Lviv
Lviv
Львів | |
---|---|
City | |
Corning | |
Website | city-adm |
Official name | L'viv – the Ensemble of the Historic Centre |
Criteria | Cultural: ii, v |
Reference | 865 |
Inscription | 1998 (22nd Session) |
Area | 2,441 ha |
Lviv (
Lviv emerged as the centre of the historical regions of Red Ruthenia and Galicia in the 14th century, superseding Halych, Chełm, Belz, and Przemyśl. It was the capital of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia[7] from 1272 to 1349, when it was conquered by King Casimir III the Great of Poland. From 1434, it was the regional capital of the Ruthenian Voivodeship in the Kingdom of Poland. In 1772, after the First Partition of Poland, the city became the capital of the Habsburg Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria. In 1918, for a short time, it was the capital of the West Ukrainian People's Republic. Between the wars, the city was the centre of the Lwów Voivodeship in the Second Polish Republic. After the German-Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939, Lviv was annexed by the Soviet Union.
The once-large
The historical heart of the city, with its cobblestone streets and architectural assortment of
The city has many industries and institutions of
Names and symbols
The city of Lviv is also historically known by different names in other languages –
The coat of arms, the banner of the Lviv City Council and the logo, are the officially approved symbols of Lviv. The names or images of architectural and historical monuments are also considered symbols of the city by the Statute of Lviv.[11]
Lviv's modern coat of arms is based on the coat of arms from the city seal in the middle of the 14th century—a stone gate with three towers, and in the opening of the gate walks a golden lion. Lviv's large coat of arms is a shield, with the coat of arms of the city, crowned with a silver crown with three edges, held by a lion and an ancient warrior.
Lviv's flag is a blue square banner with an image of the city emblem and with yellow and blue triangles at the edges.
Lviv's logo is an image of five colorful towers in Lviv and the slogan "Lviv — open to the world" under them.
Geography
Lviv is on the edge of the
The old
Climate
Lviv's climate is humid continental (Köppen climate classification Dfb) with cold winters and warm summers.[13] The average temperatures are −3 °C (27 °F) in January and 18 °C (64 °F) in July.[14] The average annual rainfall is 745 mm (29 in) with the maximum in summer.[14] Mean sunshine duration per year at Lviv is about 1,804 hours.[15]
Climate data for Lviv (1991–2020, extremes 1936–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 14.9 (58.8) |
17.7 (63.9) |
22.4 (72.3) |
28.9 (84.0) |
32.2 (90.0) |
34.1 (93.4) |
36.3 (97.3) |
35.6 (96.1) |
34.5 (94.1) |
25.6 (78.1) |
21.6 (70.9) |
16.5 (61.7) |
36.3 (97.3) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 0.2 (32.4) |
2.0 (35.6) |
7.0 (44.6) |
14.5 (58.1) |
19.5 (67.1) |
23.0 (73.4) |
24.7 (76.5) |
24.5 (76.1) |
19.0 (66.2) |
13.2 (55.8) |
6.8 (44.2) |
1.5 (34.7) |
13.0 (55.4) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −2.7 (27.1) |
−1.5 (29.3) |
2.5 (36.5) |
9.0 (48.2) |
13.8 (56.8) |
17.3 (63.1) |
19.0 (66.2) |
18.5 (65.3) |
13.5 (56.3) |
8.4 (47.1) |
3.3 (37.9) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
8.3 (46.9) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −5.7 (21.7) |
−4.8 (23.4) |
−1.4 (29.5) |
3.8 (38.8) |
8.4 (47.1) |
12.0 (53.6) |
13.7 (56.7) |
13.2 (55.8) |
8.7 (47.7) |
4.4 (39.9) |
0.4 (32.7) |
−4.1 (24.6) |
4.1 (39.4) |
Record low °C (°F) | −28.5 (−19.3) |
−29.5 (−21.1) |
−25.0 (−13.0) |
−12.1 (10.2) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
0.5 (32.9) |
4.5 (40.1) |
2.6 (36.7) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
−13.2 (8.2) |
−17.6 (0.3) |
−25.6 (−14.1) |
−29.5 (−21.1) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 46 (1.8) |
48 (1.9) |
48 (1.9) |
52 (2.0) |
93 (3.7) |
86 (3.4) |
96 (3.8) |
73 (2.9) |
70 (2.8) |
57 (2.2) |
50 (2.0) |
50 (2.0) |
769 (30.3) |
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 7 (2.8) |
9 (3.5) |
4 (1.6) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
1 (0.4) |
4 (1.6) |
9 (3.5) |
Average rainy days | 9 | 9 | 11 | 14 | 16 | 17 | 16 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 11 | 158 |
Average snowy days | 17 | 17 | 11 | 3 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 8 | 15 | 72 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
83.0 | 81.3 | 76.5 | 69.3 | 70.7 | 74.0 | 74.9 | 76.3 | 79.4 | 80.3 | 83.8 | 85.1 | 77.9 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 64 | 79 | 112 | 188 | 227 | 238 | 254 | 222 | 179 | 148 | 56 | 37 | 1,804 |
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net,[14] World Meteorological Organization (humidity 1981–2010)[16] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: |
History
Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia c. 1250–1340
Kingdom of Poland 1340–1569
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1569–1772
A-H Empire1772–1914
Russian Empire 1914–1915
Austro-Hungarian Empire1772–1918
West Ukrainian People's Republic 1918
Poland (Second Republic) 1918–1939
Ukrainian SSR) 1939–1941
Nazi Germany 1941–1944
Ukrainian SSR) 1944–1991
Ukraine 1991–present
Earlier there was a settlement in the form of a borough with a characteristic layout element—an elongated market square. Daniel's foundation of the stronghold was its next reconstruction after the Batu Khan invasion of 1240.[27][28]
Lviv was
After Daniel's death, King Lev rebuilt the town around 1270 at its present location, choosing Lviv as his residence,
In the 13th and early 14th centuries, Lviv was largely a wooden city, except for its several stone churches. Some of them, like the Church of Saint Nicholas, have survived, although in a thoroughly rebuilt form.[34] The town was inherited by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1340 and ruled by voivode Dmytro Dedko, the favourite of the Lithuanian prince Liubartas, until 1349.[35]
The region and the region adjacent to Lviv, Leopold, Poland, was a destination of 50,000 Armenians fleeing from the Saljuq and Mongol invasions of Armenia.[36]
Galicia–Volhynia Wars
During the
Casimir built a new city center (or founded a new town) in a basin, surrounded it by walls, and replaced the wooden palace by masonry castle – one of the two built by him.[29][41][42] The old (Ruthenian) settlement, after it had been rebuilt, became known as the Krakovian Suburb in reference to the city of Kraków.[41]
Kingdom of Poland
In 1349, the
After Casimir had died in 1370, he was succeeded as king of Poland by his nephew, King Louis I of Hungary, who in 1372 put Lviv together with the region of Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia under the administration of his relative Vladislaus II of Opole, Duke of Opole.[29] When in 1387 Władysław retreated from the post of its governor, Galicia-Volhynia became occupied by the Hungarians, but soon Jadwiga, the youngest daughter of Louis, and also the ruler of Poland and wife of King of Poland Władysław II Jagiełło, unified it directly with the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland.[29]
The city's prosperity during the following centuries is owed to the trade privileges granted to it by Casimir, King Jadwiga, and the subsequent Polish monarchs.[29] Germans, Poles and Czechs formed the largest groups of newcomers. Most of the settlers were polonised by the end of the 15th century, and the city became a Polish island surrounded by the Ruthenian Orthodox population.[43]
In 1412, the local archdiocese has developed into the
). The first Catholic Archbishop who resided in Lviv was Jan Rzeszowski.In 1434, the Ruthenian domain of the Crown was transformed into the Ruthenian Voivodeship. In 1444, the city was granted the staple right, which resulted in its growing prosperity and wealth, as it became one of the major trading centres on the merchant routes between Central Europe and Black Sea region. It was also transformed into one of the main fortresses of the kingdom, and was a royal city, like Kraków or Gdańsk. During the 17th century, Lviv was the second largest city of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, with a population of about 30,000.
In 1572, one of the first publishers of books in what is now Ukraine,
The 17th century brought invading armies of Swedes, Hungarians,[45][46] Turks,[47][48] Russians and Cossacks[46] to its gates. In 1648 an army of Cossacks and Crimean Tatars besieged the town. They captured the High Castle, murdering its defenders. The city itself was not sacked due to the fact that the leader of the revolution Bohdan Khmelnytsky accepted a ransom of 250,000 ducats, and the Cossacks marched north-west towards Zamość. It was one of two major cities in Poland which was not captured during the so-called Deluge: the other one was Gdańsk (Danzig).[citation needed]
At that time, Lviv witnessed a historic scene, as here King John II Casimir made his famous Lwów Oath. On 1 April 1656, during a holy mass in Lviv's Cathedral conducted by the papal legate Pietro Vidoni, John Casimir in a grandiose and elaborate ceremony entrusted the Commonwealth under the Blessed Virgin Mary's protection, whom he announced as The Queen of the Polish Crown and other of his countries. He also swore to protect the Kingdom's folk from any impositions and unjust bondage.[citation needed]
Two years later, John Casimir, in honor of the bravery of its residents, declared Lviv to be equal to two historic capitals of the Commonwealth, Kraków and Vilnius.[citation needed] In the same year, 1658, Pope Alexander VII declared the city to be Semper fidelis, in recognition of its key role in defending Europe and Roman Catholicism from the Ottoman Muslim invasion.[citation needed]
In 1672 it was surrounded by the Ottomans who also failed to conquer it. Three years later, the Battle of Lwów (1675) took place near the city. Lviv was captured for the first time since the Middle Ages by a foreign army in 1704 when Swedish troops under King Charles XII entered the city after a short siege.[49] The plague of the early 18th century caused the death of about 10,000 inhabitants (40% of the city's population).[50]
Habsburg Empire
In 1772, following the First Partition of Poland, the region was annexed by the Habsburg monarchy to the Austrian Partition. Known in German as Lemberg, the city became the capital of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria.[51] Lemberg grew dramatically during the 19th century, increasing in population from approximately 30,000 at the time of the Austrian annexation in 1772,[52] to 196,000 by 1910[53] and to 212,000 three years later;[54] rapid population growth brought about an increase in urban squalor and poverty in Austrian Galicia.[55] In the late 18th and early 19th centuries a large influx of Austrians and German-speaking Czech bureaucrats gave the city a character that by the 1840s was quite Austrian, in its orderliness and in the appearance and popularity of Austrian coffeehouses.[56]
During Habsburg rule, Lviv became one of the most important Polish, Ukrainian and Jewish cultural centres. In Lviv, according to the Austrian census of 1910, which listed religion and language, 51% of the city's population was
In 1773, the first newspaper in Lemberg, Gazette de Leopoli, began to be published. In 1784, a
During the 19th century, the Austrian administration attempted to
After the so-called "
At that time, Lviv was home to a number of renowned Polish-language institutions, such as the
Furthermore, Lviv was the centre of a number of Polish independence organisations. In June 1908, Józef Piłsudski, Władysław Sikorski and Kazimierz Sosnkowski founded here the Union of Active Struggle. Two years later, the paramilitary organisation, called the Riflemen's Association, was also founded in the city by Polish activists.
