User:Repmartinshaw/sandbox
Leningrad | |
---|---|
Nevsky Prospekt . | |
Northwestern[2] | |
Government | |
• Body | Legislative Assembly |
• Governor | Georgy Poltavchenko |
Area | |
• Total | 1,439 km2 (556 sq mi) |
• Rank | 82nd |
Population (2010 Census)[4] | |
• Total | 4,879,566 |
• Estimate (2013)[5] | 5,028,000 |
• Rank | 4th |
• Density | 3,400/km2 (8,800/sq mi) |
• Urban | 100% |
• Rural | 0% |
Time zone | UTC+ ([6]) |
ISO 3166 code | RU-SPE |
License plates | 78, 98, 178 |
Official languages | Russian[7] |
Saint Petersburg (Russian: Санкт-Петербург,
In Russian literature, informal documents, and discourse, the "Saint" (Санкт-) is usually omitted, leaving Petersburg (Петербург, Peterburg). In common parlance Russians may drop "-burg" (-бург) as well, referring to it as Pieter (Питер, Russian: [ˈpʲitʲɪr]).
Saint Petersburg was founded by the Tsar Peter the Great on May 27 [O.S. 16] 1703. From 1713 to 1728 and from 1732 to 1918, Saint Petersburg was the Imperial capital of Russia. In 1918 the central government bodies moved from Saint Petersburg (then named Petrograd) to Moscow.[9] It is Russia's second largest city after Moscow with 5 million inhabitants (2012) and the fourth most populated federal subject.[4] Saint Petersburg is a major European cultural center, and also an important Russian port on the Baltic Sea.
Saint Petersburg is often described as the most Western city of Russia, as well as its cultural capital.[10] It is the northernmost city in the world to have a population of over one million. The Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments constitute a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Saint Petersburg is also home to The Hermitage, one of the largest art museums in the world.[11] A large number of foreign consulates, international corporations, banks and other businesses are located in Saint Petersburg.
History
This section needs additional citations for verification. (January 2011) |
Before 1900
Swedish colonists built
A small town called "Nyen" grew up around it.Peter the Great was interested in seafaring and maritime affairs, and he intended to have Russia gain a seaport, so it could trade with maritime nations.[13] He needed a better seaport than Arkhangelsk, which was on the White Sea to the north and closed to shipping for months during the winter.
On May 12 [
The city was built by
During its first few years, the city developed around Trinity Square on the right bank of the Neva, near the Peter and Paul Fortress. However, Saint Petersburg soon started to be built out according to a plan. By 1716 Domenico Trezzini had elaborated a project whereby the city centre would be located on Vasilyevsky Island and shaped by a rectangular grid of canals. The project was not completed, and is evident in the layout of the streets. In 1716 Peter the Great appointed Jean-Baptiste Alexandre Le Blond as the chief architect of Saint Petersburg.
The style of
In 1725, Peter died at the age of fifty-two. His endeavours to modernise Russia had met with opposition from the Russian nobility — resulting in several attempts on his life and a treason case involving his son.[18] In 1728, Peter II of Russia moved his seat back to Moscow. But four years later, in 1732, under Empress Anna of Russia, Saint Petersburg was again designated as the capital of the Russian Empire. It remained the seat of the Romanov Dynasty and the Imperial Court of the Russian Tzars, as well as the seat of the Russian government, for another 186 years until the communist revolution of 1917.
In 1736–1737 the city suffered from catastrophic fires. To rebuild the damaged boroughs, a committee under Burkhard Christoph von Münnich commissioned a new plan in 1737. The city was divided into five boroughs, and the city center was moved to the Admiralty borough, situated on the east bank between the Neva and Fontanka.
It developed along three radial streets, which meet at the
The Commission of Stone Buildings of Moscow and Saint Petersburg established in 1762 ruled that no structure in the city be higher than the Winter Palace and prohibited spacing between buildings. During the reign of Catherine the Great in the 1760s–1780s, the banks of the Neva were lined with granite embankments.
However, it was not until 1850 that the first permanent bridge across the Neva,
The most prominent neoclassical and Empire-style architects in Saint Petersburg included:
- Jean-Baptiste Vallin de la Mothe (Imperial Academy of Arts, Small Hermitage, Gostiny Dvor, New Holland Arch, Catholic Church of St. Catherine)
- Antonio Rinaldi (Marble Palace)
- Yury Felten (Old Hermitage, Chesme Church)
- Giacomo Quarenghi (Academy of Sciences, Hermitage Theatre, Yusupov Palace)
- Kazan Cathedral)
- Admiralty building)
- Jean-François Thomas de Thomon (Spit of Vasilievsky Island)
- Carlo Rossi (Yelagin Palace, Mikhailovsky Palace, Alexandrine Theatre, Senate and Synod Buildings, General Staff Building, design of many streets and squares)
- Vasily Stasov (Moscow Triumphal Gate, Trinity Cathedral)
- Auguste de Montferrand (Saint Isaac's Cathedral, Alexander Column)
In 1810
In 1825, the suppressed Decembrist revolt against Nicholas I took place on the Senate Square in the city, a day after Nicholas assumed the throne.
By the 1840s, neoclassical architecture had given way to various romanticist styles, which dominated until the 1890s, represented by such architects as Andrei Stackenschneider (Mariinsky Palace, Beloselsky-Belozersky Palace, Nicholas Palace, New Michael Palace) and Konstantin Thon (Moskovsky Rail Terminal).
With the emancipation of the peasants undertaken by Alexander II in 1861 and an industrial revolution, the influx of former peasants into the capital increased greatly. Poor boroughs spontaneously emerged on the outskirts of the city. Saint Petersburg surpassed Moscow in population and industrial growth; it developed as one of the largest industrial cities in Europe, with a major naval base (in Kronstadt), river and sea port.
