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This page is about the country. For other uses, see Germany (disambiguation) and Deutschland (disambiguation).
"Federal Republic of Germany" redirects here. For 1949-1990, see West Germany.

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Federal Republic of Germany
Bundesrepublik Deutschland[a]
Anthem: 
President of the Federal Constitutional Court
Andreas Voßkuhle
Legislature
• 
Bundesrat
• Lower house
Bundestag
Formation
2 February 962
8 June 1815
18 January 1871
11 August 1919
23 May 1949
1 January 1958
3 October 1990
Area
• Total
357,168 km2 (137,903 sq mi) (63rd)
Population
• 2015 estimate
81,459,000[2] (16th)
• Density
227/km2 (587.9/sq mi) (58th)
GDP (PPP)2015 estimate
• Total
$3.842 trillion[3] (5th)
• Per capita
$47,033[3] (20th)
GDP (nominal)2015 estimate
• Total
$3.371 trillion[3] (4th)
• Per capita
$41,267[3] (20th)
Gini (2014)Negative increase 30.7[4]
medium
HDI (2014)Increase 0.916[5]
very high (6th)
CurrencyEuro (€) (EUR)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)
UTC+2 (CEST)
Driving sideright
Calling code49
ISO 3166 codeDE
Internet TLD.de and .eu

Germany (/ˈdʒɜːrməni/; German: Deutschland [ˈdɔʏtʃlant]), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, listenⓘ),[e][6] is a federal parliamentary republic in West-Central Europe. It includes 16 constituent states and covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres (137,847 sq mi) with a largely temperate seasonal climate. Its capital and largest city is Berlin. With about 81.5 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state in the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular migration destination in the world.[7]

Various

Protestant Reformation
.

The rise of

The establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and systematic genocide. After 1945, Germany split into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990, the country was reunified.[9]

In the 21st century, Germany is a

social security and universal health care system, environmental protection and a tuition-free university education.[10]

Germany was a founding member of the European Union in 1993. It is part of the

OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world. Known for its rich cultural history, Germany has been continuously the home of influential artists, philosophers, musicians, sportsmen, entrepreneurs, scientists and inventors
.

Etymology

Further information: Names of Germany

The English word Germany derives from the Latin

Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz "popular" (see also the Latinised form Theodiscus), derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- "people".[12]

History

Main article: History of Germany
Nebra sky disk
is dated to c. 1600 BC.

The discovery of the

European Bronze Age attributed to a site near Nebra, Saxony-Anhalt. It is part of UNESCO's Memory of the World Register.[18]

Germanic tribes and Frankish Empire

Main articles: Germania and Migration Period
Migrations in Europe (100–500 AD)

The

Hessen and the western Rhineland, however, were Roman provinces.[20]

In the 3rd century a number of large West Germanic tribes emerged:

Merovingian period as Austrasia) were occupied by the Franks, and Northern Germany was ruled by the Saxons and Slavs.[20]

Holy Roman Empire

Main article: Holy Roman Empire
Protestant Reformation
.

For 900 years, the history of Germany was intertwined with the history of the

Eider River in the north to the Mediterranean coast in the south.[23]

The

Salian emperors (1024–1125), although the emperors lost power through the Investiture Controversy.[24]

In the 12th century, under the

Hohenstaufen emperors (1138–1254), German princes increased their influence further south and east into territories inhabited by Slavs; they encouraged German settlement in these areas, called the eastern settlement movement (Ostsiedlung). Members of the Hanseatic League, which included mostly north German cities and towns, prospered in the expansion of trade.[25] In the south, the Greater Ravensburg Trade Corporation (Große Ravensburger Handelsgesellschaft) served a similar function. The edict of the Golden Bull issued in 1356 by Emperor Charles IV provided the basic constitutional structure of the Empire and codified the election of the emperor by seven prince-electors who ruled some of the most powerful principalities and archbishoprics.[26]

Population declined in the first half of the 14th century, starting with the

Scientific revolution, and laid the material basis for the modern knowledge-based economy and the spread of learning to the masses.[28]

The Holy Roman Empire in 1648, after the Peace of Westphalia which ended the Thirty Years' War

In 1517, the

Reformed faith was still considered a heresy and the principle did not address the possible conversion of an ecclesiastic ruler, such as happened in Electorate of Cologne in 1583. From the Cologne War until the end of the Thirty Years' Wars (1618–1648), religious conflict devastated German lands.[29] The latter reduced the overall population of the German states by about 30 percent, and in some places, up to 80 percent.[30] The Peace of Westphalia ended religious warfare among the German states.[29] German rulers were able to choose either Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism or the Reformed faith as their official religion after 1648.[31]

In the 18th century, the Holy Roman Empire consisted of approximately 1,800

Free Imperial Cities were annexed by dynastic territories; the ecclesiastical territories were secularized and annexed. In 1806 the Imperium was dissolved; German states, particularly the Rhineland states, fell under the influence of France. Until 1815, France, Russia, Prussia and the Habsburgs competed for hegemony in the German states during the Napoleonic Wars.[33]

German Confederation and Empire

Main articles: German Confederation and German Empire

Following the fall of

Revolutions of 1848 in the German states. King Frederick William IV of Prussia was offered the title of Emperor, but with a loss of power; he rejected the crown and the proposed constitution, leading to a temporary setback for the movement.[35]

Foundation of the German Empire in Versailles, 1871. Bismarck is at the center in a white uniform.