At the same time, Lviv became the city where famous Ukrainian writers (such as
First World War
In the
The town was retaken by Austria-Hungary in June the following year during the Gorlice–Tarnów offensive. Lviv and its population, therefore, suffered greatly during the First World War as many of the offensives were fought across its local geography causing significant collateral damage and disruption.[61]
Polish–Ukrainian War
After the collapse of the Habsburg Monarchy at the end of the First World War, Lviv became an arena of battle between the local Polish population and the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen. Both nations perceived the city as an integral part of their new statehoods which at that time were forming in the former Austrian territories. On the night of 31 October – 1 November 1918 the Western Ukrainian People's Republic was proclaimed with Lviv as its capital. 2,300 Ukrainian soldiers from the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen (Sichovi Striltsi), which had previously been a corps in the Austrian Army, made an attempt to take over Lviv. The city's Polish majority opposed the Ukrainian declaration and began to fight against the Ukrainian troops.[62] During this combat an important role was taken by young Polish city defenders called Lwów Eaglets.
The Ukrainian forces withdrew outside Lwów's confines by 21 November 1918, after which elements of Polish soldiers began to loot and burn much of the Jewish and Ukrainian quarters of the city, killing approximately 340 civilians (see: Lwów pogrom).[63] The retreating Ukrainian forces besieged the city. The Sich riflemen reformed into the Ukrainian Galician Army (UHA). The Polish forces aided from central Poland, including General Haller's Blue Army, equipped by the French, relieved the besieged city in May 1919 forcing the UHA to the east.
Despite
In August 1920, Lviv was attacked by the
On 23 February 1921, the council of the
Interwar period
During the
While about two-thirds of the city's inhabitants were Poles, some of whom spoke the characteristic
The Polish government discontinued many Ukrainian schools which functioned during the Austrian rule,[71] and closed down Ukrainian departments at the University of Lwów with the exception of one.[72] Prewar Lviv also had a large and thriving Jewish community, which constituted about a quarter of the population.
Unlike in Austrian times, when the size and number of public parades or other cultural expressions corresponded to each cultural group's relative population, the Polish government emphasised the Polish nature of the city and limited public displays of
World War II and the Soviet incorporation
Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939 and by 14 September Lviv was completely encircled by German Army units.[73] Subsequently, the Soviets invaded Poland on 17 September. On 22 September 1939 Lviv capitulated to the Red Army. The USSR annexed the eastern half of the Second Polish Republic with Ukrainian and Belarusian populations. The city became the capital of the newly formed Lviv Oblast. The Soviets reopened uni-lingual Ukrainian schools, which were discontinued by the Polish government.
The only change over imposed by the Soviets was the language of instruction, with the actual net loss of about 1,000 schools in short order.[74] Ukrainian was made compulsory in the University of Lviv with almost all its books in Polish[citation needed]. It became thoroughly Ukrainized and was renamed after Ukrainian writer Ivan Franko. Polish academics were laid off.[75] Soviet rule turned out to be much more oppressive than Polish rule; the rich world of Ukrainian publications in Polish Lviv, for instance, was gone in Soviet Lviv, and many journalism jobs were lost with it.[76]
German occupation
On 22 June 1941,
The
Germans during the occupation of the city committed numerous atrocities including the killing of Polish university professors in 1941. German Nazis viewed the Ukrainian Galicians, former inhabitants of Austrian Crown Land, as to some point more aryanised and civilised than the Ukrainian population living in the territories belonging to the USSR before 1939. As a result, they escaped the full extent of German acts in comparison to Ukrainians who lived to the east, in the German-occupied Soviet Ukraine turned into the Reichskommissariat Ukraine.[82]
According to the Third Reich's racial policies, local Jews then became the main target of German repressions in the region. Following the German occupation, the Jewish population was concentrated in the Lwów Ghetto established in the city's Zamarstynów (today Zamarstyniv) district and the Janowska concentration camp was also set up. In the Janowska concentration camp, the Nazis conducted torture and executions to music. The Lviv National Opera members, who were prisoners, played one and the same tune, Tango of Death.[citation needed]
On the eve of Lviv's liberation, German Nazis ordered 40 orchestra musicians to form a circle. The security ringed the musicians tightly and ordered them to play. First, the orchestra conductor, Mund, was executed. Then the commandant ordered the musicians to come to the center of the circle one by one, put their instruments onto the ground and strip naked, after which they were killed by a headshot.[
In 1931 there were 75,316 Yiddish-speaking inhabitants, but by 1941 approximately 100,000 Jews were present in Lviv.[83] The majority of these Jews were either killed within the city or deported to Belzec extermination camp. In the summer of 1943, on the orders of Heinrich Himmler, SS-Standartenführer Paul Blobel was tasked with the destruction of any evidence of Nazi mass murders in the Lviv area. On 15 June Blobel, using forced labourers from Janowska, dug up a number of mass graves and incinerated the remains.[84]
Later, on 19 November 1943, inmates at Janowska staged an uprising and attempted a mass escape. A few succeeded, but most were recaptured and killed. The SS staff and their local auxiliaries then, at the time of the Janowska camp's liquidation, murdered at least 6,000 more inmates, as well as the Jews in other forced labour camps in Galicia. By the end of the war, the Jewish population of the city was virtually eliminated, with only around 200 to 800 survivors remaining.[85][86]
Liberation from Germany
After the successful
Those arrested were released only after they had signed papers in which they agreed to emigrate to Poland, which postwar borders were
On 16 August 1945, a border agreement[88] was signed in Moscow between the government of the Soviet Union and the Provisional Government of National Unity installed by the Soviets in Poland. In the treaty, Polish authorities formally ceded the prewar eastern part of the country to the Soviet Union, agreeing to the Polish-Soviet border to be drawn according to the Curzon Line. Consequently, the agreement was ratified on 5 February 1946.
Soviet Era
In February 1946, Lviv became a part of the Soviet Union. It is estimated that from 100,000 to 140,000 Poles were resettled from the city into the so-called
During the interwar period, Lviv was striving to become a modern metropolis, so architects experimented with modernism. It was the period of the most rapid growth of the city, so one can find many examples of architecture from this time in the city.[
Many Polish pieces of art and sculpture can be found in Lviv galleries, among them works by
According to various estimates, Lviv lost between 80% and 90% of its prewar population.
In the 1950s and 1960s, the city expanded both in population and size mostly due to the city's rapidly growing industrial base. Due to the fight of SMERSH with the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, Lviv obtained a nickname with a negative connotation of Banderstadt as the City of Stepan Bandera. The German suffix for the city stadt was added instead of the Russian grad to imply alienation. Over the years the residents of the city found this so ridiculous that even people not familiar with Bandera accepted it as sarcasm in reference to the Soviet perception of western Ukraine. In the period of liberalisation from the Soviet system in the 1980s, the city became the centre of political movements advocating Ukrainian independence from the USSR. By the time of the fall of the Soviet Union the name became a proud mark for the Lviv natives culminating in the creation of a local rock band under the name Khloptsi z Bandershtadtu (Boys from Banderstadt).[91]
On 17 September 1989 Lviv saw the largest rally in support of Ukraine's independence from the Soviet Union, gathering some 100,000 participants.[92]
Independent Ukraine
Citizens of Lviv strongly supported Viktor Yushchenko during the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election and played a key role in the Orange Revolution. Hundreds of thousands of people would gather in freezing temperatures to demonstrate for the Orange camp. Acts of civil disobedience forced the head of the local police to resign and the local assembly issued a resolution refusing to accept the fraudulent first official results.[93] Lviv remains today one of the main centres of Ukrainian culture and the origin of much of the nation's political class.
In support of the Euromaidan movement, Lviv's executive committee declared itself independent of the rule of President Viktor Yanukovych on 19 February 2014.[94]
In 2019 citizens of Lviv supported Petro Poroshenko during the 2019 Ukrainian presidential election. The percentage of votes counted for Poroshenko was more than 90%. Despite this level of support in Lviv, he lost the national vote.
Until 18 July 2020, Lviv was incorporated as a
Russo-Ukrainian War
Russian invasion of Ukraine
During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Lviv became the nation's de facto western capital in February 2022 as some embassies, government agencies, and media organizations were relocated from Kyiv due to the direct military threat to the capital.[97] Lviv also became a safe haven for the Ukrainians fleeing other parts of the country affected by the invasion, their number exceeding 200,000 as of 18 March 2022. Many used the city as a stopping point on their way to Poland. Lviv and the larger region around it also served as crucial arms and humanitarian supply route.[92] Bracing for Russian attacks, local government and citizens, helped by the Polish and Croatian advisers, worked to protect the city's cultural heritage by erecting makeshift barriers around historical monuments, wrapping statues, and safeguarding art treasures.[98]
In the course of the war, the area in and around Lviv was struck by Russian missile attacks, hitting the Yavoriv military training base on 13 March 2022, the Lviv State Aircraft Repair Plant near the Lviv Danylo Halytskyi International Airport on 18 March 2022,[92] and a fuel depot and other facilities within the city limits on 26 March 2022.[99]
According to Mayor Andriy Sadoviy, on 18 April 2022, the city was hit by five missile strikes. Seven civilians were killed and 11 were wounded. Regional governor Maksym Kozystkiy said that the targets were military factories and a tyre shop. A hotel housing evacuees was hit, damaging windows. On 18 April, TASS quoted the Russian Ministry of Defence that confirmed 315 targets were struck by Russian missiles overnight. The statement claimed that all targets were of a military nature.[100]
Lviv was targeted during the
Administrative division
Lviv is divided into six raions (districts), each with its own administrative bodies:
- Halych district(Галицький район, Halytskyi raion)
- Zaliznytsia district(Залізничний район, Zaliznychnyi raion), literally "railway neighborhood"
- Lychakiv district(Личаківський район, Lychakivs'kyi raion)
- Sykhiv district(Сихівський район, Sykhivs'kyi raion)
- .
- .
Notable suburbs include Vynnyky (місто Винники), Briukhovychi (селище Брюховичі), and Rudne (селище Рудне).
