List of wars involving the United Kingdom
This is a list of wars and humanitarian conflicts involving the militarised interstate disputes are included. For a list of wars before the Acts of Union 1707 please see List of wars involving England & List of wars involving Scotland. To see wars that have been fought on the United Kingdom mainland, see the list of wars in Great Britain.
Historically, the United Kingdom relied most heavily on the Royal Navy and maintained relatively small land forces. Most of the episodes listed here deal with insurgencies and revolts in the various colonies of the British Empire.
During its history, the United Kingdom's forces (or forces with a British mandate) have invaded, had some control over or fought conflicts in 171 of the world's 193 countries that are currently UN member states, or nine out of ten of all countries.[1]
- British victory - 102
- Another result * - 23
- British defeat - 24
- Ongoing conflict - 2
*e.g. a treaty or peace without a clear result, status quo ante bellum, result of civil or internal conflict, result unknown or indecisive, inconclusive
Kingdom of Great Britain (1707–1801)
| Conflict | Britain & allies | Britain's opposition | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| The Great Northern War (1700–1721) |
 Swedish Empire
|
 Tsardom of Russia
|
Inconclusive for Great Britain
Russian Allied victory:
|
| The War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) including |
 Austria |
 France
|
British victory
|
| Civil war: Post-Spanish Succession Caribbean Piracy (1715–1726) |
 Great Britain
|
 Anglo-American-Caribbean privateers Republic of Pirates
|
Civil war, British victory
|
| Civil war: (1715–1716) Jacobite rising of 1715
|
Great Britain
|
Jacobites | Civil war, British victory
Jacobite restoration attempt defeated |
| The War of the Quadruple Alliance
including
|
Holy Roman Empire Great Britain
|
Spain Jacobites (against the British Crown and government only) |
British Allied victory:
|
| Dummer's War (1721–1725) |
Mohawk
|
Wabanaki Confederacy | British victory
|
| The War of Jenkins' Ear (1739–1748) Location: New Granada, Caribbean, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, Pacific and Atlantic |
Great Britain
|
Spain
|
Inconclusive/Other Outcome
|
| The War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748) including
|
Austria
|
France
|
French Allied Victory in Europe but British Victory outside of Europe
|
| Civil War: Jacobite rising of 1745 |
Great Britain
|
Jacobites | Civil war, British victory
Jacobite restoration attempt defeated |
The Second Carnatic War (1749–1754) |
 East India CompanyForces of Nasir Jang Mir Ahmad Forces of Mohamed Ali Khan Walajan
|
Chanda Shahib Forces of Muhyi ad-Din Muzaffar Jang Hidayat
|
British Allied victory
|
| Seven Years' War (1756–1763) including
|
Great Britain
Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel  Hesse-Kassel Schaumburg-Lippe
Cherokee Nation (before 1758) Lenape (from 1758) Wyandot of Ohio Country (British supported faction) |
France
Miꞌkmaq
Lenape (until 1758) Wyandot of Fort Detroit (French supported faction) |
British Allied victory
|
| Anglo-Cherokee War (1758–1761) |
Great Britain
|
Cherokee | British victory
Pro-British Cherokee leader
|
Tacky's War (1760) |
|
Ashanti Slaves | British Allied victory
|
Pontiac's Rebellion (1763–1766) |
Great Britain
|
Native American Coalition: | Inconclusive/Other Outcome
|
| First Anglo-Mysore War (1766–1769) |
East India Company |
 Kingdom of Mysore
|
Mysore victory
Hyderabad cedes territory to Mysore |
| First Anglo-Maratha War (1774–1783) |
East India Company
|
 Maratha Empire
|
Maratha victory
|
|
Great Britain Iroquois Hanover Loyalists |
 United States France
|
Civil War / American Allied victory
|
4th Anglo-Dutch War (1780–83) |
Great Britain
|
 Spain
|
British victory
Treaty of Paris[14]
|
2nd Anglo-Mysore War (1780–1784) |
East India Company |
Kingdom of Mysore |
Inconclusive/Other Outcome |
3rd Anglo-Mysore War (1789–1792) |
East India Company |
Kingdom of Mysore
|
British Allied victory
|
| War of the First Coalition (1793–1797) |
Dutch Republic (until 1795)[15] Great Britain[16] Holy Roman Empire (until 1797)[17]
|
(from 1792)
French satellites:[22]
|
French Victory
|
| War of the Second Coalition (1797–1802) |
Holy Roman Empire (until 1801)[a]
|
 French client republics:[32]
|
French Victory
Treaty of Lunéville, Treaty of Amiens