King William I appointed Otto von Bismarck as the new Minister President of Prussia in 1862. Bismarck successfully concluded war on Denmark in 1864, which promoted German over Danish interests in the Jutland peninsula. The subsequent (and decisive) Prussian victory in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 enabled him to create the North German Confederation (Norddeutscher Bund) which excluded Austria from the federation's affairs. After the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, the German princes proclaimed the founding of the German Empire in 1871 at Versailles, uniting all scattered parts of Germany except Austria. Prussia was the dominant constituent state of the new empire; the Hohenzollern King of Prussia ruled as its concurrent Emperor, and Berlin became its capital.[35]

The German Empire (1871–1918), with the Kingdom of Prussia in blue

In the [

Wilhelm II, however, Germany, like other European powers, took an imperialistic course, leading to friction with neighbouring countries. Most alliances in which Germany had previously been involved were not renewed. This resulted in creation of a dual alliance with the multinational realm of Austria-Hungary, promoting at least benevolent neutrality if not outright military support. Subsequently, the Triple Alliance of 1882 included Italy, completing a Central European geographic alliance that illustrated German, Austrian and Italian fears of incursions against them by France and/or Russia. Similarly, Britain, France and Russia also concluded alliances that would protect them against Habsburg interference with Russian interests in the Balkans or German interference against France.[37]

The

general armistice ended the fighting on 11 November, and German troops returned home. In the German Revolution (November 1918), Emperor Wilhelm II and all German ruling princes abdicated their positions and responsibilities. Germany's new political leadership signed the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. In this treaty, Germany, as part of the Central Powers, accepted defeat by the Allies in one of the bloodiest conflicts of all time. Germans perceived the treaty as humiliating and unjust and it was later seen by historians as influential in the rise of Adolf Hitler.[39][40][41]

Weimar Republic and Nazi era

Main articles: Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany

Germany was declared a

federal election of 1930, Chancellor Heinrich Brüning's government was enabled by President Paul von Hindenburg to act without parliamentary approval. Brüning's government pursued a policy of fiscal austerity and deflation which caused high unemployment of nearly 30% by 1932.[45]

Hitler, leader of Nazi Germany (1933–1945)

The

withdrew from the League of Nations following a national referendum, and began military rearmament.[49]

Using deficit spending, a government-sponsored program for economic renewal focused on public works projects. In public work projects of 1934, 1.7 million Germans immediately were put to work, which gave them an income and social benefits.

hydroelectric facilities as the Rur Dam, such water supplies as Zillierbach Dam, and such transportation hubs as Zwickau Hauptbahnhof.[52] Over the next five years, unemployment plummeted and average wages both per hour and per week rose.[53]

In 1935, the regime withdrew from the Treaty of Versailles and introduced the

Stalin and, in late 1939, Germany and the Soviets invaded Poland. The United Kingdom and France then declared war on Germany, but not the Soviet Union,[55] marking the beginning of World War II.[56]

In the spring of 1940, Germany

invasion of Italy in 1943, German forces suffered repeated military defeats.[56] In June 1944 the Western allies invaded France and the Soviets reconquered much of Eastern Europe. By late 1944 the Western allies had entered Germany despite one final German counter offensive in the Ardennes Forest. Following Hitler's suicide during the Battle of Berlin, German armed forces surrendered on 8 May 1945, ending World War II in Europe.[57]

In what later became known as

expulsion of circa 12 million of ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe. Germany ceded roughly one-quarter of its pre-war territory.[9] Strategic bombing and land warfare destroyed many cities and cultural heritage sites. After World War II, former members of the regime were tried for war crimes at the Nuremberg trials.[61][65]

East and West Germany

Main article:
History of Germany (1945–90)
Oder-Neisse line
, under Polish and Soviet de facto annexation (white).

After Germany surrendered, the Allies partitioned Berlin and Germany's remaining territory into four military occupation zones. The western sectors, controlled by France, the United Kingdom, and the United States, were merged on 23 May 1949 to form the Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland); on 7 October 1949, the Soviet Zone became the German Democratic Republic (Deutsche Demokratische Republik). They were informally known as "West Germany" and "East Germany". East Germany selected East Berlin as its capital, while West Germany chose Bonn as a provisional capital, to emphasise its stance that the two-state solution was an artificial and temporary status quo.[66]

West Germany was established as a federal parliamentary republic with a "

Federal Chancellor (Bundeskanzler) of Germany in 1949 and remained in office until 1963. Under his and Ludwig Erhard's leadership, the country enjoyed prolonged economic growth beginning in the early 1950s, that became known as an "economic miracle" (Wirtschaftswunder).[68] West Germany joined NATO in 1955 and was a founding member of the European Economic Community
in 1957.

The Berlin Wall during its fall in 1989, with the Brandenburg Gate in the background.

East Germany was an

Die Wende.[72]

Tensions between East and West Germany were reduced in the early 1970s by Chancellor

East Germans to West Germany via Hungary. This had devastating effects on the GDR, where regular mass demonstrations received increasing support. The East German authorities eased the border restrictions, allowing East German citizens to travel to the West; originally intended to help retain East Germany as a state, the opening of the border actually led to an acceleration of the Wende reform process. This culminated in the Two Plus Four Treaty a year later on 12 September 1990, under which the four occupying powers renounced their rights under the Instrument of Surrender, and Germany regained full sovereignty. This permitted German reunification on 3 October 1990, with the accession of the five re-established states of the former GDR.[35]

German reunification and the EU

Main articles:
History of Germany since 1990
Reichstag building in Berlin has been the meeting place of the Bundestag
, the German parliament.

