Charles III: Difference between revisions
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Charles proposed to Diana in February 1981; she accepted and they married in [[St Paul's Cathedral]] on 29 July of that year. Upon his marriage, Charles reduced his voluntary tax contribution from the profits generated by the [[Duchy of Cornwall]] from 50% to 25%.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 July 2009 |title=Royally Minted: What we give them and how they spend it |work=[[New Statesman]] |location=UK}}</ref> The couple lived at [[Kensington Palace]] and at [[Highgrove House]], near [[Tetbury]], and had two children: Princes [[William, Prince of Wales|William]] (b. 1982) and [[Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex|Henry]] (known as "Harry") (b. 1984). Charles set a precedent by being the first royal father to be present at his children's births.<ref name="time 1988"/> |
Charles proposed to Diana in February 1981; she accepted and they married in [[St Paul's Cathedral]] on 29 July of that year. Upon his marriage, Charles reduced his voluntary tax contribution from the profits generated by the [[Duchy of Cornwall]] from 50% to 25%.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 July 2009 |title=Royally Minted: What we give them and how they spend it |work=[[New Statesman]] |location=UK}}</ref> The couple lived at [[Kensington Palace]] and at [[Highgrove House]], near [[Tetbury]], and had two children: Princes [[William, Prince of Wales|William]] (b. 1982) and [[Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex|Henry]] (known as "Harry") (b. 1984). Charles set a precedent by being the first royal father to be present at his children's births.<ref name="time 1988"/> |
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Within five years, the marriage was in trouble due to the couple's incompatibility and near 13-year age difference.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Tina |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781846053122 |title=The Diana Chronicles |date=2007 |page=720 |url-access=registration}}</ref>{{sfn|Smith|p=561|2000}} By November 1986, Charles had fully resumed his affair with Camilla Parker Bowles (née Shand).<ref name="RadioTimes01">{{cite web |date=1 January 2020 |title=The truth behind Charles and Camilla's affair storyline in The Crown |url=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/drama/the-crown-charles-affair-camilla-cheating |access-date=9 September 2022 |website=Radio Times}}</ref> In a videotape recorded by [[Peter Settelen]] in 1992, Diana admitted that by 1986, she had been "deeply in love with someone who worked in this environment."<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 December 2004 |title=Diana 'wanted to live with guard' |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4074545.stm |url-status=live |access-date=31 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731164728/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4074545.stm |archive-date=31 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="Telegraph_12Dec2004">{{Cite news |last=Langley |first=William |date=12 December 2004 |title=The Mannakee file |work=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1478804/The-Mannakee-file.html |url-status=live |access-date=31 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731210646/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1478804/The-Mannakee-file.html |archive-date=31 July 2017}}</ref> It is thought she was referring to [[Barry Mannakee]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Lawson |first=Mark |date=7 August 2017 |title=Diana: In Her Own Words – admirers have nothing to fear from the Channel 4 tapes |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/aug/06/diana-in-her-own-words-burnishes-rather-than-tarnishes-her-image |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920223352/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/aug/06/diana-in-her-own-words-burnishes-rather-than-tarnishes-her-image |archive-date=20 September 2017 |access-date=22 October 2017 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> who was transferred to the Diplomatic Protection Squad in 1986 after his managers had determined that his relationship with Diana had been inappropriate.<ref name="Telegraph_12Dec2004"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Milmo |first=Cahal |date=8 December 2004 |title=Conspiracy theorists feast on inquiry into death of Diana's minder |work=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/conspiracy-theorists-feast-on-inquiry-into-death-of-dianas-minder-8002517.html |url-status=live |access-date=31 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801031824/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/conspiracy-theorists-feast-on-inquiry-into-death-of-dianas-minder-8002517.html |archive-date=1 August 2017}}</ref> Diana later commenced a relationship with Major [[James Hewitt]], the family's former riding instructor.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 March 2017 |title=Princess Diana's Former Lover Maintains He Is Not Prince Harry's Father |publisher=Vanity fair |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2017/03/james-hewitt-prince-harry-father-princess-diana |url-status=live |access-date=25 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626210124/https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2017/03/james-hewitt-prince-harry-father-princess-diana |archive-date=26 June 2019}}</ref> Charles and Diana's evident discomfort in each other's company led to them being dubbed "[[Take It from Here#The Glums|The Glums]]" by the press.<ref name="Quest"> |
Within five years, the marriage was in trouble due to the couple's incompatibility and near 13-year age difference.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Tina |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781846053122 |title=The Diana Chronicles |date=2007 |page=720 |url-access=registration}}</ref>{{sfn|Smith|p=561|2000}} By November 1986, Charles had fully resumed his affair with Camilla Parker Bowles (née Shand).<ref name="RadioTimes01">{{cite web |date=1 January 2020 |title=The truth behind Charles and Camilla's affair storyline in The Crown |url=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/drama/the-crown-charles-affair-camilla-cheating |access-date=9 September 2022 |website=Radio Times}}</ref> In a videotape recorded by [[Peter Settelen]] in 1992, Diana admitted that by 1986, she had been "deeply in love with someone who worked in this environment."