|
| Ibn Ufaisan's Invasion (1793) |
.svg){kind=small} Kuwait Great Britain
|
 Emirate of Diriyah
|
British Allied victory
|
| Second Maroon War (1795–1796) |
Great Britain British Jamaica |
Jamaican Maroons | British victory
|
| Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars (1795–1816) |
Burrberongal Tribe Great Britain from 1801:  United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
|
Dharug Eora Tharawal Gandangara  Irish-convict sympathisers
|
British victory
Displacement of Aborigines from their land |
| Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808) Location: Straits of Gibraltar, Balearic Islands, Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean, Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
|
Great Britain from 1801: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
|
 Spain French Republic
|
Inconclusive/Other Outcome |
| Kandyan Wars (1796–1818) |
Great Britain from 1801: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
|
 Kingdom of Kandy
|
British victory
|
| Irish Rebellion of 1798 (1798) |
 Kingdom of Ireland
|
 United Irishmen |
British victory
|
4th Anglo-Mysore War (1798–1799) |
East India Company |
Kingdom of Mysore
|
British Allied victory
Complete annexation of Mysore by Britain and allies |
.svg){kind=small}
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922)
| Conflict | Britain & allies | Britain's opposition | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| Temne War (1801–1807) |
Susu tribes | Kingdom of Koya | British Allied victory
Northern shore of Sierra Leone ceded by Koya |
| Second Anglo-Maratha War (1802–1805) |
 East India Company
|
Maratha Empire
|
British victory
Extensive territory in India ceded by the Maratha Empire |
| First Kandyan War (1803–1805) |
United Kingdom
|
 Kandy
|
British victory
Territory captured from Kandy |
| Civil War: Emmet's Insurrection (1803) |
United Kingdom
|
Forces of Robert Emmet
|
British victory
Rebellion defeated |
British Expedition to Ceylon (1803) |
Dutch Republic United Kingdom
|
British Allied victory
| |
| War of the Third Coalition (1805–1806) |
 Austrian Empire |
 French Empire
|
French Allied victory
|
| War of the Fourth Coalition (1806–1807) |
 Prussia |
French Empire
|
French Allied victory
|
| Ashanti–Fante War (1806–1807) |
 Ashanti Empire
|
Fante Confederacy United Kingdom
|
Dutch victory |
Anglo-Turkish War (1807–1809) |
United Kingdom
|
 Ottoman Empire
|
Turkish victory
|
| Gunboat War (1807–1814) |
United Kingdom
|
 Denmark–Norway
|
British victory
|
| Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812) |
United Kingdom
|
Russian Empire
|
Inconclusive/Other Outcome
|
| Peninsular War (1807–1814) |
Spain
|
French Empire
|
British Allied victory
|
| Travancore rebellion (1808–1809) |
.svg){kind=small} East India Company
|
 TravancoreKingdom of Cochin |
British victory |
| War of the Fifth Coalition (1809) |
Austrian Empire
|
French Empire
Naples Swiss Confederation  Holland
|
French Allied victory
|
| Persian Gulf campaign of 1809 (1809) |
United Kingdom
|
 Al Qasimi
|
British victory |
| 4th Xhosa War (1811–1812) |
United Kingdom Cape Colony
|
Xhosa tribes | British victory
Xhosa tribes pushed beyond the Fish River, reversing their gains in the previous Xhosa wars |
| War of 1812 (1812–1815) |
United Kingdom
Tecumseh's Confederacy
|
 United States
|
Inconclusive/Other Outcome
Treaty of Ghent; Status quo ante bellum with no boundary changes
|
| War of the Sixth Coalition (1812–1814) |
Original Coalition Russian Empire Prussia Austrian Empire United Kingdom Sweden Spain Portugal Two Sicilies Kingdom of SardiniaAfter Battle of Leipzig |
First French Empire
Until January 1814
|
British Allied victory
|
| Second Kandyan War (1815) |
United Kingdom
|
Kandy
|
British victory
|
| Hundred Days (1815) War of the Seventh Coalition |
United Kingdom
|
French Empire |
British Allied victory
|
| Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817–1818) |
East India Company
|
Maratha Empire
|
British victory
Virtually all territory south of the Sutlej River controlled by Britain |
| Greek War of Independence (1821–1829) |
1821: Philhellenes
United Kingdom (after 1826) Russian Empire (after 1826) Kingdom of France (after 1826) Serb and Montenegrin volunteers |
.svg){kind=small} Ottoman Empire
|
British Allied victory
|
| First Ashanti War (1823–1831) |
British Empire
|
Ashanti Empire
|
Inconclusive/Other Outcome