Demographics
Lviv residents live 75 years on average, and this age is 7 years longer than the average age in Ukraine and 8 years more than the world average (68 years). In 2010 the
Historical populations
Population structure by religion 1869–1931 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Community | 1869[105] | 1890[106] | 1900[107] | 1910[108] | 1921[108] | 1931[109] |
Roman Catholic | 53.1% | 52.6% | 51.7% | 51% | 51% | 50.4% |
Jewish | 30.6% | 28.2% | 27.7% | 28% | 35% | 31.9% |
Greek Catholic | 14.2% | 17.1% | 18.3% | 19% | 12% | 15.9% |
Population makeup by ethnicity 1900–2001 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ethnicity | 1900[110] | 1931[109] | 1944[111] | 1950 | 1959[112] | 1979[112] | 1989[112] | 2001[113] |
Ukrainians | 19.9% | 15.9% | 26.4% | 49.9% | 60.0% | 74.0% | 79.1% | 88.1% |
Russians | 0.0% | 0.2% | 5.5% | 31.2% | 27.0% | 19.3% | 16.1% | 8.9% |
Jews | 26.5% | 31.9% | 6.4% | 6.0% | 2.7% | 1.6% | 0.3% | |
Poles | 49.4% | 50.4% | 63% | 10.3% | 4.0% | 1.8% | 1.2% | 0.9% |
Ethnicity in Lviv according to censuses of 1989 and 2001 respectively | |||
---|---|---|---|
Ukrainians | 622,800 | 79.1% | 88.1% |
Russians | 126,418 | 16.1% | 8.9% |
Jews | 12,837 | 1.6% | 0.3% |
Poles | 9,697 | 1.2% | 0.9% |
Belarusians | 5,800 | 0.7% | 0.4% |
Armenians | 1,000 | 0.1% | 0.1% |
Total | 778,557 | ||
Numbers do not include regions nor the surrounding towns.[114][full citation needed] |
- Year 1405: approx. 4,500 inhabitants in the Old Town, and additionally approx. 600 in the two suburbs.[115]
- Year 1544: approx. 3,000 inhabitants in the Old Town (number had decreased by about 30% due to the fire of 1527), and additionally approx. 2,700 in the suburbs.[115]
- Year 1840: approx. 67,000 inhabitants, including 20,000 Jews.[116]
- Year 1850: nearly 80,000 inhabitants (together with the four suburbs), including more than 25,000 Jews.[117]
- Year 1869: 87,109 inhabitants, among them 46,252 Roman Catholics, 26,694 Jews, 12,406 members of the Greek Uniate Churches.[105]
- Year 1890: 127,943 inhabitants (64,102 male, 63,481 female), among them 67,280 Judaic, 21,876 members of the Greek Uniate Churches, 2,061 Protestants, 596 Orthodox and others.[106]
- Year 1900: 159,877 inhabitants, including the military (10,326 men). Of these inhabitants, 82,597 were members of the
- Year 1921: 219,400 inhabitants, including 112,000 Poles, 76,000 Jews and 28,000 Ukrainians.[118]
- Year 1939: 340.000 inhabitants.[119]
- Year 1940: 500,000.[111]
- July 1944: 149,000.[111]
- Year 1955: 380,000.[111]
- Year 2001: 725,000 inhabitants, of whom 88% were Ukrainians, 9% Russians and 1% Poles.[113] A further 200,000 people commuted daily from suburbs.
- Year 2007: 735,000 inhabitants. By gender: 51.5% women, and 48.5% men.[114][full citation needed] By place of birth:[114][full citation needed] 56% born in Lviv, 19% born in Lviv Oblast, 11% born in East Ukraine, 7% born in the former republics of the USSR (Russia 4%), 4% born in Poland, and 3% born in Western Ukraine, but not in the Lviv Oblast.
- Religious adherence: (2001)[114][full citation needed]
- 52% Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
- 31% Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate
- Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church 5%
- Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) 3%
- 3% Other faiths
Language
Language use throughout 20th century | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Language | 1931 | 1970 | 1979 | 1989 |
Ukrainian | 11.3% | 65.2% | 71.3% | 77.2% |
Russian | 0.1% | 31.1% | 25.7% | 19.9% |
Yiddish | 24.1% | |||
Polish | 63.5% | |||
Other | 1.0% | 3.7% | 3.0% | 2.9% |
The majority of Leopolitans primarily speak Ukrainian. The use of Ukrainian in the city has surged since the 1970s, while the use of Russian has declined since the 1980s. In 2000, it was estimated that 80% of Leopolitans spoke Ukrainian.[120]
Results of the 2001 census:[121]
Language | Number | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Ukrainian | 641 688 | 88.48% |
Russian | 72 125 | 9.95% |
Other or undecided | 11 389 | 1.57% |
Total | 725 202 | 100.00% |
According to one survey conducted by the International Republican Institute in mid-2023, 96% of the city's inhabitants spoke Ukrainian at home, while 3% of them spoke Russian.[122]
Ethnic Polish population
Year | Poles | % | Total |
---|---|---|---|
1921[118] | 112,000 | 51 | 219,400 |
1989 | 9,500[123] | 1.2[113] | 790,908[124] |
2001[113] | 6,400 | 0.9 | 725,200 |
Ethnic Poles and the
As a result of World War II, Lviv was de-Polonised, mainly through Soviet-arranged population exchange in 1944–1946 but also by early deportations to Siberia.[127] Those who remained on their own volition after the border shift became a small ethnic minority in Lviv. By 1959 Poles made up only 4% of the local population. Many families were mixed.[127] During the Soviet decades only two Polish schools continued to function: No. 10 (with 8 grades) and No. 24 (with 10 grades).[127]
In the 1980s the process of uniting groups into ethnic associations was allowed. In 1988 a Polish-language newspaper was permitted (
Jewish population
The first known Jews in Lviv date back to the tenth century.
Before the Holocaust about one-third of the city's population was made up of Jews (more than 140,000 on the eve of World War II). This number swelled to about 240,000 by the end of 1940 as tens of thousands of Jews fled from the Nazi-occupied parts of Poland into the relative (and temporary) sanctuary of Soviet-occupied Poland (including Lviv) following the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact that divided Poland into Nazi and Soviet zones in 1939. Most of the Jewish population was killed in the Holocaust. Meanwhile, the Nazis also destroyed the Jewish cemetery, which was subsequently "paved over by the Soviets".[129]
Due to the Holocaust and migration, the original Jewish population of the city all but vanished. After the war, the remnant was replenished by a newer Jewish population, formed from among the hundreds of thousands of Russians and Ukrainians who migrated to the city. The post-war Jewish population peaked at 30,000 in the 1970s. Currently, the Jewish population has shrunk considerably as a result of emigration (mainly to Israel and the United States) and, to a lesser degree, assimilation, and is estimated to number a few thousand.[130] A number of organisations continue to be active.
The
Economy
Lviv is the most important business centre of Western Ukraine. As of 1 January 2011, the city has invested 837.1 million US dollars into the economy, accounting for almost two-thirds of total investment in the Lviv region. In 2015, the companies of Lviv received $14.3 million of foreign direct investment; which is however two times less than a year earlier ($30.9 million in 2014).[134] During January–September 2017 the general amount of direct foreign investment received by the local government in Lviv is $52.4 million. According to the statistics administration, foreign capital was invested by 31 countries (some of the main investors: Poland – 47.7%; Australia – 11.3%; Cyprus – 10.7% and the Netherlands – 6%).[135]
The total revenue of the city budget of Lviv for 2015 is set at about UAH 3.81 billion, which is 23% more than a year earlier (UAH 2.91 billion in 2014).[136] As of 10 November 2017, the deputies of the Lviv City Council approved a budget in amount of UAH 5.4 billion ($204 million). The large part of which (UAH 5.12 billion) was the revenue of the fund of the Lviv.[137][138]
The average wage in Lviv in 2015 in the business sector amounted to 14,041 UAH, in the budget sphere – 9,475
Lviv has 218 large industrial enterprises, more than 40 commercial banks, 4 exchanges, 13 investment companies, 80 insurance and 24 leasing companies, 77 audit firms and almost 9,000 small ventures.[143] For many years machinery-building and electronics were leading industries in Lviv. The city-based public company Electron, trademark of national television sets manufacturing, produces the 32 and 37 inches liquid-crystal TV-sets. The Electrontrans specializes in design and production of modern electric transport including trams, trolleybuses, electric buses, and spare parts. In 2013 Elektrotrans JV started producing low-floor trams, the first Ukrainian 100% low-floor tramways.[144] LAZ is a bus manufacturing company in Lviv with its own rich history. Founded in 1945, LAZ started bus production in the early 1950s. Innovative design ideas of Lviv engineers have become the world standard in bus manufacturing.[citation needed]
The total volume of industrial production sold in 2015 amounted to UAH 24.2 billion, which is 39% more than a year earlier (UAH 14.6 billion in 2014).[145][146]
There are several banks based in Lviv, such as Kredobank, Idea Bank, VS Bank, Oksi Bank and Lviv Bank. None of these banks have bankrupted during the political and economic crisis of 2014–2016. It can be explained by the presence of foreign capital in most of them.
From 2015 to 2019, the city experienced a construction boom. In Q1 2019, according to statistical data, growth in the volume of new housing construction was recorded in Lviv (3.2 times, to 377,900 square meters).[147]
Lviv is a major business center between
There are many restaurants and shops as well as street vendors of food, books, clothes, traditional cultural items and tourist gifts. Banking and money trading are an important part of the economy of Lviv with many banks and exchange offices throughout the city. The city is also a home for big food-related companies like Lvivske beer factory, Svitoch cholocate factory, Enzym, Lviv Liquor and Vodka factory, etc.
Information technology
Lviv is also one of the leaders of software export in Eastern Europe with expected sector growth of 20% by 2020.[151] Over 15% of all IT specialists in Ukraine work in Lviv, with over 4100 new IT graduates coming from local universities each year. About 2,500 tech enthusiasts attended Lviv IT Arena, the largest technology conference in Western Ukraine.[152] Over 24,000 IT specialists work in Lviv as of 2019.[153] Lviv is among top five most popular Ukrainian cities for opening R&D center in IT and IT outsourcing spheres together with Kyiv, Dnipro, Kharkiv and Odesa.[154]
In 2009, KPMG, one of the well-known international auditing companies, included Lviv in top 30 cities with the greatest potential of information technology development.[155] As of December 2015, there were 192 IT-companies operating in the city, of which 4 large (with more than 400 employees), 16 average (150–300 employees), 97 small (10–110 employees) and 70 micro companies (3–7 employees). From 2017 to 2018 the amount of IT-companies raised to 317.[153]
The turnover of Lviv's IT industry in 2015 amounted to $300 million U.S. About 50% of IT services are exported to the US, 37% to Europe, and the rest to other countries. As of 2015, about 15 thousand specialists were employed in this industry with an average salary of 28 thousand UAH. According to a study of the Economic Effect of the Lviv IT-Market, which was conducted by Lviv IT Cluster and sociological agency "The Farm", there are 257 IT companies operating in Lviv in 2017, that employ about 17 thousand specialists. The economic impact of the IT industry in Lviv is $734 million U.S.[156]
There are 15 top universities in Lviv, 5 of which prepare highly skilled specialists in computer and IT technologies and supply over 1,000 IT graduates to the market annually.[157]
Lviv IT outsourcing companies gathered[when?] all kinds of Ukrainian developers in one place, resulting in many front-end interns, JavaScript developers, back-end and full-stack coders with proper qualifications, experience, and good English language skills. Some IT companies in Lviv offer outsourcing software services to international corporations rather than developing their software product.[158]
Culture
UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
---|---|
Criteria | Cultural: ii, v |
Reference | 865 |
Inscription | 1998 (22nd Session) |
Area | 120 ha |
Buffer zone | 2,441 ha |
Lviv is one of Ukraine's most important cultural centres. It is known as a centre of art, literature, music and theatre. Nowadays, the evidence of the city's cultural richness is the number of theatres, concert halls, and creative unions, and the high number of artistic activities (more than 100 festivals annually, 60 museums, and 10 theatres).