The names of saints
1900 to present
The
During World War I, the Imperial government renamed the city Petrograd, meaning "Peter's City", to remove the German words Sankt and Burg.
In March 1917, during the
On November 7, 1917 (
In September and October 1917, German troops invaded the West Estonian archipelago and threatened Petrograd with bombardment and invasion. On March 12, 1918, the Soviets transferred the government to Moscow. During the ensuing Civil War, in 1919 general Yudenich advancing from Estonia repeated the attempt to capture the city, but Leon Trotsky mobilized the army and forced him to retreat.
On January 26, 1924, five days after Lenin's death, Petrograd was renamed Leningrad. Later some streets and other toponyms were renamed accordingly. The city has over 230 places associated with the life and activities of Lenin. Some of them were turned into museums,[21] including the cruiser Aurora – a symbol of the October Revolution and the oldest ship in the Russian Navy.
In the 1920s and 1930s, the poor outskirts were reconstructed into regularly planned boroughs.
In December 1931, Leningrad was administratively separated from Leningrad Oblast. At that time it included the Leningrad Suburban District, some parts of which were transferred back to Leningrad Oblast in 1936 and turned into Vsevolozhsky District, Krasnoselsky District, Pargolovsky District and Slutsky District (renamed Pavlovsky District in 1944).[22]
On December 1, 1934,
During World War II,
On May 1, 1945
In October 1946 some territories along the northern coast of the Gulf of Finland, which had passed to the USSR from Finland in 1940 under the peace treaty following the Winter War, were transferred from Leningrad Oblast to Leningrad and divided into Sestroretsky District and Kurortny District. These included the town of Terijoki (renamed Zelenogorsk in 1948).[22] Leningrad and many of its suburbs were rebuilt over the post-war decades, partially according to pre-war plans. The 1948 general plan for Leningrad featured radial urban development in the north as well as in the south. In 1953 Pavlovsky District in Leningrad Oblast was abolished, and parts of its territory, including Pavlovsk, merged with Leningrad. In 1954 the settlements Levashovo, Pargolovo and Pesochny merged with Leningrad.[22]
Leningrad gave its name to the
The Leningrad Metro underground rapid transit system, designed before the war, opened in 1955 with its first eight stations decorated with marble and bronze. However, after the death of Stalin in 1953, the perceived ornamental excesses of the Stalinist architecture were abandoned. From the 1960s to the 1980s many new residential boroughs were built on the outskirts; while the functionalist apartment blocks were nearly identical to each other, many families moved there from kommunalkas in the city centre in order to live in separate apartments.
On June 12, 1991, simultaneously with the
Meanwhile, economic conditions started to deteriorate as the country tried to adapt to major changes. For the first time since the 1940s, food
In 1996,
The law on election of the City Governor was changed, breaking the tradition of democratic election by a universal suffrage. In 2006 the
Although the central part of the city has a UNESCO designation (there are about 8,000 architectural monuments in Petersburg), the preservation of its historical and architectural environment became controversial.[30] After 2005, the demolition of older buildings in the historical centre was permitted.[31] In 2006 Gazprom announced an ambitious project to erect a 396-meter skyscraper opposite to Smolny, which[according to whom?] could result in the loss of the unique line of Petersburg landscape[citation needed]. Urgent protests by citizens and prominent public figures of Russia against this project were not considered by Governor Valentina Matviyenko and the city authorities until December 2010, when after the statement of President Dmitry Medvedev, the city decided to find a more appropriate location for this project.
Geography
The area of Saint Petersburg city proper is 605.8 square kilometers (233.9 sq mi). The area of the federal subject is 1,439 square kilometers (556 sq mi), which contains Saint Petersburg proper (consisting of eighty-one municipal
Petersburg is situated on the middle
The elevation of Saint Petersburg ranges from the sea level to its highest point of 175.9 meters (577 ft) at the Orekhovaya Hill in the
Since the 18th century the terrain in the city has been raised artificially, at some places by more than 4 meters (13 ft), making mergers of several islands, and changing the hydrology of the city. Besides the Neva and its tributaries, other important rivers of the federal subject of Saint Petersburg are
Due to location at ca. 60° N
Climate
Under the Köppen climate classification, Saint Petersburg is classified as Dfb, a humid continental climate. Distinct moderating influence of the Baltic Sea cyclones result in warm, humid and short summers and long, cold wet winters.
The average daily temperature in July is 23 °C (73 °F); a maximum temperature of 37.1 °C (98.8 °F) occurred during the
Toponymy
The first and fairly rich chapter of the history of the local toponymy is the story of the own name of the city itself. The name day of Peter I falls on June 29, when the Russian Orthodox Church observes the memory of Saint Apostles Peter and Paul. The consecration of the small wooden church in their names (its construction began simultaneously with the citadel) made them the heavenly patrons of the Peter and Paul Fortress, while St. Peter at the same time became the eponym of the whole city.
An explanation that the origin of "Saint-" in St. Petersburg is due to Peter the Great's contact with
A 14–15-letter long name, composed of the three
In the 1830s
After the October Revolution, and until the city was renamed Leningrad in January 1924, the name Красный Петроград (Red Petrograd) was often used in newspapers and other prints.
In the referendum on reversing the renaming of Leningrad on June 12, 1991, renaming it to Petrograd was not an option. Because of this[citation needed] only 54.86% of the voters (with a turnout of 65%) supported "St.Petersburg". This change officially took effect on September 6, 1991.[27] Meanwhile, the oblast whose administrative center is also in St. Petersburg is still named Leningrad.