|
| First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–1826) |
East India Company
Native tribes |
 Burmese Empire
|
British Allied victory
|
| British attack on Berbera (1827) |
United Kingdom
|
 Isaaq Sultanate
|
British Allied victory
|
Revolt of the Mercenaries (1828) |
 Brazil United Kingdom France
|
 German Mercenaries Irish Mercenaries
|
British Allied victory
|
| Baptist War (1831–1832) |
United Kingdom Colony of Jamaica |
Rebel slaves | British victory
|
| First Carlist War (1833–1840) |
Queen Isabella II
|
Carlists:
|
Inconclusive/Other Outcome
|
| The 6th Xhosa War (1834–1836) |
Khoikhoi
|
Xhosa tribes | British victory
Extensive territorial gains from Xhosa |
Rebellions of 1837 (1837–1838) |
United Kingdom Province of Upper Canada
|
Reform Movement
|
British victory
|
| Pastry War (1838–1839) also known First Franco–Mexican War |
 Mexico
|
France United Kingdom
|
British Victory
|
| First Anglo-Afghan War (1838–1842) |
Sadozai loyalists
|
 Afghan Tribes Barakzai Loyalists |
Barakzai Afghan victory
|
| First Opium War (1839–1842) |
United Kingdom
|
 Qing dynasty
|
British victory
|
| Second Egyptian-Ottoman War (1839–1841) |
Ottoman Empire British Empire
|
Spain
|
British Allied victory
|
First Anglo-Sikh War (1845–1846) |
East India Company Patiala State
|
 Sikh Empire
|
British Allied victory
|
| The 7th Xhosa War (1846–1847) The War of the Axe |
United Kingdom Cape Colony
|
Xhosa tribes | British victory
Territory ceded from Xhosa |
| Caste War of Yucatán (1847–1901) |
Mexico Republic of Yucatán Guatemala United Kingdom British Honduras
|
Maya
|
British Allied victory
|
Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848–1849) |
East India Company
|
Sikh Empire
|
British victory
Complete annexation of the Punjab by the East India Company |
| Battle of Tysami (1849) |
United Kingdom
|
Chui A-poo's pirates | British victory |
| The 8th Xhosa War (1850–1853) Mlanjeni's War |
United Kingdom Cape Colony
|
Xhosa tribes Khoikhoi tribes Native Kafir Police
|
British victory
Xhosa-Khoi attacks defeated Status quo ante bellum |
| Taiping Rebellion (1850–1864) |
Qing dynasty France United Kingdom
|
Taiping Heavenly Kingdom | British Allied victory
|
| Second Anglo-Burmese War (1852–1853) |
United Kingdom
|
Burmese Empire
|
British victory
Burmese revolution ended fighting Lower Burma annexed
|
| Crimean War (1853–1856) |
French Empire |
Russian Empire |
British Allied victory |
| Second Opium War (1856–1860) Arrow War |
French Empire
|
Qing dynasty
|
British Allied victory
The Treaty of Tientsin :
|
| Anglo-Persian War (1856–1857) |
Afghanistan |
 Persia |
British Allied victory
Persian withdrawal from Herat |
| Indian Rebellion of 1857 (1857–1858) |
East India Company |
Sepoys of the East India Company
|
British Allied victory
Act for the Better Government of India:
|
| Bombardment of Kagoshima (1863) |
British Empire
|
 Satsuma Domain
|
British victory
|
British Expedition to Abyssinia (1867–1868) |
United Kingdom
|
 Ethiopia
|
British victory |
| Klang War (1867–1874) Selangor Civil War |
Forces of Raja Abdullah of Klang
|
Forces of Raja Mahadi | British Allied victory |
| Third Ashanti War (1873–1874) |
United Kingdom
|
Ashanti Empire
|
British victory
Treaty of Fomena:
|
| Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878–1880) |
 India
|
.svg){kind=small} Afghanistan
|
Stalemate
|
| Anglo-Zulu War (1879) |
Natal
|
Zulu Kingdom | British victory
Zululand annexed to Natal |
'Urabi Revolt (1879–1882) |
United Kingdom Khedivate of Egypt
|
Egyptian and Sudanese forces under Ahmed 'Urabi
|
British Allied victory
|
| Basuto Gun War (1880–1881) |
United Kingdom Cape Colony
|
Basuto people | Basuto victory
|
| First Boer War (1880–1881) |
United Kingdom
|
 South African Republic
|
South African victory
|
| Mahdist War (1881–1899) |
United Kingdom Italy
|
Mahdist Sudan | British allied victory
|
| Third Anglo-Burmese War (1885) |
United Kingdom
|
Burmese Empire
|
British victory
Upper Burma annexed to India
|
Sikkim Expedition (1888) |
India
|
 Tibet
|
British victory
Tibet recognizes British suzerainty over Sikkim |
| Anglo-Manipur War (1891) |
United Kingdom
|
 Kingdom of Manipur
|
British victory |
| First Matabele War (1893–1894) |
South Africa Company
|
Ndebele Kingdom
|
British victory |
| Anglo-Zanzibar War (1896) |
United Kingdom
|
 Zanzibar
|
British victory
Pro-British Sultan installed |