The united Germany is considered to be the enlarged continuation of the Federal Republic of Germany and not a

successor state. As such, it retained all of West Germany's memberships in international organizations.[74]

The modernisation and integration of the eastern German economy is a long-term process scheduled to last until the year 2019, with annual transfers from west to east amounting to roughly $80 billion.[75]

Based on the

Alliance '90/The Greens
party.

Since reunification, Germany has taken a more active role in the

Lisbon Treaty in 2007.[78]

Lisbon Treaty
in 2007 (pictured).

Germany sent a peacekeeping force to secure stability in the

security in that country after the ousting of the Taliban.[79] These deployments were controversial since Germany was bound by domestic law only to deploy troops for defence roles.[80]

In the

2005 elections, Angela Merkel became the first female Chancellor of Germany as the leader of a grand coalition.[35] In 2009 the German government approved a €50 billion economic stimulus plan to protect several sectors from a downturn.[81]

In 2009, a

Industry 4.0.[82]

Germany was affected by the

European migrant crisis in 2015 as it became the final destination of choice for most migrants entering the EU. The country took in over a million refugees and developed a quota system which redistributed migrants around its federal states based on their tax income and existing population density.[83]

Geography

Main article: Geography of Germany
Topographic map

Germany is in

62nd largest in the world.[1]

Elevation ranges from the mountains of the Alps (highest point: the Zugspitze at 2,962 metres or 9,718 feet) in the south to the shores of the North Sea (Nordsee) in the northwest and the Baltic Sea (Ostsee) in the northeast. The forested uplands of central Germany and the lowlands of northern Germany (lowest point: Wilstermarsch at 3.54 metres or 11.6 feet below sea level) are traversed by such major rivers as the Rhine, Danube and Elbe. Germany's alpine glaciers are experiencing deglaciation. Significant natural resources include iron ore, coal, potash, timber, lignite, uranium, copper, natural gas, salt, nickel, arable land and water.[1]

Climate

Most of Germany has a

precipitation per year. Rainfall occurs year-round, with no consistent dry season. Winters are mild and summers tend to be warm: temperatures can exceed 30 °C (86 °F).[85]

The east has a more continental climate: winters can be very cold and summers very warm, and longer dry periods can occur. Central and southern Germany are transition regions which vary from moderately oceanic to continental. In addition to the maritime and continental climates that predominate over most of the country, the Alpine regions in the extreme south and, to a lesser degree, some areas of the Central German Uplands have a mountain climate, with lower temperatures and greater precipitation.[85]

Summer in the Rhine valley at Lorelei, Sylt coastal area in autumn, Lüneburg Heath landscape in spring, Zugspitze summit in winter

Biodiversity

The territory of Germany can be subdivided into two

European-Mediterranean montane mixed forests and Northeast-Atlantic shelf marine.[86] As of 2008 the majority of Germany is covered by either arable land (34%) or forest and woodland (30.1%); only 13.4% of the area consists of permanent pastures, 11.8% is covered by settlements and streets.[87]

The golden eagle is a protected bird

Plants and animals include those generally common to Central Europe. Beeches, oaks, and other deciduous trees constitute one-third of the forests; conifers are increasing as a result of reforestation. Spruce and fir trees predominate in the upper mountains, while pine and larch are found in sandy soil. There are many species of ferns, flowers, fungi, and mosses. Wild animals include

national symbol.[89]

The 14

Berlin Zoo, opened in 1844, is the oldest zoo in Germany, and presents the most comprehensive collection of species in the world.[91]

Urbanization

See also: List of cities and towns in Germany and List of cities in Germany by population

Germany has a number of large

Rhine-Ruhr region (11.7 million in 2008), including Düsseldorf (the capital of North Rhine-Westphalia), Cologne, Bonn, Dortmund, Essen, Duisburg, and Bochum.[92]

 
Largest cities or towns in Germany
Rank
Name
 State Pop. Rank
Name
 State Pop.
1 Berlin Berlin 3,644,826 11 Bremen Bremen 569,352
2 Hamburg Hamburg 1,841,179 12 Dresden Saxony 554,649
3 Munich Bavaria 1,471,508 13 Hanover Lower Saxony 538,068
4 Cologne North Rhine-Westphalia 1,085,664 14 Nuremberg Bavaria 518,365
5 Frankfurt Hesse 753,056 15 Duisburg North Rhine-Westphalia 498,590
6 Stuttgart Baden-Württemberg 634,830 16 Bochum North Rhine-Westphalia 364,628
7 Düsseldorf North Rhine-Westphalia 619,294 17 Wuppertal North Rhine-Westphalia 354,382
8 Leipzig Saxony 587,857 18 Bielefeld North Rhine-Westphalia 333,786
9 Dortmund North Rhine-Westphalia 587,010 19 Bonn North Rhine-Westphalia 327,258
10 Essen North Rhine-Westphalia 583,109 20 Münster North Rhine-Westphalia 314,319

Politics

Main articles: Politics of Germany, Taxation in Germany, and Federal budget of Germany
Joachim Gauck
President since 2012 		Angela Merkel
Chancellor since 2005

Germany is a

parliamentary, representative democratic republic. The German political system operates under a framework laid out in the 1949 constitutional document known as the Grundgesetz (Basic Law). Amendments generally require a two-thirds majority of both chambers of parliament; the fundamental principles of the constitution, as expressed in the articles guaranteeing human dignity, the separation of powers, the federal structure, and the rule of law are valid in perpetuity.[93]