Having passed the role of capital to Petersburg, Moscow never relinquished the title of "capital", being called pervoprestolnaya("first-throned") for 200 years. An equivalent name for Petersburg, the "Northern Capital", has re-entered usage today since several federal institutions were recently moved from Moscow to Saint Petersburg. Solemn descriptive names like "the city of three revolutions" and "the cradle of the
After 1991 a wave of re-namings started within the city. It affected not only toponyms of the Soviet era, but in some cases their pre-revolutionary ones (in 1993 Gogol Street which bore the name of Nikolai Gogol since 1902,[42] was renamed to Malaya Morskaya).
Demographics
Saint Petersburg is the second largest city in Russia. As of the
- Vital statistics for 2012
- Births: 62 343 (12.6 per 1000)
- Deaths: 61 910 (12.5 per 1000) [45]
- Total fertility rate:
2009 - 1.34 | 2010 - 1.38 | 2011 - 1.38 |[46] 2012 - 1.52(e)
The 2010 Census recorded the ethnic composition as follows: 0.1%, other – 1.3%. The ethnicity of the remaining 13.4% of the inhabitants was not specified.
The 20th century saw hectic ups and downs in population. From 2.4 million in 1916 it had dropped to less than 740,000 by 1920 during the
People in urban Saint Petersburg live mostly in apartments. Between 1918 and the 1990s, the Soviets
Government
Saint Petersburg is a
According to the federal law passed in 2004, heads of federal subjects, including the governor of Saint Petersburg, are nominated by the President of Russia and approved by local legislatures. If the legislature disapproves the nominee, it is dissolved. The former governor, Valentina Matviyenko, was approved according to the new system in December 2006. She was the only woman governor in the whole of Russia till her resignation on August 22, 2011. Matviyenko stood for elections as member of the Regional Council of St. Petersburg and won comprehensively with allegations of rigging and ballot stuffing by the opposition. Russian President Dmitry Medvedev has already backed her for the position of Speaker to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation and her election qualifies her for that job. After her resignation, Georgy Poltavchenko was appointed as the new acting governor the same day. In 2012, following passage of a new federal law,[54] restoring direct elections of heads of federal subjects, the city charter was again amended to provide for direct elections of governor.[55]
Saint Petersburg city is currently divided into
Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast, being two different federal subjects, share a number of local departments of federal executive agencies and courts, such as court of arbitration, police,
Economy
Saint Petersburg is a major trade gateway, financial and industrial centre of Russia specialising in oil and gas trade, shipbuilding yards,
10% of the world's power
Saint Petersburg has three large cargo seaports: Bolshoi Port Saint Petersburg, Kronstadt, and Lomonosov. International cruise liners have been served at the passenger port at Morskoy Vokzal on the south-west of Vasilyevsky Island. In 2008 the first two berths were opened at the New Passenger Port on the west of the island.[58] The new port is part of the city's "Marine Facade" development project[59] and is due to have seven berths in operation by 2010.
A complex system of riverports on both banks of the
The
In 2007, Toyota opened a Camry plant after investing 5 billion roubles (approx. 200 mln dollars) in Shushary, one of the southern suburbs of Saint Petersburg. Opel, Hyundai and Nissan have signed deals with the Russian government to build their automotive plants in Saint Petersburg too. Automotive and auto-parts industry is on the rise there during the last decade.
Saint Petersburg is the location of a significant brewery and distillery industry. It is known as the "beer capital" of Russia, due to the supply and quality of local water, contributing over 30% of the domestic production of beer with its five large-scale breweries including Europe's second largest brewery
The city has a lot of local
Saint Petersburg has the second largest construction industry in Russia, including commercial, housing and road construction.
In 2006 Saint Petersburg's city budget was 179.9 billion rubles (about 6.651 billion US$ at
Budget revenues of the city in 2009 amounted to 294.3 billion rubles (about 10.044 billion US$ at 2009 exchange rates), expenses – 336.3 billion rubles (about 11.477 billion US$ at 2009 exchange rates). The budget deficit amounted to about 42 billion rubles.[65] (about 1.433 billion US$ at 2009 exchange rates)
Cityscape
Saint Petersburg has three skyscrapers: Leader Tower (140 m), Alexander Nevsky (124 m) and Atlantic City (105 m) all three being situated far away from the historical centre. Current regulations forbid construction of high buildings in the city centre. The 310-meter (1,020 ft) tall
Unlike in Moscow, in Saint Petersburg the historic architecture of the city centre, mostly consisting of Baroque and neoclassical buildings of the 18th and 19th centuries, has been largely preserved; although a number of buildings were demolished after the Bolsheviks' seizure of power, during the Siege of Leningrad and in recent years. [citation needed] The oldest of the remaining building is a wooden house built for Peter I in 1703 on the shore of the Neva near Trinity Square. Since 1991 the Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments in Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast have been listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.
The ensemble of
On the southern, left bank of the Neva, connected to the spit of Vasilyevsky Island via the
The Alexander Nevsky Lavra, intended to house the relics of St. Alexander Nevsky, is an important centre of Christian education in Russia. It also contains the Tikhvin Cemetery with graves of many notable Petersburgers.
On the territory between the Neva and Nevsky Prospekt the Church of the Savior on Blood, Mikhailovsky Palace housing the Russian Museum, Field of Mars, St. Michael's Castle, Summer Garden, Tauride Palace, Smolny Institute and Smolny Convent are located.
Many notable landmarks are situated to the west and south of the Admiralty Building, including the Trinity Cathedral, Mariinsky Palace, Hotel Astoria, famous Mariinsky Theatre, New Holland Island, Saint Isaac's Cathedral, the largest in the city, and Senate Square, also known as Decembrist's Square with the Bronze Horseman, 18th century equestrian monument to Peter the Great, which is considered among the city's most recognisable symbols.