Lviv's historic centre has been on the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage list since 1998. UNESCO gave the following reasons[159] for its selection:
Criterion II: In its urban fabric and its architecture, Lviv is an outstanding example of the fusion of the architectural and artistic traditions of central and eastern Europe with those of Italy and Germany.
Criterion V: The political and commercial role of Lviv attracted to it a number of ethnic groups with different cultural and religious traditions, who established separate yet interdependent communities within the city, evidence for which is still discernible in the modern town's landscape.
The World Heritage Site consists of Seredmistia (Middletown), Pidzamche, High Castle, and the ensemble of St. George's Cathedral.[159]
Architecture
Lviv's historic churches, buildings and relics date from the 13th century to the early 20th century (Polish and Austro-Hungarian rule). In recent centuries Lviv was spared some of the invasions and wars that destroyed other Ukrainian cities. Its architecture reflects various European styles and periods. After the fires of 1527 and 1556 Lviv lost most of its gothic-style buildings but it retains many buildings in renaissance, baroque and the classic styles. There are works by artists of the Vienna Secession, Art Nouveau and Art Deco.
The buildings have many stone sculptures and carvings, particularly on large doors, which are hundreds of years old. The remains of old churches dot the central cityscape. Some three- to five-storey buildings have hidden inner courtyards and grottoes in various states of repair. Some cemeteries are of interest: for example, the
-
Saints Peter and Paul Garrison Church – An example of baroque style in Lviv
-
Bernardine church and monastery in the style of Italian mannerism
-
Early 20th century architecture in Lviv
-
Architecture of Shevchenko Avenue
-
The Nativity of the Holy Virgin Church was constructed in 1995–2001 in Sykhiv district
-
The mixture of modern and Soviet-era architecture in the northern part of the city
Monuments
Outdoor sculptures in the city commemorate many notable individuals and topics reflecting the rich and complex
, and many others.During the
New ideas came to Lviv during Austro–Hungarian rule. In the 19th century, many
Religion
Lviv is a city of religious variety.
Christianity
At one point, over 60 churches existed in the city. Christian groups have existed in the city since the 13th century. The city has been the
In June 2001,
Judaism
Lviv historically had a large and active
Under the Soviet Union, synagogues remained closed and were used as warehouses or cinemas. The last functioning synagogue was closed in the 1960s.[162] Only since the fall of the Iron Curtain, has the remainder of the Jewish community experienced a faint revival.
Currently, the only functioning Orthodox Jewish synagogue in Lviv is the
Arts
The range of artistic Lviv is impressive. On the one hand, it is the city of classical art. Lviv Opera and Lviv Philharmonic are places that can satisfy the demands of true appraisers of the classical arts. This is the city of one of the most distinguished sculptors in Europe, Johann Georg Pinzel, whose works can be seen on the façade of the St. George's Cathedral in Lviv and in the Pinzel Museum. This is also the city of Solomiya Krushelnytska, who began her career as a singer in Lviv Opera and later became the prima donna of La Scala Opera in Milan.
The "Group Artes" was a young movement founded in 1929. Many of the artists studied in Paris and travelled throughout Europe. They worked and experimented in different areas of modern art: Futurism, Cubism, New Objectivity and Surrealism. Co–operation took place between avant-garde musicians and authors. Altogether thirteen exhibitions by "Artes" took place in Warsaw, Kraków, Łódz and Lviv. The German occupation put an end to this group. Otto Hahn was executed in 1942 in Lviv and Aleksander Riemer was murdered in Auschwitz in 1943.[163]
Henryk Streng and
Today Lviv is a city of fresh ideas and unusual characters. There are about 20 galleries (
Theatre and opera
In 1842 the
In the Janowska concentration camp, the Nazis conducted torture and executions to music. To do so they brought almost the whole Lviv National Opera to the camp. Professor Shtriks, opera conductor Mund and other famous Jewish musicians were among the members. From 1941 to 1944 the Nazis massacred 200,000 people including all 40 musicians.[164]
Nowadays Lviv Theatre of Opera and Ballet has a large creative group of performers who strive to maintain traditions of Ukrainian opera and classical ballet. The Theatre is a well-organized creative body where over 500 people work towards a common goal. The repertoire includes 10 Ukrainian music compositions. No other similar theatre in Ukraine has such a large number of Ukrainian productions. There are also many operas written by foreign composers, and most of these operas are performed in the original language: Othello, Aida, La Traviata, Nabucco, and A Masked Ball by G. Verdi, Tosca, La Bohème and Madame Butterfly by G. Puccini, Cavalleria Rusticana by P. Mascagni, and Pagliacci by R. Leoncavallo (in Italian); Carmen by G. Bizet (in French), The Haunted Manor by S. Moniuszko (in Polish)
Museums and art galleries
Museum Pharmacy "Pid Chornym Orlom" (Beneath the Black Eagle) was founded in 1735 – it is the oldest pharmacy in Lviv. A museum related to pharmaceutical history was opened on the premises of the old pharmacy in 1966. The idea of creating such a museum had already come up in the 19th century. The Galician Association of Pharmacists was created in 1868. Members managed to assemble a small collection of exhibits, thus making the first step towards creating a new museum. The exhibition space has expanded considerably, with 16 exhibit rooms and a general exhibition surface totalling 700 sq. m. There are more than 3,000 exhibits in the museum. This is the only operating Museum Pharmacy in Ukraine and Europe.
The most notable of the museums are
The Museum of Ethnography and Crafts includes the Judaica collection of Maksymilian Goldstein.
Of curiosity is the Museum of Salo opened in 2011.
Music
Lviv has an active musical and cultural life. Apart from the Lviv Opera, it has symphony orchestras, chamber orchestras and the Trembita Chorus. Lviv has one of the most prominent music academies and music colleges in Ukraine, the
Flute virtuoso and composer Albert Franz Doppler (1821–1883) was born and spent his formative years here, including flute lessons from his father. The classical pianist Mieczysław Horszowski (1892–1993) was born here. The opera diva Salomea Kruszelnicka called Lviv her home from the 1920s to 1930s. The classical violinist Adam Han Gorski was born here in 1940. "Polish Radio Lwów" was a Polish radio station that went on air on 15 January 1930. The programme proved very popular in Poland. Classical music and entertainment was aired as well as lectures, readings, youth programmes, news and liturgical services on Sunday.
Popular throughout Poland was the
The Lviv Philharmonic is a major cultural centre with a long history and traditions that complement Ukraine's entire culture. From the stage of Lviv Philharmonic began their way to the great art world-famous Ukrainian musicians Oleh Krysa, Oleksandr Slobodyanik, Yuriy Lysychenko, and Maria Chaikovska, as well as the younger musicians E. Chupryk, Y. Ermin, Oksana Rapita, and Olexandr Kozarenko. Lviv Philharmonic is one of Ukraine's leading concert institutions. Its activities include international festivals, cycles of concerts-monographs, and concerts with young musicians.
The Chamber Orchestra "Lviv virtuosos" was organised by the best Lviv musicians in 1994. The orchestra consists of 16–40 persons / it depends on programmes/ and in the repertoire are included the musical compositions from Bach, Corelli to modern Ukrainian and European composers. During the short time of its operation, the orchestra acquired the professional level of the best European standards. It is mentioned in more than 100 positive articles by Ukrainian and foreign musical critics.
Lviv is the hometown of the Vocal formation "Pikkardiyska Tertsiya" and Eurovision Song Contest 2004 winner Ruslana who has since become well known in Europe and the rest of the world. PikkardiyskaTertsia was created on 24 September 1992 in Lviv and has won many musical awards. It all began with a quartet performing ancient Ukrainian music from the 15th century, along with adaptations of traditional Ukrainian folk songs.
Lviv Organ Hall is a place where classical music (organ, symphonic, cameral) and art meet together. 50,000 visitors each year, dozens of musicians from all over the world.[citation needed] Lviv is also the hometown of one of the most successful and popular Ukrainian rock bands, Okean Elzy.
Universities and academia
In 1852 in
In 1873 Lviv has founded
In 1893 due to the change in its statute, the Shevchenko Scientific Society was transformed into a real scholarly multidisciplinary academy of sciences. Under the presidency of the historian, Mykhailo Hrushevsky, it greatly expanded its activities, contributing to both the humanities and the physical sciences, law and medicine, but most specifically once again it was concentrated on Ukrainian studies. The Soviet Union annexed the eastern half of the Second Polish Republic including the city of Lwów which capitulated to the Red Army on 22 September 1939. Upon their occupation of Lviv, the Soviets dissolved the Shevchenko society. Many of its members were arrested and either imprisoned or executed.
Mathematics
Lviv was the home of the
Print and media
Ever since the early 1990s, Lviv has been the spiritual home of the post-independence Ukrainian-language publishing industry. Lviv Book Forum (International Publishers' Forum) is the biggest book fair in Ukraine. Lviv is the centre of promotion of the Ukrainian Latin alphabet (Latynka). The most popular newspapers in Lviv are "
The Lviv oblast television company transmits on channel 12. There are three private television channels operating from Lviv: "LUKS", "NTA" and "ZIK".
There are 17 regional and all-Ukrainian radio stations operating in the city.
A number of information agencies exist in the city such as "ZIK", "Zaxid.net", "Гал-info", "Львівський портал" and others.
Lviv is home to one of the oldest Polish-language newspapers Gazeta Lwowska which was first published in 1811 and still exists in a bi-weekly form. Among other publications were such titles as
- Kurier Lwowski: associated with people's movement which existed from 1883 to 1935. Among the writers who cooperated with it were such renowned names as Eliza Orzeszkowa, Jan Kasprowicz, Bolesław Limanowski, Władysław Orkan as well as Ivan Franko,
- Słowo Lwowskie (1895–1939): A right-wing daily which cooperated with with first postwar issue published on 1 November 1946.