The

Bundesversammlung (federal convention), an institution consisting of the members of the Bundestag and an equal number of state delegates. The second-highest official in the German order of precedence is the Bundestagspräsident (President of the Bundestag), who is elected by the Bundestag and responsible for overseeing the daily sessions of the body. The third-highest official and the head of government is the Chancellor, who is appointed by the Bundespräsident after being elected by the Bundestag.[35]

The political system of Germany

The chancellor,

mixed-member).[1] The members of the Bundesrat represent the governments of the sixteen federated states and are members of the state cabinets.[35]

Since 1949, the party system has been dominated by the

Alliance '90/The Greens (in parliament since 1983) have also played important roles.[94]

The

Moody's and Fitch Ratings stands at the highest possible rating AAA with a stable outlook in 2016.[98]

Law

Main articles: Law of Germany, Judiciary of Germany, and Law enforcement in Germany
Judges of the Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court) in Karlsruhe in 1989

Germany has a

Federal Administrative Court
.

Criminal and private laws are codified on the national level in the

Schöffen) sit side by side with professional judges.[101][102] Many of the fundamental matters of administrative law
remain in the jurisdiction of the states.

Constituent states

Main article: States of Germany

Germany comprises sixteen federal states which are collectively referred to as Bundesländer.

urban districts.[105]
State Capital Area (km2) Population[106]
Baden-Württemberg Stuttgart 35,752 10,569,100
Bavaria Munich 70,549 12,519,600
Berlin Berlin 892 3,375,200
Brandenburg Potsdam 29,477 2,449,500
Bremen Bremen 404 654,800
Hamburg Hamburg 755 1,734,300
Hesse Wiesbaden 21,115 6,016,500
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Schwerin 23,174 1,600,300
Lower Saxony Hanover 47,618 7,779,000
North Rhine-Westphalia Düsseldorf 34,043 17,554,300
Rhineland-Palatinate Mainz 19,847 3,990,300
Saarland Saarbrücken 2,569 994,300
Saxony Dresden 18,416 4,050,200
Saxony-Anhalt Magdeburg 20,445 2,259,400
Schleswig-Holstein Kiel 15,763 2,806,500
Thuringia Erfurt 16,172 2,170,500

Foreign relations

Main article: Foreign relations of Germany
Germany hosted the G8 summit in Heiligendamm, 6–8 June 2007

Germany has a network of 227 diplomatic missions abroad

strong alliance with France and all neighboring countries since 1990. Germany promotes the creation of a more unified European political, economic and security apparatus.[111][112]

The development policy of Germany is an independent area of foreign policy. It is formulated by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development and carried out by the implementing organisations. The German government sees development policy as a joint responsibility of the international community.[113] It is the world's third biggest aid donor in 2009 after the United States and France.[114][115]

In 1999, Chancellor Gerhard Schröder's government defined a new basis for German foreign policy by taking part in the NATO decisions surrounding the Kosovo War and by sending German troops into combat for the first time since 1945.[116] The governments of Germany and the United States are close political allies.[35] Cultural ties and economic interests have crafted a bond between the two countries resulting in Atlanticism.[117]

Military

Main article: Bundeswehr
The Eurofighter Typhoon is part of the Luftwaffe fleet

Germany's military, the Bundeswehr, is organised into

Streitkräftebasis (Joint Support Service) branches. In absolute terms, German military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world.[118] In 2015, military spending was at €32.9 billion, about 1.2% of the country's GDP, well below the NATO target of 2%.[119]

As of December 2015[update] the Bundeswehr employed roughly 178,000 soldiers, including 9,500 volunteers.

SIPRI, Germany was the fourth largest exporter of major arms in the world in 2014.[123]

Brandenburg class frigate

In peacetime, the Bundeswehr is commanded by the Minister of Defence. In

state of defence, the Chancellor would become commander-in-chief of the Bundeswehr.[124]

The role of the Bundeswehr is described in the

UNIFIL in Lebanon.[125]

Until 2011, military service was compulsory for men at age 18, and conscripts served six-month tours of duty; conscientious objectors could instead opt for an equal length of Zivildienst (civilian service), or a six-year commitment to (voluntary) emergency services like a fire department or the Red Cross. In 2011 conscription was officially suspended and replaced with a voluntary service.[126][127]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Germany
Germany maintains a large automotive industry, and is the world's third largest exporter of goods.[128]

Germany has a

capital stock, a low level of corruption,[129] and a high level of innovation.[130] It is the world's third largest exporter of goods,[128] and has the largest national economy in Europe which is also the world's fourth largest by nominal GDP[131] and the fifth one by PPP.[132]

The

OECD Germany has one of the highest labour productivity levels in the world.[134]

Frankfurt is a leading financial center in Europe and seat of the ECB.

Germany is part of the

European single market which represents more than 508 million consumers. Several domestic commercial policies are determined by agreements among European Union (EU) members and by EU legislation. Germany introduced the common European currency, the Euro in 2002.[135][136] It is a member of the Eurozone which represents around 338 million citizens. Its monetary policy is set by the European Central Bank, which is headquartered in Frankfurt
, the financial centre of continental Europe.