Other symbols of Saint Petersburg include the
Southern suburbs of the city feature former imperial residences, including Petergof, with majestic fountain cascades and parks, Tsarskoe Selo, with the baroque Catherine Palace and the neoclassical Alexander Palace, and Pavlovsk, which contains a domed palace of Emperor Paul and one of the largest English-style parks in Europe. Some other residences situated nearby and making part of the world heritage site, including a castle and park in Gatchina, actually belong to Leningrad Oblast rather than Saint Petersburg. Another notable suburb is Kronstadt with its 19th-century fortifications and naval monuments, occupying the Kotlin Island in the Gulf of Finland.
Since around the end of the 20th century a great deal of active building and restoration works have been carried out in a number of the city's older districts. The authorities have recently been compelled to transfer the ownership of state-owned private residences in the city centre to private lessors. Many older buildings have been reconstructed to allow their use as apartments and penthouses.
Some of these structures, such as the Saint Petersburg Commodity and Stock Exchange have been recognised as town-planning errors.[68]
Museums
Saint Petersburg is home to more than two hundred museums, many of them hosted in historic buildings. The largest of the museums is the
The
Other notable museums include the
Parks
Saint Petersburg is home to numerous parks and gardens, some of the most famous of which are situated in the southern suburbs, including one of the largest
Among other notable parks are the
Tourism
Saint Petersburg has significant historical and cultural heritage and is thus considered[by whom?] a highly attractive tourist destination.
The 18th and 19th-century architectural ensemble of the city and its environs is preserved in virtually unchanged form. For various reasons (including large-scale destruction during World War II and construction of modern buildings during the postwar period in the largest historical centers of Europe), Saint Petersburg has become a unique reserve of European architectural styles of the past three centuries. Saint Petersburg's loss of capital city status helped the city to retain many of its pre-revolutionary buildings, as modern architectural 'prestige projects' tended to be built in Moscow; this largely prevented the rise of mid-to-late-20th-century architecture and helped maintain the architectural appearance of the historic city center.
Saint Petersburg is inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage list as an area with 36 historical architectural complexes and around 4000 outstanding individual monuments of architecture, history and culture. New tourist programs and sightseeing tours have been developed for those wishing to see Saint Petersburg's cultural heritage.
The city has 221 museums, 2000 libraries, more than 80 theaters, 100 concert organizations, 45 galleries and exhibition halls, 62 cinemas and around 80 other cultural establishments. Every year the city hosts around 100 festivals and various competitions of art and culture, including more than 50 international ones.[citation needed]
Despite the economic instability of the 1990s, not a single major theatre or museum was closed in Saint Petersburg; on the contrary many new ones opened, for example a private museum of puppets (opened in 1999) is the third museum of its kind in Russia, where collections of more than 2000 dolls are presented including 'The multinational Saint Petersburg' and 'Pushkin's Petersburg'. The museum world of Saint Petersburg is incredibly diverse. The city is not only home to the world-famous
The musical life of Saint Petersburg is rich and diverse, with the city now playing host to a number of annual carnivals.
Ballet performances occupy a special place in the cultural life of Saint Petersburg. The Petersburg School of Ballet is deservedly named as one of the best in the world. Traditions of the Russian classical school have been passed down from generation to generation among outstanding educators. The art of famous and prominent Saint Petersburg dancers like Rudolf Nureyev, Natalia Makarova, Mikhail Baryshnikov was, and is, admired throughout the world. Contemporary Petersburg ballet is made up not only of traditional Russian classical school, but also ballets by those like Boris Eifman's, who expanded the scope of strict classical Russian ballet to almost unimaginable limits. Remaining faithful to the classical basis (he was a choreographer in Vaganova Academy of Dance), he combined classical ballet with the avant-garde style, and then, in turn, with acrobatics, rhythmic gymnastics, dramatic expressiveness, cinema, color, light, and finally with spoken word.
With a packed cultural program and a large number of world heritage sites, as well as a developing tourist infrastructure, Saint Petersburg has become among the world's leading centers of culture and tourism.
Transportation
Saint Petersburg is a major transport hub. The first Russian railway was built here in 1837, and since then the city's transport infrastructure has continued to develop and keep pace with the growth of the city. Petersburg has an extensive system of local roads and railway services, maintains a large public transport system that includes the
The city is connected to the rest of Russia and the wider world by a number of federal highways and national and international rail routes. Pulkovo Airport serves the majority of air passengers departing from or arriving to the city.
Roads and public transport
Saint Petersburg has an extensive city-funded network of public transport (buses,
Buses carry up to three million passengers daily, serving over 250 urban and a number of suburban bus routes. Saint Petersburg Metro underground rapid transit system was opened in 1955; it now has 5 lines with 67 stations, connecting all five railway terminals, and carrying 2,5 million passengers daily. Metro stations are often elaborately decorated with materials such as marble and bronze.
Traffic jams are common in the city due to daily commuter traffic volumes, intercity traffic and excessive winter snow. The construction of the Saint Petersburg Ring Road was completed in 2011.
Saint Petersburg is an important
(south).Waterways
The city is also served by passenger and cargo seaports in the
The first high bridge that does not need to be drawn, a 2,824-meter (9,265 ft) long
The shipping company
to St Petersburg.Railways
The city is the final destination for a web of intercity and suburban railways, served by five different railway terminals (
The
In 2009 Russian Railways launched a high speed service for the Moscow-Saint Petersburg route. The new train, known as Sapsan, is a derivative of the popular Siemens Velaro train; various versions of this already operate in some European countries. It set records for the fastest train in Russia on May 2, 2009, travelling at 281 km/h (174.6 mph)[72] and on May 7, 2009, traveling at 290 kilometers per hour (180 mph).