| Second Matabele War (1896–1897) |
South Africa Company
|
Matebele | British victory |
| Cretan Revolt (1897–1898) |  Cretan revolutionaries .svg){kind=small} Kingdom of Greece British Empire France Italy Russian Empire Austria-Hungary (until April 12, 1898) German Empire (until March 16, 1898)
|
Ottoman Empire
|
British victory
|
| Second Samoan Civil War
(1898–1899) |
 Supporters of Tanumafili I
|
 Supporters of Mata'afa
|
Inconclusive/Other Outcome |
| Boxer Rebellion (1899–1901) |
United Kingdom
|
 Righteous Harmony Society |
British Allied victory
|
| Second Boer War (1899–1902) |
United Kingdom
|
 Orange Free State |
British victory
|
| Mahsud Waziri blockade (1900–1902) |
India
|
Mahsud rebels | British victory |
| Anglo-Aro War (1901–1902) |
United Kingdom
|
 Aro Confederacy
|
British victory
Aro Confederacy destroyed |
| British expedition to Tibet (1903–1904) |
India
|
Tibet
|
British victory |
| Bazar Valley campaign (1908) |
India
|
Rebel tribes | British victory |
First World War (1914–1918) |
Allied Powers
|
Central Powers |
British Allied victory
Treaties of Saint-Germain-en-Laye and Trianon:
Russia pulls out in 1917
Creation of League of Nations:
|
| Estonian War of Independence (1918–1920) |
 volunteers
|
 Russian SFSR
|
British Allied victory
|
| Latvian War of Independence (1918–1920) |
 United Kingdom
|
German Empire West Russian Volunteer Army
|
British Allied victory
|
| Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War (1918–1920) |
White Movement
|
Russian SFSR
|
Bolshevik victory
|
| Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923) |
 Greece France Armenia (in 1920) United Kingdom Ottoman Empire (until 1922)
|
Turkish National Movement
Supported by: |
Turkish Allied victory
|
| Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919) |
India
|
 Afghanistan
|
Inconclusive/Other Outcome[37][38]
|
| Kuwait–Najd War (1919–1920) |
.svg){kind=small} Kuwait British Empire
|
 Sultanate of Nejd
|
British Allied victory |
| Irish War of Independence (1919–1921) |
United Kingdom
|
Irish Republic
|
Irish Republic victory
|
Great Iraqi Revolution of 1920 (1920) |
United Kingdom
|
 Iraqi rebels
|
Inconclusive/Other
|
1922 Burao Tax Revolt (1922) |
United Kingdom
|
Habr Yunis tribesmen
|
Tribal victory
|
.svg){kind=small}
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1922–present)
| Conflict | Britain & allies | Britain's opposition | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adwan Rebellion (1923) |
United Kingdom Emir Abdullah's forces Hashemite allied tribesmen:
|
Sultan al-Adwan's forces
|
British Allied victory
Sultan al-Adwan's defeat and exile |
Ikhwan Revolt (1927–1930) |
RAF
|
 Ikhwan
|
British Allied victory
|
| Great Arab Revolt in Palestine (1936–1939) |
United Kingdom Yishuv
|
Arab Higher Committee
|
British Allied victory [41]
Revolt suppressed |
| Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine (1939–1948) |
United Kingdom
|
Yishuv
|
Yishuv victory[42]
|
| S-Plan 16 January 1939 – March 1940 |
United Kingdom
|
Irish Republican Army
|
British victory [43]
|
Second World War (1939–1945) |
Allied Powers
|
Axis Powers
|
British Allied victory
Nazi Germany formally surrenders 8 May 1945, ending the Second World War in Europe. the dropping of atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki , Japan announces its surrender, ending the Second World War
British (and Commonwealth), French, American, and Soviet troops occupy Germany until 1955, Italy and Japan lose their colonies, Europe is divided into 'Soviet' and 'Western' spheres of interest. |
| Afghan tribal revolts of 1944–1947 (1944–1947) |
 Afghanistan• Allied Nuristani tribesmen British Empire• British India
|
Rebel tribes: | Afghan government & British victory
|
1944–45 Insurgency in Balochistan (1944–1945) |
United Kingdom
|
Badinzai rebels | British victory
|
Northern Campaign 2 September 1942 – December 1944 |
Royal Ulster Constabulary
|
Irish Republican Army
|
British victory
|
| Greek Civil War (1946–1948) |
Kingdom of Greece
|
D.S.E. (Δ.Σ.Ε.) |
British Allied victory Communist forces defeated, many D.S.E. soldiers exiled in Eastern Europe. Battalion of UK troops still in Greece until 1948 |
1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion (1945) |
United Kingdom
|
Armed Habr Je'lo tribesmen | British Pyrrhic victory Sheikh Bashir killed, unrest continues, anti-colonialist and nationalist sentiment increases in Somaliland |