- Czerwony Sztandar: A Soviet daily published between 1939 and 1941.
This section needs additional citations for verification. (March 2011) |
Starting in the 20th century a new movement started with authors from Central Europe. In Lviv a small
In cinema and literature
- The book Tango of Death based on the true story of Jacob Mund, his orchestra, and dozens of thousands of other Jews who lived in Lviv at World War II. The book includes 60 documentary photos to show the violent truth of the Holocaust.
- The 2011 film In Darkness, Poland's entry in the 84th Academy Awards category for Best Foreign Film, is based on a true incident in Nazi-occupied Lviv.
- Some of the Austrian road-movie Blue Moon was shot in Lviv.
- Parts of the film and novel Everything Is Illuminated take place in Lviv.
- Brian R. Banks' Muse & Messiah: The Life, Imagination & Legacy of Bruno Schulz (1892–1942) has several pages which discuss the history and cultural-social life of the Lviv region. The book includes a CD-ROM with many old and new photographs and the first English map of nearby Drohobych.
- The book The Girl in the Green Sweater: A Life in Holocaust's Shadowby Krystyna Chiger takes place in Lviv.
- Large parts of 1997 film The Truce depicting Primo Levi's war experiences were shot in Lviv.
- Large portions of the film d'Artagnan and Three Musketeers were shot in central Lviv.
- The book The Lemberg Mosaic (2011) by Jakob Weiss describes Jewish L'viv (Lemberg/Lwow/Lvov) during the period 1910–1943, focusing primarily on the Holocaust and related events.
- In the book and film The Shoes of the Fisherman the Metropolitan Archbishop of Lviv is released from a Soviet labor camp and later elected Pope.
- The 2015 film Varta 1, a movie which demonstrates the search for a new cinema features among young Ukrainian directors. The film uses the radio talks of the automobile patrols of activists of Lviv during EuroMaydan and it was made to create a better understanding of the nature of the revolution. The movie was shot and made in Lviv city.
- In the book East West Street: On the Origins of 'Genocide' and 'Crimes Against Humanity', Philippe Sands, a professor of law at University College London, recounts the life and work of Hersch Lauterpacht who introduced to international law the concept of the crime against humanity and Raphael Lemkin that of genocide. Both men lived and studied in Lviv.[168]
Parks
Lviv's architectural face is complemented and enriched with numerous parks, and public gardens. There are over 20 basic recreation park zones, three botanical gardens and 16 natural monuments. They offer a splendid chance to escape from city life or simply sit for a while among the trees, at a nice fountain or a lake. Each park has its individual character which reflects through various monuments and their individual history.
- Ivan Franko Park, is the oldest park in the city. Traces of that time may be found in three-hundred-year-old oak and maple trees. Upon the abrogation of the Jesuit order in 1773 the territory became the town property. A well-known gardener Bager arranged the territory in the landscape style, and most of the trees were planted within 1885–1890.
- Bohdan Khmelnytsky Culture and Recreation Park, is one of the best organised and modern green zones containing a concert and dance hall, stadium, the town of attractions, central stage, numerous cafes and restaurants. In the park, there is a Ferris wheel.
- Stryiskyi Park, it is considered one of the most picturesque parks in the city. The park numbers over 200 species of trees and plants. It is well known for a vast collection of rare and valuable trees and bushes. At the main entrance gate, you will find a pond with swans.
- Znesinnia Park is an ideal site for cycling, skiing sports, and hiking. Public organisations favour conducting summer camps here (ecological and educational, educational and cognitive).
- Shevchenkivskyi Hai, in the park there is an open-air museum of Ukrainian wooden architecture.
- High Castle Park, the park is situated on the highest city hill (413 m or 1,355 ft) and occupies the territory of 36 ha (89 acres) consisting of the lower terrace once called Knyazha Hora (Prince Mount), and the upper terrace with a television tower and artificial embankment.
- Zalizni Vody Park, the park originated from the former garden Zalizna Voda (Iron water) combining Snopkivska street with Novyi Lviv district. The park owes its name to the springs with high iron concentration. This beautiful park with ancient beech trees and numerous paths is a favourite place for many locals.
- Lychakivskyi Park, founded in 1892 and named after the surrounding suburbs. A botanic garden is situated on the park territory, founded in 1911 and occupying the territory of 18.5 ha (45.7 acres).
Sport
Lviv was an important centre for sport in Central Europe and is regarded as the birthplace of Polish football. Lviv is the Polish birthplace of other sports. In January 1905 the first Polish ice-hockey match took place there and two years later the first ski-jumping competition was organised in nearby Sławsko. In the same year, the first Polish basketball games were organised in Lviv's gymnasiums. In autumn 1887 a gymnasium by Lychakiv Street (pol. ulica Łyczakowska) held the first Polish track and field competition with such sports as the long jump and high jump. Lviv's athlete Władysław Ponurski represented Austria in the 1912 Olympic Games in Stockholm. On 9 July 1922 the first official rugby game in Poland took place at the stadium of Pogoń Lwów in which the rugby team of Orzeł Biały Lwów divided itself into two teams – "The Reds" and "The Blacks". The referee of this game was a Frenchman by the name of Robineau.
Association football
The first known official goal in a Polish football match was scored at Pogoń Lwów on 14 July 1894 during the Lwów-Kraków game. The goal was scored by Włodzimierz Chomicki who represented the team of Lviv. In 1904 Kazimierz Hemerling from Lviv published the first translation of the rules of football into Polish and another native of Lviv, Stanisław Polakiewicz, became the first officially recognised Polish referee in 1911 the year in which the first Polish Football Federation was founded in Lviv.
The first Polish professional football club, Czarni Lwów opened here in 1903 and the first stadium, which belonged to Pogoń, in 1913. Another club, Pogoń Lwów, was four times football champion of Poland (1922, 1923, 1925 and 1926). In the late 1920s, as many as four teams from the city played in the Polish Football League (Pogoń, Czarni, Hasmonea and Lechia). Hasmonea was the first Jewish football club in Poland. Several notable figures of Polish football came from the city including Kazimierz Górski, Ryszard Koncewicz, Michał Matyas and Wacław Kuchar.
In the period 1900–1911 opened the most famous football clubs in Lviv. Professor Ivan Bobersky has based in the Academic grammar school the first Ukrainian sports circle where schoolboys were engaged in track and field, football, boxing, hockey, skiing, tourism and sledge sports in 1906. He organised the "Ukrainian Sports circle" in 1908. Much its pupils in due course in 1911 formed a sports society with the loud name "Ukraine" – the first Ukrainian football club in Lviv.[169]
Lviv now has several major professional football clubs and some smaller clubs. Two teams from the city, FC Rukh Lviv and FC Lviv, currently play in the Ukrainian Premier League, the top level of football in the country. FC Karpaty Lviv, founded in 1963, has historically been the largest club in the city. At the end of the 2019–20 Ukrainian Premier League season, Karpaty was expelled from the league for failing to appear to two games.[170] They currently play in the Ukrainian Second League, the third level of Ukrainian football.
Stadia
- Ukraina Stadium, which was leased to FC Karpaty Lviv until 2018.
- war in Donbas.
- SKA Stadium, football and motorcycle speedway stadium, which holds 23,040 spectators.
Other sports
Lviv's chess school enjoys a good reputation; such notable grandmasters as Vasyl Ivanchuk, Leonid Stein, Alexander Beliavsky, Andrei Volokitin used to live in Lviv.[172] Grandmaster Anna Muzychuk lives in Lviv.
Lviv Speedway is a motorcycle speedway team based at the SKA Stadium.[173]
Lviv was originally bidding to host the 2022 Winter Olympics,[174] but has withdrawn and will now most likely bid for the 2026 Winter Olympics.
Tourism
Market (Rynok) Square is a major tourist attraction in Lviv.
Due to a comprehensive cultural programme and tourism infrastructure (having more than 8,000 hotel rooms, over 1300 cafes and restaurants,[175] free WI-Fi zones in the city centre, and good connection with many countries of the world), Lviv is considered one of Ukraine's major tourist destinations.[176] The city had a 40% increase in tourist visits in the early 2010s; the highest rate in Europe.[176]
The most popular tourist attractions include the
Other prominent sites include the
-
View on Old Town, a UNESCO World Heritage Site
Popular culture
The native residents of the city are jokingly known as the Lvivian
Lviv has established many city feasts, such as coffee and chocolate feasts, cheese & wine holiday, the feast of pampukh, the Day of Batyar, Annual Bread Day and others. Over 50 festivals happen in Lviv, such as Leopolis Jazz Fest, an international jazz festival; the Leopolis Grand Prix, an international festival of vintage cars; international festival of academic music Virtuosi; Stare Misto Rock Fest; medieval festival Lviv Legend; international Etnovyr folklore festival, initiated by UNESCO; international festival of visual art Wiz-Art; international theatrical festival Golden Lion; Lviv Lumines Fluorescent Art Festival; Festival of Contemporary Dramaturgy; international contemporary music festival Contrasts; Lviv international literary festival, Krayina Mriy; gastronomic festival Lviv on a Plate; organ music festival Diapason; international independent film festival KinoLev; international festival LvivKlezFest; and international media festival MediaDepo.[citation needed]
Lviv honors the memory of Stepan Bandera and Roman Shukhevych. The Lviv regional council approved an appeal to the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine on March 16, 2021, requesting that the largest stadium here be renamed after these two men.[178] Bandera led the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, which fought alongside Nazi Germany during WWII, killing thousands of Jews and Poles.[179] In 1940, Shukhevych commanded a military unit of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) that actively collaborated with the Nazis.[180]
Public transport
Historically, the first
The Lviv tramway system now runs about 220 cars on 75 km (47 mi) of track. Many tracks were reconstructed around 2006. The price in February 2019 of a tram/trolleybus ticket was 5 UAH (the reduced fare ticket was 2.5 UAH, e.g. for students). The ticket may be purchased from the driver.
After World War II the city grew rapidly due to evacuees returning from Russia, and the Soviet Government's vigorous development of heavy industry. This included the transfer of entire factories from the Urals and others to the newly "liberated" territories of the USSR. The city centre tramway lines were replaced with trolleybuses on 27 November 1952. New lines were opened to the blocks of flats at the city outskirts.