Since December 12, 2010
Air travel
Saint Petersburg is also served by Pulkovo International Airport,[73] and by three smaller commercial and cargo airports in the suburbs. Lappeenranta Airport, which is located near Saint Petersburg but on the Finnish side of the border is also popular among Russian travellers.
Pulkovo airport opened to passengers as a small aerodrome in 1931. As of 2011, the airport is the 4th busiest in Russia after Moscow's
There is a regular, 24/7, rapid-bus transit connection (marshrutka) between Pulkovo airport and the city center.
Education
As of 2006/2007 there were 1024 kindergartens, 716
Culture
Music
Among the city's more than fifty theaters is the world-famous Mariinsky Theater (also known as the Kirov Theater in the USSR ), home to the Mariinsky Ballet company and opera. Leading ballet dancers, such as Vaslav Nijinsky, Anna Pavlova, Rudolph Nureyev, Mikhail Baryshnikov, Galina Ulanova and Natalia Makarova, were principal stars of the Mariinsky ballet.
Dmitri Shostakovich, who was born and raised in Saint Petersburg, dedicated his Seventh Symphony to the city, calling it the "Leningrad Symphony." He wrote the symphony while in the city during the siege of Leningrad. The 7th symphony was premiered in 1942; its performance in the besieged Leningrad at the Bolshoy Philharmonic Hall under the baton of conductor Karl Eliasberg. It was heard over the radio and lifted the spirits of the survivors.[76] In 1992 a reunion performance of the 7th Symphony by the (then) 14 survivors was played in the same hall as they done half a century earlier.[77] The Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra remained one of the best known symphony orchestras in the world under the leadership of conductors Yevgeny Mravinsky and Yuri Temirkanov.
The Imperial Choral Capella was founded and modeled after the royal courts of other European capitals.
Saint Petersburg has been home to the newest movements in
In the 1970s many bands came out from 'underground' and eventually founded the
Today's Saint Petersburg boasts many notable musicians of various genres, from popular Leningrad's
.The White Nights Festival in Saint Petersburg is famous for spectacular fireworks and a massive show celebrating the end of the school year.
Film
Over 250 international and Russian movies were filmed in Saint Petersburg.
The cult comedy Irony of Fate[79] (also Ирония судьбы, или С лёгким паром!) is set in Saint Petersburg and pokes fun at Soviet city planning. The 1985 film White Nights received considerable Western attention for having captured genuine Leningrad street scenes at a time when filming in the Soviet Union by Western production companies was generally unheard of. Other movies include GoldenEye (1995), Midnight in Saint Petersburg (1996), Brother (1997) and Tamil romantic thriller film-Dhaam Dhoom (2008). Onegin (1999) is based on the Pushkin poem and showcases many tourist attractions. In addition, the Russian romantic comedy, Питер FM, intricately showcases the cityscape, almost as if it were a main character in the film.
Several international film festivals are held annually, such as the
Literature
Saint Petersburg has a longstanding and world famous tradition in literature.
20th-century writers from Saint Petersburg, such as
Sports
Leningrad hosted part of the association football tournament during the 1980 Summer Olympics. The 1994 Goodwill Games were also held here.
In boating, the first competition here was the 1703
Equestrianism has been a long tradition, popular among the Tsars and aristocracy, as well as part of military training. Several historic sports arenas were built for equestrianism since the 18th century, to maintain training all year round, such as the Zimny Stadion and Konnogvardeisky Manezh, among others.
.There is also a second professional football club in St. Petersburg which is called
Hockey teams in the city include
The city's basketball team is
Famous people
- Vladimir Putin - President of Russia
- Dmitry Medvedev - Prime Minister of Russia
- Vladimir Lenin - Russian communist revolutionary
- Peter the Great - Later the Russian Empire
- Catherine the Great - Empress of Russia
- Alexander II - Emperor of Russia
- Grigori Rasputin - Russian mystic and advisor to the Romanovs
- Alexander Suvorov - Generalissimo of the Russian Empire
- Mikhail Kutuzov - Field Marshal of the Russian Empire
- Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly - Russian Field Marshal and Minister of War
- Aleksandr Menshikov- Russian statesman, Generalissimo, Admiral, Princes of the Holy Roman Empire
- Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim - Finnish military leader and statesman
- Alexander Pushkin - Russian author of the Romantic era
- Alexander Blok - Russian lyrical poet
- Anna Akhmatova - Russian modernist poet
- Alexander Kolchak - Russian commander in the Imperial Russian Navy
- Fyodor Dostoyevsky- Russian novelist, short story writer and essayist
- Nikolai Gogol - Russian dramatist, novelist and short story writer
- Mikhail Lermontov - Russian Romantic writer, poet and painter
- Nikolai Leskov - Russian novelist, short story writer and journalist
- Fyodor Tyutchev - Russian lyrical poet
- Vasily Zhukovsky - Russian poet
- Nikolay Nekrasov - Russian poet, writer, critic and publisher
- Vladimir Mayakovsky - Russian poet
- Joseph Brodsky - Russian poet and essayist
- Vladimir Nabokov - Russian-American novelist
- Arkady and Boris Strugatsky - Russian science fiction authors
- Alfred Nobel - Swedish chemist, engineer, innovator, and armaments manufacturer
- Dmitri Mendeleev - Russian chemist and inventor
- Mikhail Lomonosov - Russian polymath, scientist and writer
- Carl Heinrich von Siemens - German entrepreneur
- Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay - Russian explorer, ethnologist, anthropologist and biologist
- Igor Sikorsky - Russian aviation pioneer
- Georgy Grechko - Russian cosmonaut
- Grigori Perelman - Russian mathematician
- Nikolai Vavilov - Russian botanist
- Ivan Pavlov - Russian physiologist
- Dmitry Likhachov- Russian philologist
- Lev Gumilev - Russian historian, ethnologist, anthropologist and translator
- Sergei Rachmaninoff - Russian composer, pianist, and conductor
- Modest Mussorgsky - Russian composer
- Mikhail Glinka - Russian composer
- Valery Gergiev - Russian conductor and opera company director
- Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov - Russian composer
- Dmitri Shostakovich - Russian composer and pianist
- Igor Stravinsky - Russian composer, pianist and conductor
- Peter Carl Fabergé - Russian jeweller
- Domenico Trezzini - Swiss Italian architect
- Andrey Voronikhin - Russian architect and painter
- Carlo Rossi - Italian-born Russian architect
- Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli - Italian-born Russian architect
- Giacomo Quarenghi - Italian-born Russian architect
- Kazimir Malevich - Russian painter and art theoretician
- Ilya Repin - Russian painter and sculptor
- Anna Pavlova - Russian ballerina
- Vaslav Nijinsky - Russian danseur and choreographer
- Alexander Karasyov - Russian writer
- Evgeni Plushenko - Russian figure skater
- Fedor Emelianenko - Russian politician and retired heavyweight mixed martial artist, sambist, and judoka
- Andrei Kirilenko - Russian professional basketball player
- Nikolai Valuev - Russian professional boxer
- Oxana Fedorova - Miss Russia 2001 and Miss Universe 2002 (dethroned)
Crime
The crime dynamic in Saint Petersburg is tightly associated with the general social situation in the country. A sharp spike in the crime level occurred in the late 1980s/early 1990s as a result of the
After the assassinations of City Property Committee Chairman and vice-Governor Mikhail Manevich (1997), State Duma deputy Galina Starovoytova (1998), acting City Legislature Speaker Viktor Novosyolov (1999) and a number of prominent businesspeople, Saint Petersburg was dubbed Capital of Crime in the Russian press.[84][85] There were a number of movies filmed in Saint Petersburg about the life of crime; Banditskiy Peterburg: Advocat,[86] Brother (1997)[87] reinforcing its image as the Crime Capital of Russia.
According to official sources the number of crimes committed by foreigners in Saint Petersburg in 2010 increased by 11.1%. Law enforcement authorities consider this was associated with an increased number of people from some
The official portal of the Government of St. Petersburg provided data on significant improvements in the crime situation.[88] In particular, it was reported that the number of crimes against tourists had decreased by more than half during 2009–2011.
In 2012, Canada's Department of Foreign Affairs warned LGBT travellers about a vaguely worded law in St. Petersburg (which came into effect on March 17, 2012) that makes it a criminal offence to publicize acts of male or female homosexuality, bisexuality, or transgenderism. It is purportedly designed to protect minors. A Russian travel advisory on the Foreign Affairs website notes that while homosexuality is legal in Russia (it was decriminalized in 1993), LGBT Canadian travellers should avoid "displaying affection in public, as homosexuals can be targets of violence… Public actions (including dissemination of information, statements, displays or conspicuous behaviour) contradicting or appearing to contradict this law may lead to arrest, prosecution and the imposition of a fine."[90]
Twin towns and sister cities
Other sisterhoods not on the government list:
See also
- List of buildings and structures in Saint Petersburg
- List of consulates in Saint Petersburg
- List of museums in Saint Petersburg
- List of notable people from Saint Petersburg
- List of Saint Petersburg sister cities
- Flag of Saint Petersburg
- Hotels in Saint Petersburg
References
Bibliography
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- Berelowitch, Wladimir & Olga Medvedkova. Histoire de Saint-Pétersbourg. Paris: Fayard, 1996. ISBN 2-213-59601-8.
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- Buckler, Julie. Mapping St. Petersburg: Imperial Text and Cityshape. Princeton: ISBN 0-691-11349-1.
- Clark, Katerina, Petersburg, Crucible of Revolution. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995.
- Cross, Anthony (ed.). St. Petersburg, 1703–1825. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. ISBN 1-4039-1570-9.
- "San Pietroburgo, la capitale del nord" by . The European Union and its enlargement to the East) Book in Italian.
- George, Arthur L. & Elena George. St. Petersburg: Russia's Window to the Future, The First Three Centuries. Lanham: Taylor Trade Publishing, 2003. ISBN 1-58979-017-0.
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- Hughes, Lindsey (2004). Peter the Great: a Biography. ISBN 0-300-10300-X.
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- Eyewitness Guide: St. Petersburg.
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- Ruble, Blair A. Leningrad: Shaping a Soviet City. Berkeley: ISBN 0-87772-347-8.
- Shvidkovsky, Dmitry O. & Alexander Orloff. St. Petersburg: Architecture of the Tsars. New York: Abbeville Press, 1996. ISBN 0-7892-0217-4.
- Volkov, Solomon. St. Petersburg: A Cultural History. New York: Free Press, 1995. ISBN 0-02-874052-1.
- St. Petersburg:Architecture of the Tsars. 360 pages. Abbeville Press, 1996. ISBN 0-7892-0217-4
- Saint Petersburg: Museums, Palaces, and Historic Collections: A Guide to the Lesser Known Treasures of St. Petersburg. 2003. ISBN 1-59373-000-4.
- ISBN 978-5-901724-21-7.