| Indonesian National Revolution (1945–1949) |
United Kingdom Netherlands
|
 Indonesia
|
Inconclusive/Other Outcome
|
| Operation Masterdom (1945–1946) |
United Kingdom
|
Việt Minh
|
British victory
|
| Corfu Channel incident (1946–1948) |
United Kingdom
|
 Albania
|
Inconclusive/Other Outcome
|
| Malayan Emergency (1948–1960) |
British Commonwealth
|
 Malayan Communist Party |
British Allied victory
|
| Korean War (1950–1953) |
 United Nations Command
|
 North Korea
|
Inconclusive/Other Outcome
|
1951 Anglo-Egyptian War[45] (1951–1952) |
United Kingdom
|
 Egypt
|
British victory
|
Mau Mau Uprising (1952–1960) |
United Kingdom
|
Mau Mau | British victory
|
| Jebel Akhdar War (1954–1959) |
 Sultanate of Muscat and Oman United Kingdom
|
 Imamate of Oman
|
British Allied victory
|
| Cyprus Emergency (1955–1959) |
United Kingdom
|
 EOKA
|
Inconclusive/Other Outcome [46][47][48]
|
| Suez Crisis (1956–1957) |
United Kingdom |
 Egypt
|
Inconclusive/Other Outcome
Coalition military victory[52][53][54]
|
Border Campaign (1956–1962) |
United Kingdom
|
.svg){kind=small} Irish Republican Army
|
British victory
IRA campaign fails |
| First Cod War (1958–1961) |
United Kingdom
|
 Iceland
|
Icelandic victory[nb 4] Iceland expands its territorial waters to 12 nautical miles |
| Upper Yafa disturbances[58] (1959) |
British Empire
|
Rebels | British victory |
Dhofar Rebellion (1962–1975) |
 Oman United Kingdom Iran |
 Various insurgents
|
British Allied victory
Insurgency defeated |
| Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation (1963–1966) |
Commonwealth of Nations
|
Indonesia
|
British Allied victory
Indonesia recognises Malaysian rule over former North Borneo |
| Aden Emergency (1963–1967) |
 Federation of South Arabia United Kingdom
|
NLF
FLOSY |
Yemeni NLF victory People's Republic of South Yemen established |
| The Troubles (1968–1998) |
United Kingdom
|
|
Stalemate
Inconclusive/Other Outcome
|
| Second Cod War (1972–1973) |
United Kingdom
|
Iceland
|
Icelandic victory[nb 4] UK accept Iceland's 50 nautical mile exclusive fishery zone |
| Third Cod War (1975–1976) |
United Kingdom
|
Iceland
|
Icelandic victory[nb 4] Iceland expands its exclusive fishery zone to 200 nautical miles |
| Falklands War (1982) |
United Kingdom
|
 Argentina
|
British victory
|
| Multinational Force in Lebanon (1982–1984) |
United Kingdom
|
Islamic Jihad Organization Iran Syria Progressive Socialist Party Amal Movement
|
Syrian Allied victory[59]
|
| Gulf War (1990–1991) |
 Kuwait
|
 Iraq
|
British Allied victory Kuwait regains its independence |
| Bosnian War (1992–1995) |
UNPROFOR |
 Republika Srpska |
Military stalemate
Dayton Accords
|
Operation Desert Fox (1998) |
 United States
|
 Iraq
|
British Allied victory
Objectives largely achieved |
| Kosovo War (1998–1999) |
United States
|
 Yugoslavia
|
British Allied victory Kosovo occupied by Nato forces |
| Sierra Leone Civil War (2000–2002) |
 Sierra Leone
|
 Rebels
|
British Allied victory
Rebels defeated |
| War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) |
 Afghanistan
|
Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
|
Taliban victory
|
| Iraq War (2003–2009) |
United States
|
Iraq under Saddam Hussein Various insurgents
|
British Allied victory:
|
First Libyan Civil War (2011) |
Many NATO  members acting under UN mandate, including:
|
 Pro-Gaddafi forces
|
British Allied victory
|
| Operation Shader (2014–present) |
United States United Kingdom Iraq Syrian Opposition Australia Belgium Canada Denmark France Germany Italy Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Turkey Bahrain Jordan Morocco Qatar Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Rojava Egypt Libya Nigeria Cameroon Chad Niger Russia
|
 Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Boko Haram
Khorasan
Ahrar ash-Sham
|
Ongoing
|
| Operation Prosperity Guardian (2023–present) |
United States United Kingdom Canada France Greece Italy Netherlands Norway Spain Bahrain Seychelles Sri Lanka New Zealand
|
 Supreme Political Council
|
Ongoing
|
See also
- List of wars involving England
- List of wars involving Scotland
- List of wars in Great Britain
- Military history of the United Kingdom
- Declaration of war by the United Kingdom
Notes
-