Being home to the modern car, the automotive industry in Germany is regarded as one of the most competitive and innovative in the world,[137] and is the fourth largest by production.[138] The top 10 exports of Germany are vehicles, machineries, chemical goods, electronic products, electrical equipments, pharmaceuticals, transport equipments, basic metals, food products, and rubber and plastics.[139]

Companies

Of the world's 500 largest stock-market-listed companies measured by revenue in 2014, the

DHL.[140]

Germany is recognised for its large portion of specialised

hidden champions.[141] Berlin developed a thriving, cosmopolitan hub for startup companies and became a leading location for venture capital funded firms in the European Union.[142]

The list includes the largest German companies by revenue in 2011:[143]

EU single market
.
Rank Name Headquarters Revenue
(mil. €)		 Profit
(mil. €)		 Employees
(world)
01. Volkswagen Wolfsburg 159,000 15,800 502,000
02. E.ON Düsseldorf 113,000 −1,900 79,000
03.
Daimler
 Stuttgart 107,000 6,000 271,000
04. Siemens
München
 74,000 6,300 360,000
05. BASF Ludwigshafen 73,000 6,600 111,000
06. BMW
München
 69,000 4,900 100,000
07. Metro Düsseldorf 67,000 740 288,000
08. Schwarz Gruppe Neckarsulm 63,000 N/A 315,000
09. Deutsche Telekom Bonn 59,000 670 235,000
010. Deutsche Post Bonn 53,000 1,300 471,000
 — Allianz
München
 104,000 2,800 141,000
 — Deutsche Bank Frankfurt 21,600 4,300 101,000

Transport

Main articles: Transport in Germany and Rail transport in Germany
The ICE 3 in Cologne railway station

With its central position in Europe, Germany is a transport hub for the continent.[144] Like its neighbours in Western Europe, Germany's road network is amongst the densest in the world.[145] The motorway (Autobahn) network ranks as the third-largest worldwide in length and is known for its lack of a general speed limit.[146]

Germany has established a polycentric network of

InterCityExpress or ICE network of the Deutsche Bahn serves major German cities as well as destinations in neighbouring countries with speeds up to 300 km/h (186 mph).[147] The German railways are subsidised by the government, receiving €17.0 billion in 2014.[148]

The largest German airports are

largest container ports in the world.[150]

Energy and infrastructure

Main articles: Energy in Germany, Telecommunications in Germany, and Water supply and sanitation in Germany

In 2008, Germany was the world's sixth-largest consumer of energy,

German energy transition (Energiewende) is the recognised move to a sustainable economy by means of energy efficiency.[159]

Science and technology

Main article: Science and technology in Germany
Albert Einstein, physicist. The Nobel Prize has been awarded to 104 German laureates.

Germany's achievements in the sciences have been significant, and research and development efforts form an integral part of the economy.[160] The Nobel Prize has been awarded to 104 German laureates.[161] In the beginning of the 20th century, German laureates had more awards than those of any other nation, especially in the sciences (physics, chemistry, and physiology or medicine).[162][163]

Notable German physicists before the 20th century include

Gottfried Leibniz, Karl Weierstrass, Hermann Weyl and Felix Klein
.

European Space Operations Centre (ESOC) in Darmstadt

Germany has been the home of many

Heinrich Rudolf Hertz's work in the domain of electromagnetic radiation was pivotal to the development of modern telecommunication.[168]

Research institutions in Germany include the

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize is granted to ten scientists and academics every year. With a maximum of €2.5 million per award it is one of highest endowed research prizes in the world.[170]

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in Germany
The Berchtesgaden alpine region. Bavaria is the overall most visited German state, and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern by domestic tourists.

Germany is the seventh most visited country in the world,[171][172] with a total of 407 million overnights during 2012.[173] This number includes 68.83 million nights by foreign visitors. In 2012, over 30.4 million international tourists arrived in Germany. Berlin has become the third most visited city destination in Europe.[174] Additionally, more than 30% of Germans spend their holiday in their own country, with the biggest share going to Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Domestic and international travel and tourism combined directly contribute over EUR43.2 billion to German GDP. Including indirect and induced impacts, the industry contributes 4.5% of German GDP and supports 2 million jobs (4.8% of total employment).[175]

Germany is well known for its diverse tourist routes, such as the

Dresden Zwinger, Fernsehturm Berlin and Aachen Cathedral. The Europa-Park near Freiburg is Europe's second most popular theme park resort.[178]

Demographics

Main articles: Demographics of Germany and Germans
German population development from 1800 to 2010[179]

With a population of 80.2 million according to the 2011 census,

death rate has exceeded its birth rate.[184] However, Germany is witnessing increased birth rates and migration rates since the beginning of the 2010s,[185] particularly a rise in the number of well-educated migrants.[186][187]

Four sizable groups of people are referred to as "national minorities" because their ancestors have lived in their respective regions for centuries.

Saxony and Brandenburg. The Roma and Sinti live throughout the whole federal territory and the Frisians live on Schleswig-Holstein's western coast, and in the north-western part of Lower Saxony.[188]

Approximately 5 million Germans live abroad.[189]

Immigrant population

Main article: Immigration to Germany
third-highest number of international migrants.[190]

In 2014, about seven million of Germany's 81 million residents did not have German citizenship. Ninety-six percent of these people lived in western Germany and mostly in urban areas.[191] [192]

In the 1960s and 1970s, the German governments invited "guest workers" (Gastarbeiter) to migrate to Germany for work in the German industries. Many companies preferred to keep these workers employed in Germany after they had trained them and Germany's immigrant population has steadily increased. As of 2011, about six million foreign citizens (7.7% of the population) were registered in Germany.[180]

The

ethnic German repatriates).[193] In 2010, 29% of families with children under 18 had at least one parent with immigrant roots.[194]

In 2006, the

right of return and emigrated to Germany.[196]

Religion

Main article: Religion in Germany
Dresden Frauenkirche

According to the

Orthodox believers constituted 1.3%, while Jews
–0.1%. Other religions accounted for 2.7%.