- Нежиховский Р. А. Река Нева и Невская губа, Leningrad, Гидрометеоиздат, 1981.
- Vorhees, Mara (February 1, 2008). St. Petersburg (Fifth ed.). Footscray, Victoria, Australia: ISBN 978-1-74059-827-9. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
Notes
- ^ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No. 20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
- ^ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
- Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography. Archived from the originalon February 9, 2022. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
- ^ a b c d Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
- (in Russian)
- ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
- ^ Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
- ^ Official website of Leningrad Leningrad in Figures
- ISBN 0-8160-5786-9. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
- ^ V. Morozov. The Discourses of Saint Petersburg and the Shaping of a Wider Europe, Copenhagen Peace Research Institute. 2002. Ciaonet.org
- ^ "Exploring St. Petersburg / The Hermitage". Geographia.com. January 6, 1990. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
- ^ Williams, Harold (1914). Russia of the Russians. Pitman & Sons. p. 33.
- ^ ISBN 9781429964678. Retrieved February 25, 2012.
- ISBN 0-300-10300-X.
- ^ "Peter and Paul Fortress". Saint-Petersburg.com. Retrieved June 19, 2009.
- ^ "Consulate General of Sweden – Sweden and Saint Petersburg". Swedenabroad.com. October 17, 2005. Retrieved January 6, 2009.
- ^ "St Petersburg: Paris of the North or City of Bones?," The Independent. July 8, 2006
- ^ Matthew S. Anderson, Peter the Great (London: Thames and Hudson, 1978)
- ISBN 0-521-84155-0
- ^ "The common characteristic of Saint-Petersburg". russia-travel.ws. 2005–2008. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
- ^
Leningrad: A Short Guide. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House. 1963. pp. 132–133. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
{{cite book}}
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missing|last=
(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c "Ленинградская область в целом: Административно-территориальное деление Ленинградской области". Lenobltrans.narod.ru. Retrieved October 22, 2009.
- ^ Stalin's Terror: High Politics and Mass Repression in the Soviet Union, Barry McLoughlin and Kevin McDermott (eds). Palgrave Macmillan, 2002, p. 6
- ^ a b Siege of Leningrad. Encyclopædia Britannica[dead link]
- ^ Baldack, Richard H. "Leningrad, Siege of," World Book Encyclopedia, Chicago, 2002, vol.12, page 195
- ^
Hugh Ragsdale, ed. (1998). "Chronology of Major Events". Russia after the war: hopes, illusions, and disappointments, 1945–1957. N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, Inc. pp. 132–133. ISBN 0-7656-0227-X.)
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- ^ Ollman, Leah. "Russian Photos Trace Images of Mortality and Memory," Los Angeles Times, August 3, 2001
- ^
Irish Times, Dublin, May 5, 2007
- ^ Sergey Zagraevsky. "Will Saint Petersburg share the same fate as Moscow?". Zagraevsky.com. Retrieved November 16, 2012.
- ^ "Photos of the violations of the historical environment of Saint Petersburg". Rusarch.ru. Retrieved October 22, 2009.
- Saint Petersburg Mining Institute, which is normally 11 centimeters (4.3 in) a.s.l.
- ^ Нежиховский Р. А. Река Нева и Невская губа, Leningrad: Гидрометеоиздат, 1981.
- ^ a b "Pogoda.ru.net" (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Retrieved March 29, 2013.
- ^ "Climate St. Peterburg - Historical weather records". Tutiempo.net. Retrieved November 16, 2012.
- ^ "Архив погоды в Санкт-Петербурге, Санкт-Петербург". Rp5.ru. Retrieved November 16, 2012.
- ^ "Climatological Information for St.Petersburg, Russia". Hong Kong Observatory. Retrieved March 29, 2013.
- ^ Cf. Sant Georg am See in an article written in Dutch
- ^ a b Нестеров В. "Знаешь ли ты свой город" ("Do you know your city?"). Leningrad, 1958, p. 58.
- ^ "August 31, 1914 St.Petersburg renamed to Petrograd" (in Russian). Retrieved January 14, 2011.[dead link]
- ^ "St Petersburg, the 'Venice of the North', gets its own fleet of gondolas". The Independent. UK. June 29, 2004. Retrieved December 7, 2010.
- ISBN 978-1-900639-40-8.)
{{cite book}}
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ignored (|author=
suggested) (help - ^ Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
- ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
- ^ Естественное движение населения в разрезе субъектов Российской Федерации
- ^ Каталог публикаций::Федеральная служба государственной статистики
- ^ Martin, Terry (1998). The Origins of Soviet Ethnic Cleansing. The Journal of Modern History 70.4, 813–861.[dead link]
- ^ Чистякова Н. Третье сокращение численности населения... и последнее? Демоскоп Weekly 163 – 164, August 1–15, 2004.
- ^ Russian source: "Encyclopedia of Saint Petersburg" Чистяков А. Ю. Население (обзорная статья). Энциклопедия Санкт-Петербурга
- ^ Russian statistics Основные показатели социально-демографической ситуации в Санкт-Петербурге[dead link]
- ^ "В первом полугодии продолжалось умеренное повышение числа рождений". Demoscope.ru. Retrieved January 6, 2009.
- ^ "The Constitution of the Russian federation". Constitution.ru. Retrieved October 22, 2009.
- ^ "Russian source: Charter of Saint Petersburg City". Gov.spb.ru. Retrieved October 22, 2009.
- ^ Federal law of 02.05.2012 № 40-FZ
- ^ Saint Petersburg law of 20.06.2012 № 339-59
- ^ "Official website of the Northwestern Federal District (Russian)". Szfo.ru. June 25, 2009. Retrieved October 22, 2009.