<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 December 2004 |title=Diana 'wanted to live with guard' |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4074545.stm |url-status=live |access-date=31 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731164728/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4074545.stm |archive-date=31 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="Telegraph_12Dec2004">{{Cite news |last=Langley |first=William |date=12 December 2004 |title=The Mannakee file |work=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1478804/The-Mannakee-file.html |url-status=live |access-date=31 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731210646/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1478804/The-Mannakee-file.html |archive-date=31 July 2017}}</ref> It is thought she was referring to [[Barry Mannakee]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Lawson |first=Mark |date=7 August 2017 |title=Diana: In Her Own Words – admirers have nothing to fear from the Channel 4 tapes |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/aug/06/diana-in-her-own-words-burnishes-rather-than-tarnishes-her-image |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920223352/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/aug/06/diana-in-her-own-words-burnishes-rather-than-tarnishes-her-image |archive-date=20 September 2017 |access-date=22 October 2017 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> who was transferred to the Diplomatic Protection Squad in 1986 after his managers had determined that his relationship with Diana had been inappropriate.<ref name="Telegraph_12Dec2004"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Milmo |first=Cahal |date=8 December 2004 |title=Conspiracy theorists feast on inquiry into death of Diana's minder |work=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/conspiracy-theorists-feast-on-inquiry-into-death-of-dianas-minder-8002517.html |url-status=live |access-date=31 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801031824/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/conspiracy-theorists-feast-on-inquiry-into-death-of-dianas-minder-8002517.html |archive-date=1 August 2017}}</ref> Diana later commenced a relationship with Major [[James Hewitt]], the family's former riding instructor.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 March 2017 |title=Princess Diana's Former Lover Maintains He Is Not Prince Harry's Father |publisher=Vanity fair |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2017/03/james-hewitt-prince-harry-father-princess-diana |url-status=live |access-date=25 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626210124/https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2017/03/james-hewitt-prince-harry-father-princess-diana |archive-date=26 June 2019}}</ref> Charles and Diana's evident discomfort in each other's company led to them being dubbed "[[Take It from Here#The Glums|The Glums]]" by the press.<ref name="Quest">{{Cite web|title=CNN.com - Royals, Part 3: Troubled times - June 3, 2002|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/05/29/people.royals.3/|access-date=2023-01-22|website=edition.cnn.com}}</ref> Diana exposed Charles's affair with Camilla in a book by Andrew Morton, ''[[Diana: Her True Story (book)|Diana: Her True Story]]''. Audio tapes of [[Squidgygate|her own extramarital flirtations]] also surfaced.<ref name="Quest"/> Persistent suggestions that Hewitt is Prince Harry's father have been based on a physical similarity between Hewitt and Harry. However, Harry had already been born by the time Diana's affair with Hewitt began.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 September 2002 |title=Hewitt denies Prince Harry link |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2273498.stm |url-status=live |access-date=24 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215161416/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2273498.stm |archive-date=15 February 2009}}; {{cite web |last=Holder |first=Margaret |date=24 August 2011 |title=Who Does Prince Harry Look Like? James Hewitt Myth Debunked |url=http://www.themortonreport.com/celebrity/royals/who-does-prince-harry-look-like |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529062152/http://www.themortonreport.com/celebrity/royals/who-does-prince-harry-look-like |archive-date=29 May 2012 |access-date=22 May 2012 |website=[[The Morton Report]]}}</ref> |
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In December 1992, British prime minister [[John Major]] announced the couple's [[legal separation]] in Parliament. In early 1993, the British press published transcripts of a passionate bugged telephone conversation between Charles and Camilla from 1989, which was dubbed "[[Camillagate]]" and "Tampongate" by the press.<ref>[http://www.textfiles.com/phreak/camilla.txt "The Camillagate Tapes"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701002359/http://www.textfiles.com/phreak/camilla.txt |date=1 July 2010 }}, 18 December 1989, phone transcript, Phone Phreaking; {{Cite news |date=29 November 2006 |title=Royals caught out by interceptions |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/5258604.stm |url-status=live |access-date=27 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828024600/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/5258604.stm |archive-date=28 August 2017}}; {{cite web|url=https://time.com/6226657/crown-charles-camilla-tampongate/|title=The True Story Behind Charles and Camilla's Phone Sex Leak on The Crown|work=Time|first=Eliana|last=Dockterman|date=9 November 2022|accessdate=17 November 2022}}</ref> Charles sought public understanding in a television film, ''[[Charles: The Private Man, the Public Role]]'', with [[Jonathan Dimbleby]] that was broadcast on 29 June 1994. In an interview in the film, he confirmed his own extramarital affair with Camilla, saying that he had rekindled their association in 1986 only after his marriage to Diana had "irretrievably broken down".<ref>{{cite web |title=The Princess and the Press |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/royals/etc/cron.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310043520/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/royals/etc/cron.html |archive-date=10 March 2017 |access-date=7 January 2017 |website=PBS}}; {{Cite news |date=6 April 2005 |title=Timeline: Charles and Camilla's romance |work=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4410551.stm |url-status=live |access-date=7 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202161625/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4410551.stm |archive-date=2 February 2017}}</ref>{{sfn|Dimbleby|p=395|1994}} This was followed by Diana's own admission of marital troubles in [[An Interview with HRH The Princess of Wales|an interview]] with the BBC current affairs show ''[[Panorama (British TV programme)|Panorama]]'', broadcast on 20 November 1995.<ref>{{Cite news |title=1995: Diana admits adultery in TV interview |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/20/newsid_4341000/4341436.stm |access-date=1 August 2018}}</ref> Referring to Charles's relationship with Camilla, she said: "Well, there were three of us in this marriage, so it was a bit crowded." She also expressed doubt about her husband's suitability for kingship.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 November 1995 |title=The Panorama Interview with the Princess of Wales |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/politics97/diana/panorama.html |url-status=live |access-date=8 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304163240/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/politics97/diana/panorama.html |archive-date=4 March 2011}}</ref> Charles and Diana divorced on 28 August 1996,<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 December 1995 |title='Divorce': Queen to Charles and Diana |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/20/newsid_2538000/2538985.stm |url-status=live |access-date=12 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223152102/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/20/newsid_2538000/2538985.stm |archive-date=23 December 2010}}</ref> after being formally advised by the Queen in December 1995 to end the marriage.