Geographically, Protestantism is concentrated in the northern, central and eastern parts of the country. These are mostly members of the EKD, which encompasses

Prussian Union
of 1817. Roman Catholicism is concentrated in the south and west.

In 2011, 33% of Germans declared themselves to be

irreligious. Irreligion in Germany is strongest in the states of former East Germany and major metropolitan areas, where a majority of the population identifies as atheist.[199][200]

Alevites from Turkey, but there are a small number of Shi'ites, Ahmadiyyas and other denominations.[201] German Muslims, a large portion of whom are of Turkish origin, lack full official state recognition of their religious community.[200]

Other religions comprising less than one percent of Germany's population[198] are Buddhism with 250,000 adherents (roughly 0.3%) and Hinduism with some 100,000 adherents (0.1%). All other religious communities in Germany have fewer than 50,000 adherents each.[202]

Languages

Main articles: German language and Languages of Germany
Knowledge of the German language in EU member states (2010)[f]

German is the official and predominant spoken language in Germany.[203] It is one of 24 official and working languages of the European Union,[204] and one of the three working languages of the European Commission. German is the most widely spoken first language in the European Union, with around 100 million native speakers.[205]

Recognized native minority languages in Germany are

Balkan languages, and Russian. Germans are typically multilingual: 67% of German citizens claim to be able to communicate in at least one foreign language and 27% in at least two.[203]

German dialects, traditional local varieties traced back to the Germanic tribes, are distinguished from varieties of standard German by their lexicon, phonology, and syntax.[207]

Education

Main article: Education in Germany
The Heidelberg University, established in 1386, is the oldest of Germany's universities and among its best ranked.[208]

Responsibility for educational supervision in Germany is primarily organised within the individual

vocational training to learn in a company as well as in a state-run vocational school.[209] This model is highly regarded and reproduced all around the world.[211]

Most of the German universities are public institutions, and students have traditionally studied without fee payment.[212] The general requirement for university is the Abitur, a qualification normally based on continuous assessment during the last few years at school and final examinations. However, there are a number of exceptions, depending on the state, the university and the subject. Academic education is open to international students and is increasingly common.[213]

In the

University of Munich (1472).[214]

Health

Main article: Healthcare in Germany
The Hospice of the Holy Spirit in Lübeck, established in 1286, is a precursor to modern hospitals.[215]

Germany's system of hospices, called spitals, dates from medieval times, and today, Germany has the world's oldest

infant mortality rate (4 per 1,000 live births).[217]

In 2010[update], the principal cause of death was cardiovascular disease, at 41%, followed by malignant tumours, at 26%.[218] In 2008, about 82,000 Germans had been infected with HIV/AIDS and 26,000 had died from the disease (cumulatively, since 1982).[219] According to a 2005 survey, 27% of German adults are smokers.[219] Obesity in Germany has been increasingly cited as a major health issue. A 2007 study shows Germany has the highest number of overweight people in Europe.[220][221]

Culture

Main article: Culture of Germany
A Weihnachtsmarkt (Christmas market) in Germany

From its roots, culture in German states has been shaped by major intellectual and popular currents in Europe, both religious and secular. Historically Germany has been called Das Land der Dichter und Denker ("the land of poets and thinkers"),[222] because of the major role its writers and philosophers have played in the development of Western thought and culture. People with German

Argentina. A German cultural influence can be observed in these countries.[223]

Germany is well known for such folk festival traditions as

40 properties in Germany on the World Heritage List.[226] There are a number of public holidays in Germany determined by each state. Only 3 October has been a national day of Germany since 1990, celebrated as the Tag der Deutschen Einheit (German Unity Day).[227]

In the 21st century Berlin has emerged as a major international creative center.[228] According to the Anholt–GfK Nation Brands Index, in 2014 Germany was the world's most respected nation among 50 countries (ahead of USA, UK, and France).[229][230][231] A global opinion poll for the BBC revealed that Germany is recognised for having the most positive influence in the world in 2013 and 2014.[232][233]

Music

Main article: Music of Germany
Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827), composer
Symphony No. 5

German

classical music includes works by some of the world's most well-known composers. Dieterich Buxtehude composed oratorios for organ, which influenced the later work of Johann Sebastian Bach and Georg Friedrich Händel; these men were influential composers of the Baroque period. During his tenure as violinist and teacher at the Salzburg cathedral, Augsburg-born composer Leopold Mozart mentored one of the greatest musicians of all time: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Ludwig van Beethoven was a crucial figure in the transition between the Classical and Romantic eras. Carl Maria von Weber and Felix Mendelssohn were important in the early Romantic period. Robert Schumann and Johannes Brahms composed in the Romantic idiom. Richard Wagner was known for his operas. Richard Strauss was a leading composer of the late Romantic and early modern eras. Karlheinz Stockhausen and Hans Zimmer are important composers of the 20th and early 21st centuries.[234]

Germany is the second largest music market in Europe, and fourth largest in the world.

