poland is performed by several agencies which are subordinate to the
The
Emergency services in Poland consist of the emergency medical services, search and rescue units of the Polish Armed Forces and State Fire Service. Emergency medical services in Poland are operated by local and regional governments,[241] but are a part of the centralised national agency – the National Medical Emergency Service (Państwowe Ratownictwo Medyczne).[242]
Economy
GDP (PPP) | $1.801 trillion (2024)[11] |
---|---|
Nominal GDP | $844.6 billion (2024)[11] |
Real GDP growth | 5.3% (2022)[243] |
CPI inflation | 14.4% (2022)[244] |
Employment-to-population ratio | 57% (2022)[245] |
Unemployment | 2.8% (2023)[246] |
Total public debt
|
$340 billion (2022)[247] |
As of 2023[update], Poland's economy and gross domestic product (GDP) is the sixth largest in the European Union by nominal standards and the fifth largest by purchasing power parity. It is also one of the fastest growing within the Union and reached a developed market status in 2018.[248] The unemployment rate published by Eurostat in 2023 amounted to 2.8%, which was the second-lowest in the EU.[246] As of 2023[update], around 62% of the employed population works in the service sector, 29% in manufacturing, and 8% in the agricultural sector.[249] Although Poland is a member of the European single market, the country has not adopted the Euro as legal tender and maintains its own currency – the Polish złoty (zł, PLN).
Poland is the regional economic leader in Central Europe, with nearly 40 per cent of the 500 biggest companies in the region (by revenues) as well as a
Poland has the largest banking sector in Central Europe,[252] with 32.3 branches per 100,000 adults.[253] It was the only European economy to have avoided the recession of 2008.[254] The country is the 20th largest exporter of goods and services in the world.[255] Exports of goods and services are valued at approximately 56% of GDP, as of 2020.[256] In 2019, Poland passed a law that would exempt workers under the age of 26 from income tax.[257]
Tourism
Poland experienced a significant increase in the number of tourists after joining the European Union in 2004.[258][259] With over 21 million international arrivals in 2019, tourism contributes considerably to the overall economy and makes up a relatively large proportion of the country's service market.[260]
Tourist attractions in Poland vary, from the mountains in the south to the sandy beaches in the north, with a trail of nearly every architectural style. The most visited city is
Poland has a 770 km long coastline of the southern Baltic Sea with many wide sandy beaches, which are frequently visited by tourists in the summer season.
Other tourist destinations include the
Transport
Transport in Poland is provided by means of rail, road, marine shipping and air travel. The country is part of EU's Schengen Area and is an important transport hub due to its strategic geographical position in Central Europe.[265] Some of the longest European routes, including the E30 and E40, run through Poland. The country has a good network of highways comprising express roads and motorways. As of August 2023, Poland has the world's 21st-largest road network, maintaining over 5,000 km (3,100 mi) of highways in use.[266]
In 2022, the nation had 19,393 kilometres (12,050 mi) of railway track, the third longest in the European Union after Germany and France.[267] The Polish State Railways (PKP) is the dominant railway operator, with certain major voivodeships or urban areas possessing their own commuter and regional rail.[268] Poland has a number of international airports, the largest of which is Warsaw Chopin Airport.[269] It is the primary global hub for LOT Polish Airlines, the country's flag carrier.[270]
Seaports exist all along Poland's Baltic coast, with most freight operations using Świnoujście, Police, Szczecin, Kołobrzeg, Gdynia, Gdańsk and Elbląg as their base. The Port of Gdańsk is the only port in the Baltic Sea adapted to receive oceanic vessels. Polferries and Unity Line are the largest Polish ferry operators, with the latter providing roll-on/roll-off and train ferry services to Scandinavia.[271]
Energy
The electricity generation sector in Poland is largely fossil-fuel–based. Coal production in Poland is a major source of employment and the largest source of the nation's greenhouse gas emissions.[272] Many power plants nationwide use Poland's position as a major European exporter of coal to their advantage by continuing to use coal as the primary raw material in the production of their energy. The three largest Polish coal mining firms (Węglokoks, Kompania Węglowa and JSW) extract around 100 million tonnes of coal annually.[273] After coal, Polish energy supply relies significantly on oil—the nation is the third-largest buyer of Russian oil exports to the EU.[274]
The new Energy Policy of Poland until 2040 (EPP2040) would reduce the share of coal and lignite in electricity generation by 25% from 2017 to 2030. The plan involves deploying new nuclear plants, increasing energy efficiency, and decarbonising the Polish transport system in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and prioritise long-term energy security.[272][275]
Science and technology
Over the course of history, the Polish people have made considerable contributions in the fields of science, technology and mathematics.[277] Perhaps the most renowned Pole to support this theory was Nicolaus Copernicus (Mikołaj Kopernik), who triggered the Copernican Revolution by placing the Sun rather than the Earth at the center of the universe.[278] He also derived a quantity theory of money, which made him a pioneer of economics. Copernicus' achievements and discoveries are considered the basis of Polish culture and cultural identity.[279] Poland was ranked 41st in the Global Innovation Index in 2023.[280]
Poland's tertiary education institutions; traditional
In the first half of the 20th century, Poland was a flourishing centre of mathematics. Outstanding Polish mathematicians formed the
Demographics
Poland has a population of approximately 38.2 million as of 2021, and is the
Around 60% of the country's population lives in urban areas or major cities and 40% in rural zones.