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 December 1995 |title=Charles and Diana to divorce |agency=[[Associated Press]] |url=http://www.aparchive.com/metadata/UK-Various-Queen-Orders-Charles-amp-Diana-To-Divorce/85e31961323ecc3686d0e7324b12170b?query=UK+ROYALS¤t=8&orderBy=Relevance&hits=147&search=%2Fsearch%3Fquery%3DUK%2520ROYALS%26allFilters%3DMedia%2520and%2520entertainment%3ASubject&allFilters=Media+and+entertainment%3ASubject&productType=IncludedProducts&page=1 |url-status=live |access-date=23 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160109/http://www.aparchive.com/metadata/UK-Various-Queen-Orders-Charles-amp-Diana-To-Divorce/85e31961323ecc3686d0e7324b12170b?query=UK+ROYALS¤t=8&orderBy=Relevance&hits=147&search=%2Fsearch%3Fquery%3DUK%2520ROYALS%26allFilters%3DMedia%2520and%2520entertainment%3ASubject&allFilters=Media+and+entertainment%3ASubject&productType=IncludedProducts&page=1 |archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> The couple shared custody of their children.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1996/07/13/charles-and-diana-agree-to-terms-of-divorce/9e3bbdab-5f04-4edc-a395-1b64f6ea888d/|title=Charles and Diana Agree to Terms of Divorce|work=The Washington Post|first=Sarah|last=Neville|date=13 July 1996|accessdate=12 November 2022}}</ref> Diana was [[Death of Diana, Princess of Wales|killed in a car crash]] in Paris on 31 August of the following year; Charles flew to Paris with Diana's sisters to accompany her body back to Britain.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Whitney |first=Craig R. |date=31 August 1997 |title=Prince Charles Arrives in Paris to Take Diana's Body Home |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=http://partners.nytimes.com/library/world/diana/uk-diana-crash-updated.html |url-status=live |access-date=5 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206170457/http://partners.nytimes.com/library/world/diana/uk-diana-crash-updated.html |archive-date=6 December 2013}}</ref> |
In December 1992, British prime minister [[John Major]] announced the couple's [[legal separation]] in Parliament. In early 1993, the British press published transcripts of a passionate bugged telephone conversation between Charles and Camilla from 1989, which was dubbed "[[Camillagate]]" and "Tampongate" by the press.<ref>[http://www.textfiles.com/phreak/camilla.txt "The Camillagate Tapes"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100701002359/http://www.textfiles.com/phreak/camilla.txt |date=1 July 2010 }}, 18 December 1989, phone transcript, Phone Phreaking; {{Cite news |date=29 November 2006 |title=Royals caught out by interceptions |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/5258604.stm |url-status=live |access-date=27 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828024600/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/5258604.stm |archive-date=28 August 2017}}; {{cite web|url=https://time.com/6226657/crown-charles-camilla-tampongate/|title=The True Story Behind Charles and Camilla's Phone Sex Leak on The Crown|work=Time|first=Eliana|last=Dockterman|date=9 November 2022|accessdate=17 November 2022}}</ref> Charles sought public understanding in a television film, ''[[Charles: The Private Man, the Public Role]]'', with [[Jonathan Dimbleby]] that was broadcast on 29 June 1994. In an interview in the film, he confirmed his own extramarital affair with Camilla, saying that he had rekindled their association in 1986 only after his marriage to Diana had "irretrievably broken down".<ref>{{cite web |title=The Princess and the Press |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/royals/etc/cron.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310043520/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/royals/etc/cron.html |archive-date=10 March 2017 |access-date=7 January 2017 |website=PBS}}; {{Cite news |date=6 April 2005 |title=Timeline: Charles and Camilla's romance |work=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4410551.stm |url-status=live |access-date=7 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202161625/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4410551.stm |archive-date=2 February 2017}}</ref>{{sfn|Dimbleby|p=395|1994}} This was followed by Diana's own admission of marital troubles in [[An Interview with HRH The Princess of Wales|an interview]] with the BBC current affairs show ''[[Panorama (British TV programme)|Panorama]]'', broadcast on 20 November 1995.<ref>{{Cite news |title=1995: Diana admits adultery in TV interview |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/20/newsid_4341000/4341436.stm |access-date=1 August 2018}}</ref> Referring to Charles's relationship with Camilla, she said: "Well, there were three of us in this marriage, so it was a bit crowded." She also expressed doubt about her husband's suitability for kingship.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 November 1995 |title=The Panorama Interview with the Princess of Wales |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/politics97/diana/panorama.html |url-status=live |access-date=8 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304163240/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/politics97/diana/panorama.html |archive-date=4 March 2011}}</ref> Charles and Diana divorced on 28 August 1996,<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 December 1995 |title='Divorce': Queen to Charles and Diana |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/20/newsid_2538000/2538985.stm |url-status=live |access-date=12 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223152102/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/20/newsid_2538000/2538985.stm |archive-date=23 December 2010}}</ref> after being formally advised by the Queen in December 1995 to end the marriage.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 December 1995 |title=Charles and Diana to divorce |agency=[[Associated Press]] |url=http://www.aparchive.com/metadata/UK-Various-Queen-Orders-Charles-amp-Diana-To-Divorce/85e31961323ecc3686d0e7324b12170b?query=UK+ROYALS¤t=8&orderBy=Relevance&hits=147&search=%2Fsearch%3Fquery%3DUK%2520ROYALS%26allFilters%3DMedia%2520and%2520entertainment%3ASubject&allFilters=Media+and+entertainment%3ASubject&productType=IncludedProducts&page=1 |url-status=live |access-date=23 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160109/http://www.aparchive.com/metadata/UK-Various-Queen-Orders-Charles-amp-Diana-To-Divorce/85e31961323ecc3686d0e7324b12170b?query=UK+ROYALS¤t=8&orderBy=Relevance&hits=147&search=%2Fsearch%3Fquery%3DUK%2520ROYALS%26allFilters%3DMedia%2520and%2520entertainment%3ASubject&allFilters=Media+and+entertainment%3ASubject&productType=IncludedProducts&page=1 |archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> The couple shared custody of their children.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1996/07/13/charles-and-diana-agree-to-terms-of-divorce/9e3bbdab-5f04-4edc-a395-1b64f6ea888d/|title=Charles and Diana Agree to Terms of Divorce|work=The Washington Post|first=Sarah|last=Neville|date=13 July 1996|accessdate=12 November 2022}}</ref> Diana was [[Death of Diana, Princess of Wales|killed in a car crash]] in Paris on 31 August of the following year; Charles flew to Paris with Diana's sisters to accompany her body back to Britain.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Whitney |first=Craig R. |date=31 August 1997 |title=Prince Charles Arrives in Paris to Take Diana's Body Home |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=http://partners.nytimes.com/library/world/diana/uk-diana-crash-updated.html |url-status=live |access-date=5 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206170457/http://partners.nytimes.com/library/world/diana/uk-diana-crash-updated.html |archive-date=6 December 2013}}</ref> |