rock (Rammstein, Scorpions), punk (Nina Hagen, Die Ärzte, Die Toten Hosen), pop rock (Beatsteaks, Tokio Hotel), indie (Tocotronic) and schlager pop (Ute Lemper, Katja Ebstein, Hildegard Knef, Helene Fischer). German electronic music gained global influence, with Kraftwerk and Tangerine Dream pioneering in this genre.[236] DJs and artists of the techno and house music scenes of Germany have become well known (e.g. Paul van Dyk, Paul Kalkbrenner, and Scooter).[237]

Art

Main article: German art
C.D. Friedrich, Chalk Cliffs on Rügen (1818)
Franz Marc, Roe Deer in the Forest (1914)

German painters have influenced western art. Albrecht Dürer, Hans Holbein the Younger, Matthias Grünewald and Lucas Cranach the Elder were important German artists of the Renaissance, Peter Paul Rubens and Johann Baptist Zimmermann of the Baroque, Caspar David Friedrich and Carl Spitzweg of Romanticism, Max Liebermann of Impressionism and Max Ernst of Surrealism.[238] Such German sculptors as Otto Schmidt-Hofer, Franz Iffland, and Julius Schmidt-Felling made important contributions to German art history in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[239][240]

Several German artist groups formed in the 20th century, such as the November Group or Die Brücke (The Bridge) and Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider), by the Russian-born Wassily Kandinsky, influenced the development of Expressionism in Munich and Berlin. The New Objectivity arose as a counter-style to it during the Weimar Republic. Post-World War II art trends in Germany can broadly be divided into Neo-expressionism, performance art and Conceptualism. Especially notable neo-expressionists include or included Georg Baselitz, Anselm Kiefer, Jörg Immendorff, A. R. Penck, Markus Lüpertz, Peter Robert Keil and Rainer Fetting. Other notable artists who work with traditional media or figurative imagery include Martin Kippenberger, Gerhard Richter, Sigmar Polke, and Neo Rauch. Leading German conceptual artists include or included Bernd and Hilla Becher, Hanne Darboven, Hans-Peter Feldmann, Hans Haacke, Joseph Beuys, HA Schult, Aris Kalaizis, Neo Rauch (New Leipzig School) and Andreas Gursky (photography). Major art exhibitions and festivals in Germany are the documenta, the Berlin Biennale, transmediale and Art Cologne.[238]

Architecture

Main article: Architecture of Germany

Architectural contributions from Germany include the

Balthasar Neumann, Knobelsdorff and the Asam brothers. The Wessobrunner School exerted a decisive influence on, and at times even dominated, the art of stucco in southern Germany in the 18th century. The Upper Swabian Baroque Route offers a baroque-themed tourist route that highlights the contributions of such artists and craftsmen as the sculptor and plasterer Johann Michael Feuchtmayer, one of the foremost members of the Feuchtmayer family and the brothers Johann Baptist Zimmermann and Dominikus Zimmermann.[241]

Vernacular architecture in Germany is often identified by its timber framing (Fachwerk) traditions. German Fachwerk building styles vary across regions, and among carpentry styles. Planning laws dictate that a half-timbered house must be authentic to regional or even city-specific designs before being accepted.[242][243]

When industrialisation spread across Europe,

Romanesque Revival. Notable sub-styles that evolved since the 18th century are the German spa and seaside resort architecture. German artists, writers and gallerists like Siegfried Bing, Georg Hirth and Bruno Möhring also contributed to the development of Art Nouveau at the turn of the 20th century, known as Jugendstil in German.[244]

Elbe Philharmonic in Hamburg
.

Pritzker Prize winners).[246]

Literature and philosophy

Main articles: German literature and German philosophy
The Brothers Grimm collected and published popular German folk tales.

German literature can be traced back to the Middle Ages and the works of writers such as Walther von der Vogelweide and Wolfram von Eschenbach. Well-known German authors include Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich Schiller, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing and Theodor Fontane. The collections of folk tales published by the Brothers Grimm popularised German folklore on an international level.[247] The Grimms also gathered and codified regional variants of the German language, grounding their work in historical principles; their Deutsches Wörterbuch, or German Dictionary, sometimes called the Grimm dictionary, was begun in 1838 and the first volumes published in 1854.[248]

Influential authors of the 20th century include Gerhart Hauptmann, Thomas Mann, Hermann Hesse, Heinrich Böll and Günter Grass.[249] German-speaking book publishers produce some 700 million books every year, with about 80,000 titles, nearly 60,000 of them new. Germany comes third in quantity of books published, after the English and Chinese speaking book markets.[250] The Frankfurt Book Fair is the most important in the world for international deals and trading, with a tradition spanning over 500 years,[251] also the Leipzig Book Fair retains a major position in Europe.[252]

German philosophy is historically significant:

Theodor Adorno, Herbert Marcuse and Jürgen Habermas have been particularly influential.[253]

Media

Main articles:
Video gaming in Germany
Deutsche Welle headquarters in Bonn (center).

The largest internationally operating

Axel Springer SE and ProSiebenSat.1 Media. The German Press Agency DPA is also significant. Germany's television market is the largest in Europe, with some 38 million TV households.[254] Around 90% of German households have cable or satellite TV, with a variety of free-to-view public and commercial channels.[255] There are more than 500 public and private radio stations in Germany, with the public Deutsche Welle being the main German radio and television broadcaster in foreign languages.[256] Germany's national radio network is the Deutschlandradio while ARD
stations are covering local services.