The network now runs about 100 trolleybuses – mostly of the 1980s Skoda 14Tr and
Railways
Modern Lviv remains a hub on which nine railways converge providing local and international services. Lviv railway is one of the oldest in Ukraine. The first train arrived in Lviv on 4 November 1861. The main
In the inter-war period, Lviv (known then as Lwów) was one of the most important hubs of the Polish State Railways. The Lwów junction consisted of four stations in mid-1939 – main station Lwów Główny (now Ukrainian: Lviv Holovnyi), Lwów Kleparów (now Lviv Klepariv), Lwów Łyczaków (now Lviv Lychakiv), and Lwów Podzamcze (now Lviv Pidzamche). In August 1939 just before World War II, 73 trains departed daily from the Main Station including 56 local and 17 fast trains. Lwów was directly connected with all major centres of the Second Polish Republic as well as such cities as Berlin, Bucharest, and Budapest.[181]
Currently, several trains cross the nearby Polish–Ukrainian border (mostly via Przemyśl in Poland). There are good connections to Slovakia (Košice) and Hungary (Budapest).[citation needed] Many routes have overnight trains with sleeping compartments. Lviv railway is often called the main gateway from Ukraine to Europe although buses are often a cheaper and more convenient way of entering the "Schengen" countries.
Lviv used to have a Railbus, which has since been replaced with other means of public transport. It was a motor-rail car that ran from the largest district of Lviv to one of the largest industrial zones going through the central railway station. It made seven trips a day and was meant to provide a faster and more comfortable connection between the remote urban districts. The price in February 2010 of a one-way single ride in the railbus was 1.50 UAH. On 15 June 2010, the route was cancelled as unprofitable.
Air transport
The beginnings of aviation in Lviv reach back to 1884 when the Aeronautic Society was opened there. The society issued its own magazine Astronauta but soon ceased to exist. In 1909 on the initiative of Edmund Libanski the Awiata Society was founded. Among its members there was a group of professors and students of the Lviv Polytechnic, including Stefan Drzewiecki and Zygmunt Sochacki. Awiata was the oldest Polish organization of this kind and it concentrated its activities mainly on exhibitions such as the First Aviation Exhibition which took place in 1910 and featured models of aircraft built by Lviv students.[182]
In 1913–1914 brothers Tadeusz and Władysław Floriańscy built a two-seater aeroplane. When World War I broke out Austrian authorities confiscated it but did not manage to evacuate the plane in time and it was seized by the Russians who used the plane for intelligence purposes. The Floriański brothers' plane was the first Polish-made aircraft. On 5 November 1918, a crew consisting of Stefan Bastyr and Janusz de Beaurain carried out the first-ever flight under the Polish flag taking off from Lviv's Lewandówka (now Ukrainian: Levandivka) airport.[182] In the interbellum period Lwów was a major centre of gliding with a notable Gliding School in Bezmiechowa which opened in 1932. In the same year the Institute of Gliding Technology was opened in Lwów and was the second such institute in the world. In 1938 the First Polish Aircraft Exhibition took place in the city.
The interwar Lwów was also a major centre of the Polish Air Force with the Sixth Air Regiment located there. The Regiment was based at the Lwów airport opened in 1924 in the suburb of Skniłów (today Ukrainian: Sknyliv). The airport is located 6 km (4 mi) from the city centre.[183] In 2012, after renovation, Lviv Airport got a new official name Lviv Danylo Halytskyi International Airport (LWO).[184] A new terminal and other improvements worth under a $200 million has been done in preparation for the 2012 UEFA European Football Championship.[185] The connection from Airport to the city centre is maintained by bus No. 48 and No. 9.
Bicycle lanes
Cycling is a new but growing mode of transport in Lviv. In 2011 the City of Lviv ratified an ambitious 9-year program for the set-up of cycling infrastructure[186] – until the year 2019 an overall length of 270 km (168 mi) cycle lanes and tracks shall be realized. A working group formally organised within the City Council, bringing together representatives of the city administration, members of planning and design institutes, local NGOs and other stakeholders. Events like the All-Ukrainian Bikeday[187] or the European Mobility Week[188] show the popularity of cycling among Lviv's citizens.
By September 2011, 8 km (5 mi) of new cycling infrastructure had been built. It can be expected that until the end of 2011 50 km (31 mi) will be ready for use. The cycling advisor in Lviv – the first such position in Ukraine – is supervising and pushing forward the execution of the cycling plan and coordinates with various people in the city. The development of cycling in Ukraine is currently hampered by outdated planning norms and the fact, that most planners didn't yet plan and experience cycling infrastructure. The update of national legislation and training for planners is therefore necessary.
In 2015, the first stations have been set up for a new
Education
Lviv is an important education centre in Ukraine. The city contains a total of 12
In
A considerable scientific potential is concentrated in the city: by the number of doctors of sciences, candidates of sciences, scientific organisations Lviv is the fourth city in Ukraine. Lviv is also known for ancient academic traditions, founded by the Assumption Brotherhood School and the Jesuit Collegium. Over 100,000 students annually study in more than 50 higher educational establishments.
Educational level of residents:[189]
- Basic and complete secondary education: 10%
- Specialized secondary education: 25%
- Incomplete higher education (undergraduates): 13%
- Higher education (graduates): 51%
- PhD (postgraduates): about 1%
Universities
- Ivan Franko National University of Lviv (ukr. Львівський національний університет імені Івана Франка)
- Lviv Polytechnic (ukr. Національний університет "Львівська політехніка")
- Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University (ukr. Львiвський національний медичний унiверситет iм. Данила Галицького)
- Lviv Stepan Gzhytsky national university of veterinary medicine and biotechnologies (ukr. Львівський національний університет ветеринарної медицини та біотехнологій імені Степана Гжицького)
- National Forestry Engineering University of Ukraine (ukr. Український національний лісотехнічний університет)
- Ukrainian Catholic University (ukr. Український католицький університет)
- The Lviv National Academy of Arts(ukr. Львівська національна академія мистецтв)
- Lviv National Music Academy (ukr. Львівська національна музична академія імені Миколи Лисенка)
- Lviv National Agrarian University (ukr. Львівський національний аграрний університет)
- Lviv State University of Physical Training (ukr. Львівський державний університет фізичної культури)
- Lviv Academy of Commerce(ukr. Львівська комерційна академія)
- Lviv State University of Life Safety (ukr. Львівський державний університет безпеки життєдіяльності)
- Lviv State University of Internal Affairs (ukr. Львівський державний університет внутрішніх справ)
Notable people
International relations
Twin towns – sister cities
Lviv is twinned with:
City | State | Year |
---|---|---|
Winnipeg | Canada | 1973 |
Corning
|
United States | 1987 |
Freiburg im Breisgau | Germany | 1989 |
Rzeszów[190] | Poland | 1992 |
Rochdale | United Kingdom | 1992 |
Budapest | Hungary | 1993 |
Rishon LeZion | Israel | 1993 |
Przemyśl | Poland | 1995 |
Kraków[191] | Poland | 1995 |
Novi Sad | Serbia | 1999 |
Kutaisi | Georgia | 2002 |
Wrocław[192] | Poland | 2003 |
Łódź[193] | Poland | 2003 |
Banja Luka[194] | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 2004 |
Lublin[195] | Poland | 2004 |
Tbilisi | Georgia | 2013 |
Parma[196] | United States | 2013 |
Vilnius | Lithuania | 2014 |
Chengdu | China | 2014 |
Cannes[197] | France | 2022 |
Würzburg[198] | Germany | 2023 |
Katowice[199] | Poland | 2023 |
Reykjavík[200] | Iceland | 2023 |
Pula[201] | Croatia | 2023 |
Aarhus[202] | Denmark | 2023 |
Partner cities
On September 7, 2023, the mayors of Lviv and Kobe signed a cooperation agreement.
City | State | Year |
---|---|---|
Kobe[203] | Japan | 2023 |
See also
- List of Leopolitans
- Polish football clubs established in Lviv: Pogoń Lwów, Czarni Lwów, Lechia Lwów, Hasmonea Lwów[204]
- Great Suburb Synagogue
- Win with the Lion
References
- ^ Zaxid.net (22 October 2007). "Галицькі міфи. Міф 3: Галичина – український П'ємонт". ZAXID.NET (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 2 February 2022. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
- ^ Poznaniak (9 June 2006), Coat of Arms of Lwów between 1918–1939, archived from the original on 31 August 2021, retrieved 2 February 2022
- ^ "Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ". Голос України (in Ukrainian). 18 July 2020. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
- ^ "Нові райони: карти + склад" (in Ukrainian). Міністерство розвитку громад та територій України. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
- ^ Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2022 [Number of Present Population of Ukraine, as of January 1, 2022] (PDF) (in Ukrainian and English). Kyiv: State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2022.
- ^ "Те, чого ніколи не було в Україні: Уряд затвердив адмінтерустрій базового рівня, що забезпечить повсюдність місцевого самоврядування". decentralization.gov.ua. Archived from the original on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
- OCLC 902306
- ^ Hermann Simon, Irene Stratenwerth, Ronald Hinrichs (Hrsg.): Lemberg. Eine Reise nach Europa. S. 96 ff., p. 96, at Google Books
- ^ "Archives". Archived from the original on 25 February 2010. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
- ISBN 978-1-4985-8015-1. Archivedfrom the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2022.
- ^ "Statute of Lviv" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 November 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
- ^ "Heraldry". Archived from the original on 22 January 2010. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
- (PDF) from the original on 11 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
- ^ a b c "Pogoda.ru.net" (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). May 2011. Archived from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
- ^ a b "L'vov (Lviv) Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
- ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
- ^ "33393: L'Viv (Ukraine)". ogimet.com. OGIMET. 30 June 2022. Archived from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
- ISBN 978-966-7022-59-4.
- from the original on 28 October 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
- ISBN 953-7029-04-2.
- ISBN 953-7029-04-2.
- ISBN 978-966-02-7484-6. Archivedfrom the original on 28 October 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
- ^ Orest Subtelny. (1988) Ukraine: A History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, p62
- ^ Gloger, Zygmunt. Voivodeship of Ruthenia. Historic geography of old Polish lands (Województwo Ruskie. Geografia historyczna ziem dawnej Polski) Archived 15 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Library of Polish Literature POWRÓT.
- ISBN 9788866556749
- ^ Schnayder, J. Biblioteka naukowego Zakładu imienia Ossolińskich Archived 5 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Harvard University. 1843
- ^ Vołodymyr Vujcyk, Derżavnyj Istoryczno-Architekturnyj Zapovidnyk u L’vovi, Lviv 1991, p. 9, [w:] Łukasz Walczy, Początki Lwowa w świetle najnowszych badań, [w:] Lwów wśród nas, pt. 2, 2006, p. 20–21.
- ^ Jan Buraczyński, Roztocze – dzieje osadnictwa, Lublin 2008, p. 73.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Meyers Konversations-Lexikon. 6th edition, vol. 12, Leipzig and Vienna 1908, p. 397-398.