In the
Rank | Name
|
Voivodeship | Pop. | Rank | Name
|
Voivodeship | Pop. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Warsaw Kraków |
1 | Warsaw | Masovian | 1,860,281 | 11 | Katowice | Silesian | 285,711 | Wrocław Łódź |
2 | Kraków | Lesser Poland | 800,653 | 12 | Gdynia | Pomeranian | 245,222 | ||
3 | Wrocław | Lower Silesian | 672,929 | 13 | Częstochowa | Silesian | 213,107 | ||
4 | Łódź | Łódź | 670,642 | 14 | Radom | Masovian | 201,601 | ||
5 | Poznań | Greater Poland | 546,859 | 15 | Toruń | Kuyavian-Pomeranian |
198,273 | ||
6 | Gdańsk | Pomeranian | 486,022 | 16 | Rzeszów | Subcarpathian | 195,871 | ||
7 | Szczecin | West Pomeranian | 396,168 | 17 | Sosnowiec | Silesian | 193,660 | ||
8 | Bydgoszcz | Kuyavian-Pomeranian |
337,666 | 18 | Kielce | Świętokrzyskie | 186,894 | ||
9 | Lublin | Lublin | 334,681 | 19 | Gliwice | Silesian | 174,016 | ||
10 | Białystok | Podlaskie | 294,242 | 20 | Olsztyn | Warmian-Masurian |
170,225 |
Languages
Religion
According to the 2021 census, 71.3% of all Polish citizens adhere to the
Poland is one of the most religious countries in Europe, where Roman Catholicism remains a part of national identity and Polish-born Pope John Paul II is widely revered.[307][308] In 2015, 61.6% of respondents outlined that religion is of high or very high importance.[309] However, church attendance has greatly decreased in recent years; only 28% of Catholics attended mass weekly in 2021, down from around half in 2000.[310] According to The Wall Street Journal, "Of [the] more than 100 countries studied by the Pew Research Center in 2018, Poland was secularizing the fastest, as measured by the disparity between the religiosity of young people and their elders."[307]
Freedom of religion in Poland is guaranteed by the Constitution, and Poland's
Contemporary religious minorities include
Pilgrimages to the Jasna Góra Monastery, a shrine dedicated to the Black Madonna, take place annually.[315]
Health
Medical service providers and
According to the
Education
The Jagiellonian University founded in 1364 by Casimir III in Kraków was the first institution of higher learning established in Poland, and is one of the oldest universities still in continuous operation.[323] Poland's Commission of National Education (Komisja Edukacji Narodowej), established in 1773, was the world's first state ministry of education.[324][325]
The framework for primary, secondary and higher tertiary education are established by the Ministry of Education and Science. Kindergarten attendance is optional for children aged between three and five, with one year being compulsory for six-year-olds.[326][327] Primary education traditionally begins at the age of seven, although children aged six can attend at the request of their parents or guardians.[327] Elementary school spans eight grades and secondary schooling is dependent on student preference – a four-year high school (liceum), a five-year technical school (technikum) or various vocational studies (szkoła branżowa) can be pursued by each individual pupil.[327] A liceum or technikum is concluded with a maturity exit exam (matura), which must be passed in order to apply for a university or other institutions of higher learning.[328]
In Poland, there are over 500 university-level institutions,
Culture
The culture of Poland is closely connected with its intricate 1,000-year
Holidays and traditions
There are 13 government-approved annual public holidays – New Year on 1 January,
Particular traditions and superstitious customs observed in Poland are not found elsewhere in Europe. Though Christmas Eve (
A widely-popular
Music
Artists from Poland, including famous musicians such as
The origins of Polish music can be traced to the 13th century; manuscripts have been found in