Many of Europe's best-selling newspapers and magazines are produced in Germany. The papers (and internet portals) with the highest circulation are Bild (a tabloid), Die Zeit, Süddeutsche Zeitung, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung and Die Welt, the largest magazines include Der Spiegel, Stern and Focus.[257]

The

Bigpoint, Gameforge, Goodgame and Wooga.[260]

Cinema

Main article: Cinema of Germany

Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau. Director Fritz Lang's Metropolis (1927) is referred to as the first major science-fiction film.[262] In 1930 Josef von Sternberg directed The Blue Angel, the first major German sound film, with Marlene Dietrich.[263] Films of Leni Riefenstahl set new artistic standards, in particular Triumph of the Will.[264]

Babelsberg Studio near Berlin, the world's first large-scale film studio

After 1945, many of the films of the immediate post-war period can be characterised as

Die Mörder sind unter uns (The Murderers are among us) (1946). Notable East German films included Der Untertan (1951); Konrad Wolf's Der geteilte Himmel (Divided Heaven) (1964) and Frank Beyer's Jacob the Liar (1975). The defining film genre in West Germany of the 1950s was arguably the Heimatfilm ("homeland film"); these films depicted the beauty of the land and the moral integrity of the people living in it.[265]

During the 1970s and 1980s,

Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film ("Oscar") went to the German production Die Blechtrommel (The Tin Drum) in 1979, to Nirgendwo in Afrika (Nowhere in Africa) in 2002, and to Das Leben der Anderen (The Lives of Others) in 2007.[266]

The annual

German Film Awards, that have been presented since 1951.[268]

Cuisine

Main article: German cuisine
Black Forest Gâteau, a German dessert

German cuisine varies from region to region and often neighboring regions share some culinary similarities (e.g. the southern regions of

Chinese food, Greek food, Indian cuisine and doner kebab
are also popular and available, thanks to diverse ethnic communities.

Bread is a significant part of German cuisine and German bakeries produce about 600 main types of bread and 1,200 different types of pastries and rolls (Brötchen). German cheeses account for about a third of all cheese produced in Europe.[269] In 2012 over 99% of all meat produced in Germany was either pork, chicken or beef. Germans produce their ubiquitous sausages in almost 1,500 varieties, including Bratwursts, Weisswursts, and Currywursts.[270] In 2012, organic foods accounted for 3.9% of total food sales.[271]

Although wine is becoming more popular in many parts of Germany, especially in German wine regions,[272] the national alcoholic drink is beer. German beer consumption per person stands at 110 litres (24 imp gal; 29 US gal) in 2013 and remains among the highest in the world.[273] German beer purity regulations date back to the 15th century.[274]

The

three stars, the highest designation, while 38 more received two stars and 233 one star.[275] Overall, German restaurants have become the world's second-most decorated after France.[276][277]

Sports

Main article: Sport in Germany
The German national football team after winning the FIFA World Cup for the fourth time in 2014. Football is the most popular sport in Germany.

Twenty-seven million Germans are members of a sports club and an additional twelve million pursue sports individually.[278] Association football is the most popular sport. With more than 6.3 million official members, the German Football Association (Deutscher Fußball-Bund) is the largest sports organisation of its kind worldwide, and the German top league, the Bundesliga, attracts the second highest average attendance of all professional sports leagues in the world.[278] The German men's national football team won the FIFA World Cup in 1954, 1974, 1990, and 2014 and the UEFA European Championship in 1972, 1980 and 1996. Germany hosted the FIFA World Cup in 1974 and 2006 and the UEFA European Championship in 1988.

Other popular spectator sports include

Water sports like sailing, rowing, and swimming are popular in Germany as well.[278]

Germany is one of the leading motor sports countries in the world. Constructors like BMW and Mercedes are prominent manufacturers in motor sport. Porsche has won the 24 Hours of Le Mans race 17 times, and Audi 13 times (as of 2015). The driver Michael Schumacher has set many motor sport records during his career, having won more Formula One World Drivers' Championships with seven titles, than any other. He is one of the highest paid sportsmen in history.[279] Sebastian Vettel is also among the top three most successful Formula One drivers of all time.[280]

Historically,

all-time Olympic Games medal count (when combining East and West German medals). Germany was the last country to host both the summer and winter games in the same year, in 1936 the Berlin Summer Games and the Winter Games in Garmisch-Partenkirchen,[281] and in Munich it hosted the Summer Games of 1972.[282]

Fashion and design

Main article: German fashion
Claudia Schiffer, German supermodel

German designers were leaders of modern product design, with the Bauhaus designers like Mies van der Rohe, and Dieter Rams of Braun being essential.[283]

Germany is a leading country in the

fashion industry. The German textile industry consisted of about 1,300 companies with more than 130,000 employees in 2010, which generated a revenue of 28 billion Euro. Almost 44 percent of the products are exported.[284] The Berlin Fashion Week and the fashion trade fair Bread & Butter are held twice a year.[285]

Munich, Hamburg and Düsseldorf are also important design, production and trade hubs of the domestic fashion industry, among smaller towns.

Puma and Triumph. The German supermodels Claudia Schiffer, Heidi Klum, Tatjana Patitz and Nadja Auermann came to international fame,[287] as well as Toni Garrn, Julia Stegner and Diane Kruger
.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ In recognized minority languages of Germany:
  2. ^ Only the third stanza of the song is used as the national anthem.
  3. ^ Danish, Low German, Sorbian, Romany, and Frisian are recognised by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
  4. ^ European Union since 1993.
  5. ^ IPA transcription of "Bundesrepublik Deutschland": [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant]
  6. ^ The map includes information for the non-member states Bosnia and Herzegovina, Switzerland and Turkey.

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