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=== Livery company commitments === |
=== Livery company commitments === |
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The [[Worshipful Company of Carpenters]] installed Charles as an Honorary Liveryman "in recognition of his interest in London's architecture."<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=http://www.thecarpenterscompany.co.uk/pages/about_us/default.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717001302/http://www.thecarpenterscompany.co.uk/pages/about_us/default.aspx |archive-date=17 July 2012 |access-date=17 June 2012 |website=Carpenters' Company website}}</ref> Charles is also Permanent Master of the [[Worshipful Company of Shipwrights]], a Freeman of the [[Worshipful Company of Drapers]], an Honorary Freeman of the [[Worshipful Company of Musicians]], an Honorary Member of the Court of Assistants of the [[Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths]], and a Royal Liveryman of the [[Worshipful Company of Gardeners]].<ref> |
The [[Worshipful Company of Carpenters]] installed Charles as an Honorary Liveryman "in recognition of his interest in London's architecture."<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=http://www.thecarpenterscompany.co.uk/pages/about_us/default.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717001302/http://www.thecarpenterscompany.co.uk/pages/about_us/default.aspx |archive-date=17 July 2012 |access-date=17 June 2012 |website=Carpenters' Company website}}</ref> Charles is also Permanent Master of the [[Worshipful Company of Shipwrights]], a Freeman of the [[Worshipful Company of Drapers]], an Honorary Freeman of the [[Worshipful Company of Musicians]], an Honorary Member of the Court of Assistants of the [[Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths]], and a Royal Liveryman of the [[Worshipful Company of Gardeners]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shipwrights|first=The Worshipful Company of|title=Present Officers|url=https://www.shipwrights.co.uk/present-officers|access-date=2023-01-22|website=The Worshipful Company of Shipwrights|language=en-GB}}</ref> |
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=== Natural environment === |
=== Natural environment === |
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In 2007, Charles received the tenth annual [[Global Environmental Citizen Award]] from the [[Harvard Medical School]]'s Center for Health and the Global Environment, the director of which, [[Eric Chivian]], stated: "For decades the Prince of Wales has been a champion of the natural world ... He has been a world leader in efforts to improve energy efficiency and in reducing the discharge of toxic substances on land, and into the air and the oceans".<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2007 |title=The Prince of Wales – The Prince of Wales is presented with the 10th Global Environmental Citizen Award in New York |url=http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/newsandgallery/news/the_prince_of_wales_is_presented_with_the_10th_global_enviro_1663716754.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616152801/http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/newsandgallery/news/the_prince_of_wales_is_presented_with_the_10th_global_enviro_1663716754.html |archive-date=16 June 2008 |access-date=12 October 2008 |publisher=Prince of Wales}}</ref> Charles's travels by private jet drew criticism from [[Plane Stupid]]'s [[Joss Garman]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Milmo |first=Cahal |date=27 January 2007 |title=Prince Charles jets in to US to collect environment award |work=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/prince-charles-jets-in-to-us-to-collect-environment-award-433823.html |url-status=live |access-date=27 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925032259/http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/prince-charles-jets-in-to-us-to-collect-environment-award-433823.html |archive-date=25 September 2015}}; {{Cite news |date=19 January 2007 |title=Prince Charles accused of 'green hypocrisy' |publisher=CBC.ca |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/prince-charles-accused-of-green-hypocrisy-1.657027 |url-status=live |access-date=27 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319132843/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/prince-charles-accused-of-green-hypocrisy-1.657027 |archive-date=19 March 2014}}</ref> |
In 2007, Charles received the tenth annual [[Global Environmental Citizen Award]] from the [[Harvard Medical School]]'s Center for Health and the Global Environment, the director of which, [[Eric Chivian]], stated: "For decades the Prince of Wales has been a champion of the natural world ... He has been a world leader in efforts to improve energy efficiency and in reducing the discharge of toxic substances on land, and into the air and the oceans".<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2007 |title=The Prince of Wales – The Prince of Wales is presented with the 10th Global Environmental Citizen Award in New York |url=http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/newsandgallery/news/the_prince_of_wales_is_presented_with_the_10th_global_enviro_1663716754.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616152801/http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/newsandgallery/news/the_prince_of_wales_is_presented_with_the_10th_global_enviro_1663716754.html |archive-date=16 June 2008 |access-date=12 October 2008 |publisher=Prince of Wales}}</ref> Charles's travels by private jet drew criticism from [[Plane Stupid]]'s [[Joss Garman]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Milmo |first=Cahal |date=27 January 2007 |title=Prince Charles jets in to US to collect environment award |work=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/prince-charles-jets-in-to-us-to-collect-environment-award-433823.html |url-status=live |access-date=27 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925032259/http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/prince-charles-jets-in-to-us-to-collect-environment-award-433823.html |archive-date=25 September 2015}}; {{Cite news |date=19 January 2007 |title=Prince Charles accused of 'green hypocrisy' |publisher=CBC.ca |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/prince-charles-accused-of-green-hypocrisy-1.657027 |url-status=live |access-date=27 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319132843/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/prince-charles-accused-of-green-hypocrisy-1.657027 |archive-date=19 March 2014}}</ref> |