- As early as 1789, David Ramsay, an American patriot historian, wrote in his History of the American Revolution that "Many circumstances concurred to make the American war particularly calamitous. It was originally a civil war in the estimation of both parties."[10] Framing the American Revolutionary War as a civil war is gaining increasing examination.[11][12][13][1]. You can read part two of his 1789 book in full here
- A group of Bristol, England merchants wrote to King George III in 1775 voicing their "most anxious apprehensions for ourselves and Posterity that we behold the growing distractions in America threaten" and ask for their majesty's "Wisdom and Goodness" to save them from "a lasting and ruinous Civil War."[2]. You can read the 1775 petition in full here
- The "constrained voice" is a good synopsis of how the British viewed the American Revolutionary War. From anxiety to a foreboding sense of the conflict being a civil war,[3]
- In the early stages of the rebellion by the American colonists, most of them still saw themselves as English subjects who were being denied their rights as such. "Taxation without representation is tyranny," James Otis reportedly said in protest of the lack of colonial representation in Parliament. What made the American Revolution look most like a civil war, though, was the reality that about one-third of the colonists, known as loyalists (or Tories), continued to support and fought on the side of the crown.[4]
- ^ France entered the American Revolution on the side of the colonists in 1778, turning what had essentially been a civil war into an international conflict.[5]
- The Revolution was both an international conflict, with Britain and France vying on land and sea, and a civil war among the colonists, causing over 60,000 loyalists to flee their homes.[6]
- Until early in 1778 the conflict was a civil war within the British Empire, but afterward it became an international war as France (in 1778) and Spain (in 1779) joined the colonies against Britain. Meanwhile, the Netherlands, which provided both official recognition of the United States and financial support for it, was engaged in its own war against Britain.[7]
- ^ Duchy of Warsaw as a state was in effect fully occupied by Russian and Prussian forces by May 1813, though most Poles remained loyal to Napoleon
- ^ a b c Militarised interstate dispute over fishing rights in waters near Iceland;[56] Iceland has never fought in a full-scale war.[57]
- Habsburg states such as the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.
References
Citations
- ^ Laycock, S. (2012). All the Countries We've Ever Invaded – And the Few We Never Got Round To. The History Press. ASIN 0752479695.
- ISBN 9788171546961
- ISBN 9780231500043
- ^ Eric Herschthal. America's First Civil War: Alan Taylor's new history poses the revolution as a battle inside America as well as for its liberty Archived 2017-06-26 at the Wayback Machine, The Slate, September 6, 2016.
- ^ James McAuley. Ask an Academic: Talking About a Revolution Archived 2018-01-07 at the Wayback Machine, The New Yorker, August 4, 2011.
- ^ Thomas Allen. Tories: Fighting for the King in America's First Civil War. New York, Harper, 2011.
- ^ Peter J. Albert (ed.). An Uncivil War: The Southern Backcountry During the American Revolution. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1985.
- ^ Alfred Young (ed.). The American Revolution: Explorations in the History of American Radicalism. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1976.
- ^ Armitage, David. Every Great Revolution Is a Civil War Archived 2013-12-03 at the Wayback Machine. In: Keith Michael Baker and Dan Edelstein (eds.). Scripting Revolution: A Historical Approach to the Comparative Study of Revolutions. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2015. According to Armitage, "The renaming can happen relatively quickly: for example, the transatlantic conflict of the 1770s that many contemporaries[who?] saw as a British "civil war" or even "the American Civil War" was first called "the American Revolution" in 1776 by the chief justice of South Carolina, William Henry Drayton."
- ^ David Ramsay. The History of the American Revolution Archived 2018-07-27 at the Wayback Machine. 1789.
- ^ Elise Stevens Wilson. Colonists Divided: A Revolution and a Civil War Archived 2016-10-17 at the Wayback Machine, The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History.
- ^ Timothy H. Breen. The American Revolution as Civil War Archived 2017-06-24 at the Wayback Machine, National Humanities Center.