In the 17th and 18th centuries, Polish baroque composers wrote liturgical music and secular compositions such as concertos and sonatas for voices or instruments. At the end of the 18th century, Polish classical music evolved into national forms like the polonaise. Wojciech Bogusławski is accredited with composing the first Polish national opera, titled Krakowiacy i Górale, which premiered in 1794.[349]
Poland today has an active music scene, with the jazz and metal genres being particularly popular among the contemporary populace. Polish jazz musicians such as
Art
Art in Poland has invariably reflected
Internationally renowned Polish artists include
Notable art academies in Poland include the
Architecture
The
The earliest architectonic trend was
Primary building materials comprising
Literature
The
The poets
Contemporary Polish literature is versatile, with its fantasy genre having been particularly praised.
Cuisine
The cuisine of Poland is eclectic and shares similarities with other regional cuisines. Among the staple or regional dishes are
Traditional dishes are hearty and abundant in pork, potatoes, eggs, cream, mushrooms, regional herbs, and sauce.
Traditional alcoholic beverages include honey mead, widespread since the 13th century, beer, wine and vodka.[393] The world's first written mention of vodka originates from Poland.[394] The most popular alcoholic drinks at present are beer and wine which took over from vodka more popular in the years 1980–1998.[395] Grodziskie, sometimes referred to as "Polish Champagne", is an example of a historical beer style from Poland.[396] Tea remains common in Polish society since the 19th century, whilst coffee is drunk widely since the 18th century.[397]
Fashion and design
Several Polish designers and stylists left a legacy of beauty inventions and cosmetics; including
Historically, fashion has been an important aspect of Poland's national consciousness or
Cinema
The
The
Media
According to the
Poland is a major European hub for video game developers and among the most successful companies are CD Projekt, Techland, The Farm 51, CI Games and People Can Fly.[411] Some of the popular video games developed in Poland include The Witcher trilogy and Cyberpunk 2077.[411] The Polish city of Katowice also hosts Intel Extreme Masters, one of the biggest esports events in the world.[411]
Sports
As of August 2023, the
Poland has made a distinctive mark
In the 21st century, the country has seen a growth of popularity of tennis and produced a number of successful tennis players including World No. 1
Poles made significant achievements in mountaineering, in particular, in the Himalayas and the winter ascending of the eight-thousanders. Polish mountains are one of the tourist attractions of the country. Hiking, climbing, skiing and mountain biking and attract numerous tourists every year from all over the world.[262] Water sports are the most popular summer recreation activities, with ample locations for fishing, canoeing, kayaking, sailing and windsurfing especially in the northern regions of the country.[422]
See also
Notes
- ^ "The dukes (dux) were originally the commanders of an armed retinue (drużyna) with which they broke the authority of the chieftains of the clans, thus transforming the original tribal organization into a territorial unit."[4]
- ^ "Mieszko accepted Roman Catholicism via Bohemia in 966. A missionary bishopric directly dependent on the papacy was established in Poznań. This was the true beginning of Polish history, for Christianity was a carrier of Western civilization with which Poland was henceforth associated."[5]
- ^ Polish: Polska [ˈpɔlska] ⓘ
- ^ Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska [ʐɛt͡ʂpɔsˈpɔlita ˈpɔlska] ⓘ
- ^ Poland borders the Kaliningrad Oblast, an exclave of Russia.
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{{cite journal}}
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External links
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- Poland at Curlie
- Wikimedia Atlas of Poland
- Geographic data related to Poland at OpenStreetMap