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In 2007, Charles launched [[the Prince's May Day Network]], which encourages businesses to take action on [[climate change]]. Speaking to the [[European Parliament]] on 14 February 2008, he called for European Union leadership in the war against [[Climate change in Europe|climate change]]. During the standing ovation that followed, [[Nigel Farage]], the leader of the [[United Kingdom Independence Party]] (UKIP), remained seated and went on to describe Charles's advisers as "naive and foolish at best."<ref> |
In 2007, Charles launched [[the Prince's May Day Network]], which encourages businesses to take action on [[climate change]]. Speaking to the [[European Parliament]] on 14 February 2008, he called for European Union leadership in the war against [[Climate change in Europe|climate change]]. During the standing ovation that followed, [[Nigel Farage]], the leader of the [[United Kingdom Independence Party]] (UKIP), remained seated and went on to describe Charles's advisers as "naive and foolish at best."<ref>{{Cite news|date=2008-02-14|title=UKIP anger at prince's EU speech|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7245183.stm|access-date=2023-01-22}}</ref> In a speech to the Low Carbon Prosperity Summit in a European Parliament chamber on 9 February 2011, Charles said that [[climate change sceptics]] are playing "a reckless game of roulette" with the planet's future and are having a "corrosive effect" on public opinion. He also articulated the need to protect fisheries and the Amazon rainforest, and to make low-carbon emissions affordable and competitive.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2011 |title=UK's Prince Charles blasts climate-change skeptics |url=http://apnews.myway.com//article/20110209/D9L9BNPO1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018131612/http://apnews.myway.com//article/20110209/D9L9BNPO1.html |archive-date=18 October 2013 |access-date=22 September 2012 |publisher=Apnews.myway.com}}</ref> In 2011, Charles received the [[Royal Society for the Protection of Birds#RSPB Medal|Royal Society for the Protection of Birds Medal]] for his engagement with the environment, such as the [[Tropical rainforest conservation|conservation of rainforests]].<ref name="KFW">{{Cite web |date=10 March 2011 |title=The Prince of Wales Receives Medal |url=http://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/ebank/EN_Home/About_Us/News/News_2011/HRH_The_Prince_of_Wales_Receives_RSPB_Medal_For_His_Ecological_Engagement.jsp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401092106/https://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/error/fehler-entwicklungsbank.html |archive-date=1 April 2021 |access-date=22 September 2012 |publisher=KFW}}</ref> |
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On 27 August 2012, Charles addressed the International Union for Conservation of Nature – World Conservation Congress, supporting the view that grazing animals are needed to keep soils and grassland productive: |
On 27 August 2012, Charles addressed the International Union for Conservation of Nature – World Conservation Congress, supporting the view that grazing animals are needed to keep soils and grassland productive: |
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Charles was awarded the 2011 Montblanc de la Culture Arts Patronage Award by the Montblanc Cultural Foundation for his support and commitment to the arts, particularly in regard to young people.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 November 2011 |title=Prince Charles honoured for arts work |publisher=WalesOnline |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/lifestyle/showbiz/prince-charles-honoured-arts-work-1797434 |url-status=dead |access-date=23 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928085431/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/lifestyle/showbiz/prince-charles-honoured-arts-work-1797434 |archive-date=28 September 2013}}</ref> |
Charles was awarded the 2011 Montblanc de la Culture Arts Patronage Award by the Montblanc Cultural Foundation for his support and commitment to the arts, particularly in regard to young people.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 November 2011 |title=Prince Charles honoured for arts work |publisher=WalesOnline |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/lifestyle/showbiz/prince-charles-honoured-arts-work-1797434 |url-status=dead |access-date=23 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928085431/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/lifestyle/showbiz/prince-charles-honoured-arts-work-1797434 |archive-date=28 September 2013}}</ref> |
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On 23 April 2016, Charles appeared in a comedy sketch for the Royal Shakespeare Company's ''Shakespeare Live!'' at the [[Royal Shakespeare Company#Theatres|Royal Shakespeare Theatre]], to commemorate the 400th anniversary of [[William Shakespeare]]'s death in 1616. The event was televised live by the [[BBC]]. Charles made a surprise entrance to settle the disputed delivery of [[Hamlet (play)|Hamlet's]] celebrated line, "To be or not to be, that is the question".<ref> |
On 23 April 2016, Charles appeared in a comedy sketch for the Royal Shakespeare Company's ''Shakespeare Live!'' at the [[Royal Shakespeare Company#Theatres|Royal Shakespeare Theatre]], to commemorate the 400th anniversary of [[William Shakespeare]]'s death in 1616. The event was televised live by the [[BBC]]. Charles made a surprise entrance to settle the disputed delivery of [[Hamlet (play)|Hamlet's]] celebrated line, "To be or not to be, that is the question".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-04-25|title=Prince Charles Takes to the Stage|url=https://www.newsweek.com/be-or-not-be-prince-charles-marks-shakespeares-death-452162|access-date=2023-01-22|website=Newsweek|language=en}}</ref> |
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In 2015, Charles commissioned 12 paintings of [[D-Day]] veterans, which went on display at the Queen's Gallery in Buckingham Palace during ''The Last of The Tide'' exhibition.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-33033550|title=D-Day portraits commissioned by Prince Charles go on display|work=BBC|date=6 June 2015|accessdate=22 November 2022}}</ref> In January 2022, he commissioned seven artists to paint portraits of seven [[Holocaust]] survivors. The paintings were exhibited at the Queen's Gallery in Buckingham Palace and at the Palace of Holyroodhouse and were featured in a [[BBC Two]] documentary titled ''Survivors: Portraits of the Holocaust''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Coughlan |first=Sean |date=10 January 2022 |title=Prince Charles commissions Holocaust survivor portraits |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-59957260 |access-date=11 January 2022 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref> |
In 2015, Charles commissioned 12 paintings of [[D-Day]] veterans, which went on display at the Queen's Gallery in Buckingham Palace during ''The Last of The Tide'' exhibition.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-33033550|title=D-Day portraits commissioned by Prince Charles go on display|work=BBC|date=6 June 2015|accessdate=22 November 2022}}</ref> In January 2022, he commissioned seven artists to paint portraits of seven [[Holocaust]] survivors. The paintings were exhibited at the Queen's Gallery in Buckingham Palace and at the Palace of Holyroodhouse and were featured in a [[BBC Two]] documentary titled ''Survivors: Portraits of the Holocaust''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Coughlan |first=Sean |date=10 January 2022 |title=Prince Charles commissions Holocaust survivor portraits |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-59957260 |access-date=11 January 2022 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref> |