- ^ 1776: American Revolution or British Civil War? Archived 2018-07-27 at the Wayback Machine, University of Cambridge.
- ISBN 0-89875-269-8
- ^ Left the war after signing the Treaty of The Hague (1795) with France.
- ^ Including the Army of Condé
- Duchy of Massa. Left the war after signing the Treaty of Campo Formiowith France.
- ^ a b c Left the war after signing the Peace of Basel with France.
- ^ a b Left the war after signing the Peace of Paris with France.
- ^ Left the war after signing the Treaty of Tolentino with France.
- ^ Left the war after signing the Treaty of Paris with France.
- ^ Including the Polish Legions formed in French-allied Italy in 1797, following the abolition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth after the Third Partition in 1795.
- ^ The French Revolutionary Army and Dutch revolutionaries overthrew the Dutch Republic and established the Batavian Republic as a puppet state in its place.
- ^ Various conquered Italian states, including the Cisalpine Republic from 1797
- ^ Left the war signing the treaty of Paris (August 1801).
- ^ Great Britain until 1800. Left the war signing the treaty of Amiens.
- ^ Left the war signing the treaty of Paris.
- ^ Including the Mamluks and the Barbary Coast. Left the war signing the Treaty of Paris (1802) with France.
- ^ Left the war signing the Treaty of Florence with France.
- ^ Left the war signing the Treaty of Badajoz (1801) with Spain and the Treaty of Madrid (1801) with France.
- ^ Following the refusal to enter in alliance against the Two Sicilies, France declared war on both Naples and Piedmont-Sardinia the same day, December 6. The Piedmontese Republic was proclaimed on 10 December 1798. The Sardinian king Charles Emmanuel IV fled to Cagliari.
- ^ And other supporting soldiers as the Polish Legions and some Mamluks in captivity.
- ^ Onley, James (March 2009), "The Raj Reconsidered: British India's Informal Empire and Spheres of Influence in Asia and Africa" (PDF), Asian Affairs, 11 (1), archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-10-09, retrieved 2020-12-24
- ISBN 9780788136313.
- ISBN 9781472830777.
- ISBN 978-0-521-27459-3.
- ^ Lansford 2017, p. 47.
- ^ Sidebotham, Herbert (1919). "The Third Afghan War". New Statesman, 16 August 1919. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2009.
- ^ Cavanna 2015, p. xviii.
- ^ Reeva S. Simon; Philip Mattar; Richard W. Bulliet (1996). Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East – Volume 1. p. 119.
Fighting between Kuwait's forces and Wahhabi supporters of Ibn Sa'ud broke out in May 1920, and the former were soundly defeated. Within a few weeks, the citizens of Kuwait constructed a new wall to protect Kuwait City.
- ^ "Book Review – 'Britain's Pacification of Palestine: The British Army, the Colonial State, and the Arab Revolt, 1936–9' by Matthew Hughes". 31 May 2019.
- ^ Charters, David A. The British army and Jewish insurgency in Palestine, 1945–47. Springer, 1989, p. X
- ^ Crowley, pg 809
- ISBN 9781845112547. Retrieved 30 May 2010.
- ^ "Egypt 1951 War with Britain". www.globalsecurity.org.
- ISBN 9780198729341.
that no one had emerged after four years of violence as an outright winner
- JSTOR 10.7249/j.ctt5hhsjk.17.
- ISBN 9781443863254.
- ISBN 9781134880355.
- ^ French 2015, p. 302.
- ISBN 9780755635344.
Defeat of the ENOSIS cause
- ^ a b Tal, David (2001). The 1956 War: Collusion and Rivalry in the Middle East ISBN 978-0-7146-4840-8. p 203
- ISBN 0791466876.
- ^ Stewart (2013) p 133
- ISBN 0-8078-1967-0.
- S2CID 144997884.
- ^ "From Iceland — Ask A Historian: Has Iceland Ever Been Involved In Any Wars Or Conflicts". The Reykjavik Grapevine. 2017-07-14. Retrieved 2020-10-17.
- ^ "Upper Yafa (Disturbances): 7 Jul 1959: House of Commons debates". TheyWorkForYou. Retrieved 2019-06-26.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-03-08.
- ^ "Statement by Deputy Press Secretary Larry Speakes". September 23, 1982.
- ^ Brinkley, Joel (March 11, 1984). "The Collapse of Lebanon's Army: U.S. Said to Ignore Factionalism". The New York Times.
- ^ "Sectarian divisions change Baghdad's image". NBC News. 3 July 2006. Retrieved 18 February 2007.