- G.N. GeorganoCars: Early and Vintage, 1886–1930. (London: Grange-Universal, 1985)
- ^ Discoverthebaltic.com[dead link] Discover the Baltic online guide to Baltic cruise ports
- ^ "ЗАО "Терра-Нова" | Крупнейший в Европе проект по образованию и комплексному развитию территории в западной части Васильевского острова Санкт-Петербурга". Mfspb.ru. March 12, 2012. Retrieved November 16, 2012.
- ^ Russian Standard Vodka Ranked 4th Fastest Growing Premium Spirits Brand Worldwide Impact, 2007.
- ^ "Budget of Saint Petersburg (Russian document)". City of Saint Petersburg.
- ^ "Валовой региональный продукт по субъектам Российской Федерации в 1998–2005гг. (в текущих основных ценах; млн.рублей)". Gks.ru. Retrieved October 22, 2009.
- ^ "Валовой региональный продукт на душу населения (в текущих основных ценах; рублей)". Gks.ru. Retrieved October 22, 2009.
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- ^ Data of the Government of Saint-Petersburg
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- ^ Close (October 16, 2005). "Where a symphony silenced guns". The Guardian. London. Retrieved October 22, 2009.
- ^ Vulliamy, Ed (November 25, 2001). "Orchestral manoeuvres (part one)". London: Observer.guardian.co.uk. Retrieved October 22, 2009.
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- ^ "the irony of fate sat in st.petersburg". Retrieved August 26, 2009.
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- ^ Joseph Brodsky. Less Than One: Selected Essays, 1986
- ^ "History of Yacht Clubs in Russia". Encspb.ru. Retrieved October 22, 2009.
- ^ Russian Mafia Shakes Down the Country by Steven R. Van Hook, Santa Barbara News-Press, November 20, 1994
- ^ Trumbull, Nathaniel S. (2003) The impacts of globalization on Saint Petersburg: A secondary world city in from the cold? The Annals of Regional Science 37:533–546
- ^ Powell, Bill & Brian Whitmore. The Capital Of Crime.(Saint Petersburg, Russia). Newsweek International, May 15, 2000.
- ^ ""Banditskiy Peterburg: Advokat" (2000)". Imdb.com. February 27, 2006. Retrieved January 6, 2009.
- ^ "Brat (1997)". Imdb.com. April 16, 1998. Retrieved January 6, 2009.
- ^ a b "Crime preventing measures have made good results. – An official portal of the administration of St. Petersburg". Gov.spb.ru. July 16, 2012. Retrieved July 20, 2012.
- ^ a b Russia: Racist Attacks Plague St. Petersburg Radio Free Europe September 30, 2005
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- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba "Saint Petersburg in figures – International and Interregional Ties". Saint Petersburg City Government. Retrieved March 23, 2008.
- ^ "Barcelona's Sister cities". 2008 Ajuntament de Barcelona (City council's webpage). Retrieved December 1, 2008.
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- ^ "Bordeaux-Atlas français de la coopération décentralisée et des autres actions extérieures". Délégation pour l’Action Extérieure des Collectivités Territoriales (Ministère des Affaires étrangères) (in French). Archived from the original on February 7, 2013. Retrieved July 29, 2013.
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- ^ Plovdiv Sister cities[dead link]
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- ^ "Twinning Cities". City of Thessaloniki. Retrieved December 1, 2008.
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- ^ "Guide to Vilnuis". Retrieved December 1, 2008.
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{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ Florence, Jeanne. "Le Havre - Les villes jumelées" [Le Havre - Twin towns] (in French). Retrieved August 7, 2013.
{{cite web}}
:|archive-date=
requires|archive-url=
(help) - ^ "Le Havre - Les villes jumelées" [Le Havre - Twin towns]. City of Le Havre (in French). Archived from the original on July 24, 2013. Retrieved August 7, 2013.
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:|archive-date=
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External links
- City Tourist Portal
- Marina Sidyakina (April 10, 2008). "Destination: St Petersburg". Helsinki Times.
- Saint Petersburg (Russia) travel guide from Wikivoyage
- St Petersburg on In Our Time at the BBC
- Official list of foreign partner cities and regions on the website of the city government's Committee for External Relations (in Russian)
- Life of Saint Petersburg in photos
- Saint Petersburg Travel 2012
- Saint Petersburg sights and attractions
- Over 1600 pre-Revolution postcard views of Saint Petersburg
- Saint Petersburg city landscapes
- St-Petersburg, Virtual Tour • 360° Aerial Panorama
- Bob Atchinson (2010). "Saint Petersburg, 1900: a photographic travelogue of the capital of Imperial Russia". Retrieved February 9, 2011 [50 photographs of St. Petersburg from «Travelogues» of Burton Holmes (Vol. 8, 1914) and other sources
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - "Официальный портал администрации Санкт-Петербурга" [The Official Portal of the Saint Petersburg City Authority]. The Saint Petersburg City Authority: 191060, St. Petersburg, Smolny [Администрация Санкт-Петербурга 191060, СПб., Смольный] (in Russian). 2001–2011. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) - Committee for Investment and Strategic Projects (2010). "Saint Petersburg – open city". The Government of St. Petersburg [Analytical materials and white papers upon economy, business and social environment, comfort and doing business in St. Petersburg
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - "Encyclopaedia of Saint Petersburg". St. Petersburg: The )
Category:Sankt-Peterburgsky Uyezd Category:Former national capitals Category:Hero Cities of the Soviet Union Category:Planned capitals Category:Populated coastal places in Russia Category:Populated places established in 1703 Category:Port cities and towns in Russia Category:Port cities and towns of the Baltic Sea Category:World Heritage Sites in Russia