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Charles has occasionally appeared on television. In 1984, he read his children's book ''[[The Old Man of Lochnagar]]'' for the BBC's ''[[Jackanory]]'' series. The UK soap opera ''[[Coronation Street]]'' featured an appearance by Charles during the show's 40th anniversary in 2000,<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 December 2000 |title=Prince stars in live soap |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/1061585.stm |url-status=live |access-date=2 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111122904/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/1061585.stm |archive-date=11 January 2009}}</ref> as did the New Zealand young adult cartoon series ''[[bro'Town]]'' (2005), after he attended a performance by the show's creators during a tour of the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bro'Town Goes Global |url=https://au.lifestyle.yahoo.com/who/celebrity-interviews/article/-/5922811/bro-town-goes-global |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140501184951/https://au.lifestyle.yahoo.com/who/celebrity-interviews/article/-/5922811/bro-town-goes-global |archive-date=1 May 2014 |access-date=1 May 2014 |publisher=[[Yahoo]]}}; {{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Dave |date=10 May 2012 |title=Prince Charles, The Weather Man: Watch His On-Air Debut For BBC Scotland [VIDEO] |work=IB Times |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/prince-charles-weather-man-watch-his-air-debut-bbc-scotland-video-697868 |url-status=live |access-date=1 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502005842/http://www.ibtimes.com/prince-charles-weather-man-watch-his-air-debut-bbc-scotland-video-697868 |archive-date=2 May 2014}}</ref> |
Charles has occasionally appeared on television. In 1984, he read his children's book ''[[The Old Man of Lochnagar]]'' for the BBC's ''[[Jackanory]]'' series. The UK soap opera ''[[Coronation Street]]'' featured an appearance by Charles during the show's 40th anniversary in 2000,<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 December 2000 |title=Prince stars in live soap |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/1061585.stm |url-status=live |access-date=2 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111122904/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/1061585.stm |archive-date=11 January 2009}}</ref> as did the New Zealand young adult cartoon series ''[[bro'Town]]'' (2005), after he attended a performance by the show's creators during a tour of the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bro'Town Goes Global |url=https://au.lifestyle.yahoo.com/who/celebrity-interviews/article/-/5922811/bro-town-goes-global |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140501184951/https://au.lifestyle.yahoo.com/who/celebrity-interviews/article/-/5922811/bro-town-goes-global |archive-date=1 May 2014 |access-date=1 May 2014 |publisher=[[Yahoo]]}}; {{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Dave |date=10 May 2012 |title=Prince Charles, The Weather Man: Watch His On-Air Debut For BBC Scotland [VIDEO] |work=IB Times |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/prince-charles-weather-man-watch-his-air-debut-bbc-scotland-video-697868 |url-status=live |access-date=1 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502005842/http://www.ibtimes.com/prince-charles-weather-man-watch-his-air-debut-bbc-scotland-video-697868 |archive-date=2 May 2014}}</ref> |
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Charles was interviewed with Princes William and Harry by [[Ant & Dec]] to mark the 30th anniversary of the Prince's Trust in 2006<ref> |
Charles was interviewed with Princes William and Harry by [[Ant & Dec]] to mark the 30th anniversary of the Prince's Trust in 2006<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-06-02|title=Ant And Dec To Interview Prince Charles, William And Harry » Entertainmentwise|url=https://www.entertainmentwise.com/ant-and-dec-to-interview-prince-charles-william-and-harry/|access-date=2023-01-22|website=Entertainmentwise|language=en-US}}</ref> and in 2016 was interviewed by them again along with his sons and the Duchess of Cornwall to mark the 40th anniversary.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Prince Charles reflects on 40 years of The Prince's Trust |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-35216652 |url-status=live |access-date=15 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322112910/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-35216652 |archive-date=22 March 2016}}</ref> |
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His saving of the Scottish stately home [[Dumfries House]] was the subject of [[Alan Titchmarsh]]'s documentary ''Royal Restoration'', which aired on TV in May 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 May 2012 |title=Prince Charles: The Royal Restoration |work=What's on TV |url=http://www.whatsontv.co.uk/todays-top-tv/prince-charles-the-royal-restoration/49262 |url-status=dead |access-date=17 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121123082814/http://www.whatsontv.co.uk/todays-top-tv/prince-charles-the-royal-restoration/49262 |archive-date=23 November 2012}}</ref> Also in May 2012, Charles tried his hand at being a weather presenter for the BBC, reporting the forecast for Scotland as part of their annual week at [[Holyrood Palace]] alongside [[Christopher Blanchett]]. He injected humour in his report, asking, "Who the hell wrote this script?" as references were made to royal residences.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2012 |title=Prince Charles reads weather on BBC Scotland: 'Thank God it isn't a bank holiday!' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/video/2012/may/10/prince-charles-weather-bbc-scotland-video |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224182958/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/video/2012/may/10/prince-charles-weather-bbc-scotland-video |archive-date=24 December 2013 |access-date=11 May 2012 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> |
His saving of the Scottish stately home [[Dumfries House]] was the subject of [[Alan Titchmarsh]]'s documentary ''Royal Restoration'', which aired on TV in May 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 May 2012 |title=Prince Charles: The Royal Restoration |work=What's on TV |url=http://www.whatsontv.co.uk/todays-top-tv/prince-charles-the-royal-restoration/49262 |url-status=dead |access-date=17 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121123082814/http://www.whatsontv.co.uk/todays-top-tv/prince-charles-the-royal-restoration/49262 |archive-date=23 November 2012}}</ref> Also in May 2012, Charles tried his hand at being a weather presenter for the BBC, reporting the forecast for Scotland as part of their annual week at [[Holyrood Palace]] alongside [[Christopher Blanchett]]. He injected humour in his report, asking, "Who the hell wrote this script?" as references were made to royal residences.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2012 |title=Prince Charles reads weather on BBC Scotland: 'Thank God it isn't a bank holiday!' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/video/2012/may/10/prince-charles-weather-bbc-scotland-video |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224182958/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/video/2012/may/10/prince-charles-weather-bbc-scotland-video |archive-date=24 December 2013 |access-date=11 May 2012 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> |