- ^ "The JRTN Movement and Iraq's Next Insurgency | Combating Terrorism Center at West Point". Ctc.usma.edu. Archived from the original on 2011-08-26. Retrieved 2014-08-02.
- ^ "Al-Qaeda's Resurgence in Iraq: A Threat to U.S. Interests". U.S. Department of State. 5 February 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2010.
- ^ Singh, Arj; Smith, Mikey (20 September 2017). "British air strikes have killed 3,000 ISIS militants over three years". Daily Mirror.
- ^ "UK Drone Strike Stats". Drone Wars UK. 29 February 2012.
- ^ "UK troops training Kurdish forces". BBC News. 12 October 2014.
- ^ Farrell, Stephen (27 February 2007). "British trained Iraqi soldiers gear up to back Baghdad surge". Rustamiyah – via www.thetimes.co.uk.
- ^ "Austin announces US-led security operation focusing on Red Sea, Gulf of Aden after Houthi attacks on commercial shipping". CNN. CNN. December 19, 2023. Retrieved December 19, 2023.
- ^ "US-led coalition of 10 nations to counter Houthi attacks on vessels in Red Sea". The Times of Israel. The Times of Israel. December 19, 2023. Retrieved December 19, 2023.
Bibliography
- Cavanna, Thomas (2015). Hubris, Self-Interest and America's Failed War in Afghanistan. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. ISBN 9781498506205.
- Lansford, Tom (2017). Afghanistan at War: From the 18th Century Durrani Dynasty to the 21st Century. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781598847604.
- Tal, David (2001). The 1956 War: Collusion and Rivalry in the Middle East (Psychology Press). p. 203. ISBN 978-0-7146-4840-8
Further reading
- Barnett, Correlli. Britain and her army, 1509–1970: a military, political and social survey (1970).
- Black, Jeremy. A military history of Britain: from 1775 to the present (2008).
- Bradford, James C. ed. International Encyclopedia of Military History (2 vol. 2006).
- Brownstone, David and Irene Franck. Timelines of War: A Chronology of Warfare from 100,000 BC to the Present (1996), Global coverage.
- Cannon, John, ed. The Oxford Companion to British History (2003)
- Carlton, Charles. This Seat of Mars: War and the British Isles, 1485–1746 (Yale UP; 2011) 332 pages; studies the impact of near unceasing war from the individual to the national levels.
- Chandler, David G., and Ian Frederick William Beckett, eds. The Oxford history of the British army (Oxford UP, 2003).
- Cole, D. H and E. C Priestley. An outline of British military history, 1660–1936 (1936). online
- Dupuy, R. Ernest and Trevor N. Dupuy. The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History: From 3500 B.C. to the Present (1993).
- Fortescue, John William. History of the British Army from the Norman Conquest to the First World War (1899–1930), in 13 volumes with six separate map volumes. Available online for downloading; online volumes; The standard highly detailed full coverage of operations.
- Haswell, Jock, and John Lewis-Stempel. A Brief History of the British Army (2017).
- Higham, John, ed. A Guide to the Sources of British Military History (1971) 654 pages excerpt; Highly detailed bibliography and discussion up to 1970; includes local and naval forces.
- James, Lawrence. Warrior Race: A History of the British at War (Hachette UK, 2010). excerpt
- Johnson, Douglas, et al. Britain and France: Ten Centuries (1980)
- Mulligan, William, and Brendan Simms, eds. The Primacy of Foreign Policy in British History, 1660–2000 (Palgrave Macmillan; 2011) 345 pages
- Neville, Peter (2013). Historical Dictionary of British Foreign Policy. Scarecrow Press. pp. xix–xxxi. ISBN 9780810873711. timeline pp xix to xxxi
- Otte, T.G. The Makers of British Foreign Policy: From Pitt to Thatcher (2002)
- Ranft, Bryan. The Oxford Illustrated History of the Royal Navy (Oxford UP, 2002).
- Rodger, N. A.M. The safeguard of the sea: A naval history of Britain, 660–1649 (Vol. 1. 1998). excerpt
- Rodger, N.A.M.The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1649–1815 (vol 2 2006) excerpt
- Sheppard, Eric William. A short history of the British army (1950). online
- Ward, A.W. and G.P. Gooch, eds. The Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy, 1783–1919 (3 vol, 1921–23), old detailed classic; vol 1, 1783–1815 ; vol 2, 1815–1866; vol 3. 1866–1919
Historiography
- Messenger, Charles, ed. Reader's Guide to Military History (2001) pp 55–74 etc.; annotated guide to most important books.
- Schroeder, Paul W. "Old Wine in Old Bottles: Recent Contributions to British Foreign Policy and European International Politics, 1789–1848." Journal of British Studies 26.01 (1987): 1–25.