- ^ Vasylʹ Mudryĭ, ed. (1962). Naukove tovarystvo im. Shevchenka – Lviv: a symposium on its 700th anniversary. Shevchenko Scientific Society (U.S.). p. 58. Archived from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
on the occasion of the demand of the baskak of the Tatars, Burundai, that the prince Vasylko and Lev raze their cities said Buronda to Vasylko: 'Since you are at peace with me then raze all your castles'
- ISBN 978-0-03-033422-1. Archivedfrom the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
- ISBN 966-603-048-9
- ^ Allgemeine Enzyklopädie der Wissenschaft und Künste, edited by Johann Samuel Ersch and Johann Gottfried Gruber. Vol. 5, Leipzig 1820, p. 358, footnote 18 (in German). Archived 2 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine
- Harvard Ukrainian Studies. 24. Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute: 98.
- ISBN 1-57958-282-6.
- ^ "Epilogue – History of Armenia". Archived from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
- ^ Jacob Caro: Geschichte Polens. Vol. 2, Gotha 1863, p. 286 (in German, online Archived 2 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine)
- ISBN 978-0-582-36896-5.
- ISBN 83-85719-38-5.
- ISBN 83-01-14578-1.
- ^ ISBN 978-8390771519.
- ^ Ashmore, Harry S., ed. (1961). "Lviv". Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 509.
- ^ Jerzy Lukowski, Hubert Zawadzki. A Concise History of Poland. Cambridge University Press. 2006. p. 32.
- ^ "Jesuits in Ukraine". www.manresa-sj.org. Archived from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
- ^ Cathal J. Nolan. Wars of the Age of Louis XIV, 1650–1715: An Encyclopaedia of Global Warfare and Civilization. ABC-CLIO. 2008. pp. 332, 368.
- ^ a b Tony Jaques. Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity through the Twenty-First Century, Vol. 3. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2007. pp. 608, 895, 951
- ^ Francis Ludwig Carsten. The New Cambridge Modern History: The Ascendancy of France, 1648–88. Cambridge University Press. 1961. p. 512.
- ^ Jerzy Lukowski, Hubert Zawadzki. A Concise History of Poland. Cambridge University Press. 2001. p. 81. Cambridge University Press. 2001. p. 81.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. XIV (9th ed.). 1882. p. 453. .
- ^ Karl-Erik Frandsen. The Last Plague in the Baltic Region, 1709–1713. Museum Tuseulanum Press. 2010. p. 20.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 409–410. .
- ^ Tertius Chandler. (1987) Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: A Historical Census. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellon Press
- ^ Hrytsak, Yaroslav (2010). Prorok we własnym kraju. Iwan Franko i jego Ukraina (1856–1886). Warsaw. p. 151.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Hrytsak, Yaroslav. "Lviv: A Multicultural History through the Centuries". Harvard Ukrainian Studies. 24: 54.
- ^ a b New International Encyclopedia, Volume 13. Archived 2 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine Lemberg 1915, p. 760.
- ^ a b Chris Hann, Paul R. Magocsi.(2005). Galicia: Multicultured Land. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pg. 193
- ISBN 978-0-300-10586-5. Archivedfrom the original on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2022.
- ^ "The General Regional Exhibition of Galicia". Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
- ^ Paul Robert Magocsi. (2005) Galicia: a Multicultured Land. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp.12–15
- ^ "03 September 1914 – The Fall Of Lemberg". The Great War Blog. 3 September 2014. Archived from the original on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2016.
- ISBN 9781472819376.
- ^ Timothy Snyder, The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999, Yale University Press, 2003, p.158
- ^ Norman Davies. "Ethnic Diversity in Twentieth-Century Poland." Archived 2 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine In: Herbert Arthur Strauss. Hostages of Modernisation: Studies on Modern Antisemitism, 1870–1933/39. Walter de Gruyter, 1993.
- ^ Norman Davies, White Eagle, Red star. Polish-Soviet War
- ^ a b Magocsi, Paul R. (1996). A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples. University of Toronto Press. pp. 525–526.
- Volodymyr Kubiyovych. p. 780.
- ^ "DECISION TAKEN BY THE CONFERENCE OF AMBASSADORS REGARDING THE EASTERN FRONTIERS OF POLAND. PARIS, MARCH 15, 1923" (PDF). forost.ungarisches-institut.de. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
- Central Statistical Office (Poland), Warsaw, 1939.
- ^ Aleksander Nikodemowicz (2006). "Targi Wschodnie we Lwowie". Kwartalniki (in Polish). Cracovia Leopolis. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
- ^ "Text of the 1922 Bill (in Polish)" (in Polish). Pl.wikisource.org. 29 February 2012. Archived from the original on 2 May 2012. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
- ^ Magosci, R. (1996). A History of Ukraine. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
- ^ Subtelny, Orest (1988). Ukraine: A History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
- ^ Robert M. Kennedy, The German Campaign in Poland (1939), Major Infantry United States Army DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY DC 1956.
- ISBN 0-7864-0371-3,
Ukraini-anized.
- ^ Paul Robert Magocsi. (1996). A History of Ukraine. Toronto: University of Toronto Press
- ISBN 978-1-5017-0083-5. Archivedfrom the original on 4 March 2022. Retrieved 20 September 2020.
- ^ "Lviv massacre". Alfreddezayas.com. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
- ^ Організація українських націоналістів і Українська повстанська армія. Інститут історії НАН України.2004р Організація українських націоналістів і Українська повстанська армія,
- ^ І.К. Патриляк. Військова діяльність ОУН(Б) у 1940–1942 роках. – Університет імені Шевченко \Ін-т історії України НАН України Київ, 2004 (No ISBN)
- ISBN 966-02-2535-0
- ^ "Text of Polish-Soviet Treaty of 1941". Avalon.law.yale.edu. 30 July 1941. Archived from the original on 10 August 2011. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
- ^ ISBN 978-966-02-4911-0p.166
- ^ "Lvov 1939–1944 Timeline". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on 6 May 2009.
- ^ Gilbert, M. (1989), Second World War, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, p. 438
- ^ "A True Story of Holocaust Survivors. The documentary includes 60 historical pictures. 1932–1944, Lwow, Poland (now Lviv, Ukraine)". YouTube. Archived from the original on 30 October 2021.
- ^ Filip Friedman, Zagłada Żydów lwowskich (Extermination of the Jews of Lwów) – online in Polish, Ukrainian and Russian Archived 17 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
- ^ pl:wikisource:Umowa graniczna pomiędzy Polską a ZSRR z 16 sierpnia 1945 roku [1] Archived 18 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine full text of the agreement (in Polish)
- ^ Ihor Zhuk, 'The Architecture of Lviv from the Thirteenth to the Twentieth Centuries', s. 113
- ISBN 978-1-78533-122-0.
- ^ "Official site of the Khloptsi z Bandershtadtu". Bandershtadt.w6.ru. Archived from the original on 14 April 2008. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
- ^ a b c "Russia has attacked Lviv. Here's why the western city is so important to Ukraine's defense". CNN. 18 March 2022. Archived from the original on 23 March 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
- ^ Tchorek, Kamil (26 November 2004). "Protest grows in western city". Times Online. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
- ^ Gianluca Mezzofiore (19 February 2014). "Ukraine Facing Civil War: Lviv Declares Independence from Yanukovich Rule". International Business Times. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
- ^ "Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ". Голос України (in Ukrainian). 18 July 2020. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
- ^ "Нові райони: карти + склад" (in Ukrainian). Міністерство розвитку громад та територій України. 17 July 2020. Archived from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
- ^ "Ukraine's Lviv in spotlight as diplomats and others leave Kyiv – the Washington Post". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
- ^ "Wrapping The Art Treasures Of Lviv". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. 18 March 2022. Archived from the original on 18 March 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
- ^ "Three additional blasts heard in Lviv, regional military administration says". CNN. 26 March 2022. Archived from the original on 26 March 2022. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
- ^ "Blasts rock Ukraine as bodies line streets". the Canberra Times. 18 April 2022. Archived from the original on 18 April 2022. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
- ^ "Explosions in Lviv, city is without electricity and mobile connection". Ukrainska Pravda. Archived from the original on 12 October 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
- ^ "Russian strike on Ukraine's Lviv hits power supply – mayor". Reuters. Reuters. 12 October 2022. Archived from the original on 13 October 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
- ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20141205154531/http://www.city-institute.org/Socio/Demographic_forecast_small_eng.jpg. Archived from the original on 5 December 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
{{cite web}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ "Lviv City Profile 2010–2011" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 July 2014.
- ^ a b The Encyclopædia Britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences and general literature. Vol. 14. The Henry G. Allen Company. 1890. p. 435.
- ^ a b Brockhaus' Konversations-Lexikon. 14th edition, vol. 11, Leipzig 1894, p. 76
- ^ a b Meyers Konversations-Lexikon. 6th edition, vol. 12, Leipzig and Vienna 1908, pp. 397–398.
- ^ a b C. M. Hann, Paul Robert Magocsi ed. Galicia: a Multicultured land. University of Toronto Press. 2005. p. 155.
- ^ a b Національний склад Львівського воєводства Archived 31 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine за переписом 1931 року
- ^ Населення Східної Галичини Archived 31 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine за переписом 1900 року
- ^ a b c d William Jay Risch. Ukrainian West: Culture and the Fate of Empire in Soviet Lviv. Harvard University Press. 2011. pp. 41–42.
- ^ ISBN 0-8179-9542-0
- ^ a b c d "Всеукраїнський перепис населення 2001". 2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 2 May 2011.
- ^ a b c d Official census of 2001.
- ^ a b Heidemarie Petersen: Judengemeinde und Stadtgemeinde in Polen: Lemberg 1356–1581. Harrasso Verlag, Wiesbaden 2003, p. 50 (in German, limited online preview Archived 2 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine)
- ^ Universal-Lexikon der Gegenwart und Vergangenheit (edited by H. A. Pierer). 2nd edition, vol. 7, Altenburg 1843, p. 344.
- ^ Konversations-Lexikon (edited by Brockhaus). 10th edition, vol. 9, Leipzig 1853, p. 512.
- ^ a b Der Große Brockhaus. 15th edition, vol. 11, Leipig 1932, pp. 296–297.
- ^ Meyers Enzyklopädisches Lexikon. 9th edition, vol. 14, Mannheim/Vienna/Zürich 1975, p. 802.
- ^ "Андрій Садовий". www.ji.lviv.ua. Archived from the original on 16 August 2009. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
- ^ "Рідні мови в об'єднаних територіальних громадах України" (in Ukrainian).
- ^ "Municipal Survey 2023" (PDF). ratinggroup.ua. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 July 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
- ^ 1.2% of 790,908
- ^ "Демоскоп Weekly – Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". www.demoscope.ru. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012.
- Ashkenazi, can trace their ancestry to Poland – thanks to a 14th-century king, Casimir III the Great, who drew Jewish settlers from across Europe with his vow to protect them as "people of the king".
- ^ "Województwo lwowskie. 1920–1939". KALENDARIUM. Grodek Jagiellonski. 2012. Archived from the original on 8 March 2012.