Revision as of 02:36, 22 January 2023
Charles III | |
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King of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms | |
Reign | 8 September 2022 – present |
Predecessor | Elizabeth II |
Heir apparent | William, Prince of Wales |
Born | Prince Charles of Edinburgh 14 November 1948 Buckingham Palace, London, England |
Spouses |
|
Gordonstoun School | |
Alma mater | Trinity College, Cambridge (MA) |
Military career | |
Allegiance | United Kingdom[fn 3] |
Service/ | |
Active service | 1971–1976 |
Rank | See list |
Commands held | HMS Bronington |
Royal family of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms |
---|
|
Charles III (Charles Philip Arthur George; born 14 November 1948) is
Charles was born in
As Prince of Wales, Charles undertook official duties and engagements on behalf of the Queen. He founded the youth charity
Early life, family and education
Charles was born at 21:14 (
In February 1952, upon the
When Charles turned five, a governess, Catherine Peebles, was appointed to oversee his education at Buckingham Palace.[10] On 7 November 1956, Charles commenced classes at Hill House School in west London.[11] He was the first heir apparent to attend school rather than be educated by a private tutor.[12] He did not receive preferential treatment from the school's founder and headmaster, Stuart Townend, who advised the Queen to have Charles train in football because the boys were never deferential to anyone on the football field.[13] Charles then attended two of his father's former schools, Cheam Preparatory School in Hampshire, England,[14] from 1958,[11] followed by Gordonstoun in the north-east of Scotland,[15] beginning classes there in April 1962.[11]
In Charles's 1994 authorised biography by
Charles broke royal tradition a second time when he proceeded straight to university after his A-levels, rather than joining the
Prince of Wales
Charles was created
Military training and career
Charles served in the Royal Air Force and, following in the footsteps of his father, grandfather and two of his great-grandfathers, in the Royal Navy. During his second year at Cambridge, he requested and received Royal Air Force training, learning to fly the Chipmunk aircraft with Cambridge University Air Squadron. On 8 March 1971, he flew himself to the Royal Air Force College Cranwell to train as a jet pilot.[34] He was presented with his RAF wings in August 1971.[35] After the passing-out parade that September, he embarked on a naval career and enrolled in a six-week course at the Royal Naval College Dartmouth. He then served on the guided-missile destroyer HMS Norfolk (1971–1972) and the frigates HMS Minerva (1972–1973) and HMS Jupiter (1974). In 1974, he qualified as a helicopter pilot at RNAS Yeovilton, and then joined 845 Naval Air Squadron, operating from HMS Hermes.[36] He gave up flying after crash-landing a BAe 146 in Islay in 1994, for which the crew was found negligent by a board of inquiry.[37]
On 9 February 1976, Charles took command of the coastal minehunter HMS Bronington for his last ten months of active service in the navy.[36] In 1978, he took part in a parachute training course at RAF Brize Norton after being appointed colonel-in-chief of the Parachute Regiment a year earlier.[38]
Relationships and marriages
Bachelorhood
In his youth, Charles was amorously linked to a number of women. His great-uncle
In a case like yours, the man should sow his wild oats and have as many affairs as he can before settling down, but for a wife he should choose a suitable, attractive and sweet-charactered girl before she has met anyone else she might fall for ... It is disturbing for women to have experiences if they have to remain on a pedestal after marriage.[39]
Charles's girlfriends included Georgiana Russell, the daughter of
Early in 1974, Mountbatten began corresponding with 25-year-old Charles about a potential marriage to
Lady Diana Spencer
Charles first met
Charles's cousin
Charles proposed to Diana in February 1981; she accepted and they married in St Paul's Cathedral on 29 July of that year. Upon his marriage, Charles reduced his voluntary tax contribution from the profits generated by the Duchy of Cornwall from 50% to 25%.[54] The couple lived at Kensington Palace and at Highgrove House, near Tetbury, and had two children: Princes William (b. 1982) and Henry (known as "Harry") (b. 1984). Charles set a precedent by being the first royal father to be present at his children's births.[12]
Within five years, the marriage was in trouble due to the couple's incompatibility and near 13-year age difference.[55][56] By November 1986, Charles had fully resumed his affair with Camilla Parker Bowles (née Shand).[57] In a videotape recorded by Peter Settelen in 1992, Diana admitted that by 1986, she had been "deeply in love with someone who worked in this environment."[58][59] It is thought she was referring to Barry Mannakee,[60] who was transferred to the Diplomatic Protection Squad in 1986 after his managers had determined that his relationship with Diana had been inappropriate.[59][61] Diana later commenced a relationship with Major James Hewitt, the family's former riding instructor.[62] Charles and Diana's evident discomfort in each other's company led to them being dubbed "The Glums" by the press.[63] Diana exposed Charles's affair with Camilla in a book by Andrew Morton, Diana: Her True Story. Audio tapes of her own extramarital flirtations also surfaced.[63] Persistent suggestions that Hewitt is Prince Harry's father have been based on a physical similarity between Hewitt and Harry. However, Harry had already been born by the time Diana's affair with Hewitt began.[64]
In December 1992, British prime minister
Camilla Parker Bowles
The engagement of Charles and Camilla Parker Bowles was announced on 10 February 2005; he presented her with an engagement ring that had belonged to his grandmother
Charles was the only member of the royal family to have a civil rather than a church wedding in England. Government documents from the 1950s and 1960s, published by the BBC, stated that such a marriage was illegal, though these were dismissed by Charles's spokesman,[77] and explained to be obsolete by the sitting government.[78]
The marriage was scheduled to take place in a civil ceremony at
Charles's parents did not attend the civil marriage ceremony; the Queen's reluctance to attend possibly arose from her position as
Official duties
In 2008, The Daily Telegraph described Charles as the "hardest-working member of the royal family".[83] He carried out 560 official engagements in 2008,[83] 499 in 2010,[84] and over 600 in 2011.
During his time as Prince of Wales, Charles undertook official duties on behalf of the Queen.