- ^ a b c R. Lozinsky. "poles in Lviv". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
- ^ a b Polish Embassy The Poles in Lviv continue to be proud of their identity, accessed 21:05, 29 October 2009
- ^ OCLC 123912559.
- ^ "L'viv entry". Archived from the original on 18 November 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2022.
- ^ "Memorial for the Lwów Ghetto Victims". Center for Urban History of East Central Europe. Archived from the original on 1 May 2013. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
- ^ "Near Lviv desecrated monument to Holocaust victims". JewishNews.com.ua. Archived from the original on 21 April 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
- ^ "Львовский мемориал жертвам Холокоста во Львове осквернили. ФОТО". ДемотиваторыДемотиваторы Редакция не несет ответственности за содержание и. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012.
- ^ "Прямі іноземні інвестиції у Львів скоротились у 2,2 разу (ГРАФІК)". vgolos.com.ua. Archived from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
- ^ Обсяг прямих іноземних інвестицій на Львівщині сягнув понад 50 млн дол. (in Ukrainian). Leopolis News. 2017. Archived from the original on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
- ^ "Ухвала №4261 від 01/19/2015". www8.city-adm.lviv.ua. Archived from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
- ^ Львів отримав бюджет на 2017 рік (in Ukrainian), LvivRada, 2017, archived from the original on 23 January 2018, retrieved 23 January 2018
- ^ Депутати Львова затвердили бюджет на 2017 рік (in Ukrainian). Zik.UA. 2017. Archived from the original on 23 January 2018. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
- ^ "У Львові середня зарплата в галузі ІТ – 28 тис. грн". Гал-інфо. Archived from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
- ^ "Безробітних у Львові менше 1% – офіційна статистика". vgolos.com.ua. Archived from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
- ^ Яка у Львові середня зарплата (in Ukrainian). Dyvys.info. 2019. Archived from the original on 15 November 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
- ^ State Statistics Service of Ukraine, Statistics Service of Ukraine, 2019, archived from the original on 23 January 2013, retrieved 23 January 2018
- ^ "Львів діловий, виставковий, бізнесовий Карта Львова". map.lviv.ua. Archived from the original on 14 July 2010. Retrieved 9 April 2013.
- ^ "Низькопідлоговий трамвай ось-ось завершать. У червні він уже може поїхати Львовом". Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
- ^ Обсяг реалізованої промислової продукції за основними видами діяльності у місті Львові за 2015 рік (PDF) (in Ukrainian), ukrstat.gov.ua, 2016, archived (PDF) from the original on 14 March 2016, retrieved 23 January 2018
- ^ ОВІДОМЛЕННЯ ПРО СОЦІАЛЬНО-ЕКОНОМІЧНЕ СТАНОВИЩЕ МІСТА ЛЬВОВА У СІЧНІ 2015 РОКУ (PDF) (in Ukrainian), ukrstat.gov.ua, 2015, archived from the original (PDF) on 14 March 2016, retrieved 23 January 2018
- ^ Lviv becomes Ukraine's real estate boomtown, bunews.com, archived from the original on 15 November 2019, retrieved 15 November 2019
- ^ Стратегія економічного розвитку (in Ukrainian), city-adm.lviv.ua, 2015, archived from the original on 24 October 2009, retrieved 23 January 2018
- ^ "У Львові відкрили перший у Європі об'єднаний бізнес-сервіс-центр Nestlé" (in Ukrainian). Zahid.Net. 2011. Archived from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
- ^ "У Львові відкрили перший у Європі об'єднаний бізнес-сервіс-центр Nestlé" (in Ukrainian). Zahid.Net. 2016. Archived from the original on 18 December 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
- ^ "Why Outsource Software Development to Eastern Europe?". newfireglobal.com. 12 July 2017. Archived from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
- ^ "Why Lviv is the Most Attractive IT Outsourcing Destination in Ukraine – N-iX". n-ix.com. Archived from the original on 26 May 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
- ^ a b "Economic impact of IT Industry in Lviv reached $1 billion – IT Cluster research". AIN.UA. 2 January 2019. Archived from the original on 17 October 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
- ^ Storozhkova, Elena (25 November 2019). "IT Outsourcing 2019 in Ukraine". Perfectial. Archived from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
- ^ Події 2009 року, що змінили Львів (in Ukrainian). city-adm.lviv.ua. 2009. Archived from the original on 3 January 2010. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
- ^ IT Research 2.0, IT Cluster, 2017, archived from the original on 23 January 2018, retrieved 23 January 2018
- ^ Regional Structure of Ukraine's IT Outsourcing Industry, Symphony Solutions, 2017, archived from the original on 26 August 2021, retrieved 26 August 2021
- ^ "Why Lviv is the best destination for IT outsourcing – Elitex Systems". elitex.systems. 11 January 2021. Archived from the original on 6 March 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
- ^ a b L'viv – the Ensemble of the Historic Centre Archived 24 February 2022 at the Wayback Machine, UNESCO – World Heritage. URL Accessed: 30 October 2006
- ^ "Who is he, the citizen of Lviv?". 29 April 2014. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
- ^ "International Forum:"Challenge of Holocaust and Its Lessons"". Lviv Polytechnic National University Regional Holocaust Study Center: Ukrainian Holocaust History Study Center. November 2003. Archived from the original on 8 March 2012.
- ^ "Entry for L'viv". YIVO. Archived from the original on 16 November 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
- ^ Kosmolinska, Natalia (2007). "Ein Fenster zur Moderne: Das Atelier der Sielskis Archived 2 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine." In: Hermann Simon, Irene Stratenwerth, & Ronald Hinrichs (Eds.), Lemberg: Eine Reise nach Europa Berlin: Christoph Links Verlag. pp. 218–227; here: p. 224.
- ^ Baranovskiy, Mikhail (202). "Tango of Death. A True Story of Holocaust Survivors". Amazon. Archived from the original on 18 August 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
- ISBN 0-684-15064-6
- MacTutor History of Mathematics archive.
- ^ "Slowo Polskie – a daily with 100-year tradition". Reporterzy.info. 20 November 2007. Archived from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
- from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
- ^ "Ivan Bobersky – training of the first teachers of physical training is connected to his name." Archived 18 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Karpaty Lviv are officially excluded from the UPL (Львовские "Карпаты" официально исключены из УПЛ) Archived 18 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine. ZIK. 9 July 2020
- ^ "UEFA EURO 2016". UEFA.com. 29 October 2011. Archived from the original on 6 June 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
- ^ "Lviv – the chess capital of Ukraine" Archived 22 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ ФК "Львів" повертається до рідного міста [FC Lviv returns to its native city] (in Ukrainian). ua-football.com. 19 November 2011. Retrieved 19 November 2011.
- ^ "Lviv officially enters race to stage 2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics". www.insidethegames.biz. 5 November 2013. Archived from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
- ^ "Експерти підрахували кількість магазинів, ресторанів і кафе у найбільших містах України Источник". Archived from the original on 10 January 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
- ^ a b Two cities prepare for Euro 2012 Archived 25 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News (2 December 2011)
- ^ "Lviv dialect". Balzatul.multiply.com. Archived from the original on 9 February 2012. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
- ^ Tymotsko, Roman (19 March 2021). "Local governments name stadiums after Bandera and Shukhevych, provoking protest from Israel and Poland". The Ukrainian Weekly. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ "Hundreds of Ukrainian nationalists march in honor of Nazi collaborator". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ "Israeli Envoy in Ukraine Slams Naming of Soccer Stadium in Honor of Nazi Ally Roman Shukhevych". Algemeiner.com. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- ^ Urzędowy Rozkład Jazdy i Lotów PKP, Lato 1939 (Polish State Railroads Timetable, Summer 1939)
- ^ a b "Zdzislaw Sikorski, Lotniczy Lwow". Lwow.home.pl. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
- ^ "Europe Airports – Lviv (LWO)". Europe-airports.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
- ^ "New terminal of the Lviv Airport". kmu.gov.ua. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
- ^ Modernization of Lviv airport for Euro-2012 finals to cost $200 million. The government can cough up $70 million Archived 20 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Z I K (27 May 2008)
- ^ Lviv City Administration – Bicycle Program Archived 17 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "bikeday.org.ua". bikeday.org.ua. Archived from the original on 2 March 2013. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
- ^ "Downloads | Event Reports". Mobilnist.org.ua. Archived from the original on 17 March 2013. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
- ^ "Social Portrait of Lviv resident". Lviv City Institute. Archived from the original on 5 December 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
- ^ "Serwis informacyjny UM Rzeszów– Informacja o współpracy Rzeszowa z miastami partnerskimi". rzeszow.pl. Archived from the original on 5 December 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2010.
- ^ "Kraków – Miasta Partnerskie" [Kraków -Partnership Cities]. Miejska Platforma Internetowa Magiczny Kraków (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2 July 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
- ^ "Wrocław Official Website – Partnership Cities of Wrocław" (in Polish). Archived from the original on 30 July 2008. Retrieved 23 October 2008.
- ^ "Miasta partnerskie – Urząd Miasta Łodzi [via WaybackMachine.com]". City of Łódź (in Polish). Archived from the original on 24 June 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2013. N.B. Lviv appears on this reference under its Polish language name 'Lwów'
- ^ Градови партнери [City of Banja Luka – Partner cities]. Administrative Office of the City of Banja Luka (in Serbian). Archived from the original on 17 September 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
- ^ "Lublin's Partner and Friend Cities". lublin.eu. Archived from the original on 21 November 2015. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
- ^ Sandrick, Bob (16 July 2013). "Parma forms sister-city relationship with Lviv in Ukraine". Archived from the original on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2014.
- ^ yvasovic#utilisateurs; yvasovic#utilisateurs (4 April 2022). "Les jumelages – Les pactes d'amitié". www.cannes.com (in French). Archived from the original on 23 February 2023. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
- ^ "Німецький Вюрцбург став містом-побратимом Львова".
- ^ https://city-adm.lviv.ua/news/city/lviv-international/298292-polske-misto-katovitse-stalo-23-mistom-pobratymom-lvova
- ^ https://city-adm.lviv.ua/news/city/lviv-international/296645-reikiavik-stolytsia-islandii-stav-mistom-partnerom-lvova-video
- ^ "Пула-Пола стало 21 містом-побратимом Львова".
- ^ "Данське місто Орхус стало містом-побратимом Львова". 18 April 2023.
- ^ "Одне з найбільших міст Японії – Кобе стало містом-партнером Львова".
- ^ Jakob Weiss, The Lemberg Mosaic (New York: Alderbrook Press, 2011) pp. 72 – 76.
Bibliography
External links
- Official website (in Ukrainian)
- Lviv.com
- Official travel website
- Lviv, Ukraine at JewishGen
- Old maps of Lviv Archived 21 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine – Historic Cities Archived 25 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine
- Lviv city guide & interactive map