In 1970, Charles visited Bermuda to mark the Parliament of Bermuda's 350th anniversary. In his speech to parliament and referring to the actions of Charles I, Charles joked, "Bearing in mind I am the first Charles to have anything to do with a Parliament for 350 years, I might have turned nasty and dissolved you".[89] Charles also represented the Queen at the independence celebrations in Fiji in 1970,[90] the Bahamas in 1973,[91] Papua New Guinea in 1975,[92] Zimbabwe in 1980,[93] and Brunei in 1984.[94]
In 1983,
In 2000, Charles revived the tradition of the Prince of Wales having an
In 2010, Charles represented the Queen at the opening ceremony of the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi, India.[106] He attends official events in the United Kingdom in support of Commonwealth countries, such as the Christchurch earthquake memorial service at Westminster Abbey in 2011.[107] From 15 to 17 November 2013, he represented the Queen for the first time at a Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, in Colombo, Sri Lanka.[108]
In 2013, Charles donated an unspecified sum of money to the British Red Cross Syria Crisis appeal and DEC Syria appeal, which is run by 14 British charities to help victims of the
Letters sent by Charles to government ministers during 2004 and 2005 – the so-called black spider memos – presented potential embarrassment following a challenge by The Guardian newspaper to release the letters under the Freedom of Information Act 2000. In March 2015, the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom decided that Charles's letters must be released.[112] The letters were published by the Cabinet Office on 13 May 2015.[113] Reaction to the memos upon their release was largely supportive of Charles, with little criticism of him.[114] The memos were variously described in the press as "underwhelming"[115] and "harmless"[116] and that their release had "backfired on those who seek to belittle him",[117] with reaction from the public also supportive.[118] In 2015, it was revealed that Charles had access to confidential UK cabinet papers.[119]
Charles and Camilla made their first joint trip to the Republic of Ireland in May 2015. The trip was called an important step in "promoting peace and reconciliation" by the British Embassy.
Charles made frequent visits to
On 7 March 2019, the Queen hosted a Buckingham Palace event to mark the 50th anniversary of Charles's investiture as Prince of Wales. Guests at the event included the Duchess of Cornwall, the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge, the Duke and Duchess of Sussex, Prime Minister Theresa May and Welsh first minister Mark Drakeford.[133] The same month, at the request of the British government, Charles and Camilla went on an official tour to Cuba, making them the first British royalty to visit the country. The tour was seen as an effort to form a closer relationship between the UK and Cuba.[134]
In January 2020, Charles became the first British patron of the International Rescue Committee, a charity which aims to help refugees and those displaced by war, persecution, or natural disaster.[135] In April 2021 and following a surge in COVID-19 cases in India, Charles issued a statement, announcing the launch of an emergency appeal for India by the British Asian Trust, of which he is the founder. The appeal, called Oxygen for India, helped with buying oxygen concentrators for hospitals in need.[136]
On 25 March 2020, it was announced that Charles had contracted COVID-19 during the pandemic. He and his wife subsequently isolated at their Birkhall residence. Camilla was also tested but returned a negative result.[137][138] Clarence House stated that he showed "mild symptoms" but "remains in good health". They further explained, "It is not possible to ascertain from whom the prince caught the virus owing to the high number of engagements he carried out in his public role during recent weeks."[138] Several newspapers were critical that Charles and Camilla were tested promptly at a time when many NHS doctors, nurses and patients had been unable to be tested expeditiously.[139] On 30 March 2020, Clarence House announced that Charles had recovered from the virus, and that, after consulting his doctor, he was no longer isolating.[140] Two days later, he stated in a video that he would continue to practise social distancing.[141]
In October 2020, a letter sent by Charles to Australian governor-general John Kerr after the 1975 dismissal from office of Prime Minister Gough Whitlam was released as a part of the collection of palace letters regarding the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis.[142] In the letter, Charles appeared to be supportive of Kerr's decision, writing that what Kerr "did last year was right and the courageous thing to do – and most Australians seemed to endorse your decision when it came to the point," adding that he should not worry about "demonstrations and stupidities" that arose following his decision.[142]
In November 2021, Charles attended the ceremonies held to mark Barbados's transition into a parliamentary republic, which removed the Queen as Barbadian head of state.[143] Charles was invited by Prime Minister Mia Mottley as the future head of the Commonwealth,[144] and it was the first time that a member of the royal family attended the transition of a realm to a republic.[145]
On 10 February 2022, it was announced that Charles had tested positive for COVID-19 for a second time and was self-isolating.[146] His wife later also confirmed contracting the virus, followed by the Queen herself 10 days after Charles's second diagnosis.[147] Charles and his wife had received doses of a COVID-19 vaccine in February 2021.[148]
In May 2022, Charles attended the
Reign
Pre-accession polling
Prior to acceding to the British throne, opinion polls put Charles's popularity with the British people at 42%,[152] with a 2018 BMG Research poll finding that 46% of Britons wanted Charles to abdicate immediately upon accession to the throne, in favour of William.[153] A 2021 opinion poll reported that 60% of the British public had a favourable opinion of him.[154] Polling suggested that his popularity increased sharply after he became king.[155]
Accession and coronation plans
Charles acceded to the British throne on 8 September 2022, following the death of his mother, Queen Elizabeth II. Charles was the longest-serving British heir apparent, having surpassed Edward VII's record of 59 years on 20 April 2011.[156] When he became monarch at the age of 73, he was the oldest person to do so, the previous record holder being William IV, who was 64 when he became king in 1830.[157]
Plans for Charles's coronation have been made for many years, under the code name Operation Golden Orb.
There had been speculation as to what regnal name Charles would choose upon his succession to the throne. In 2005, it was reported that Charles had suggested he might choose to reign as George VII in honour of his grandfather George VI, and to avoid associations with previous royals named Charles.[162][fn 6] Charles's office said at the time that no decision had yet been made.[163] Following the death of Queen Elizabeth II, Clarence House confirmed that Charles would use the regnal name "Charles III".[164]
Charles gave his first speech to the nation on 9 September at 18:00 BST, in which he paid tribute to his mother and announced the appointment of his elder son William as Prince of Wales.[165]
On 10 September 2022, Charles was publicly proclaimed King of the United Kingdom by the Accession Council. The ceremony was televised for the first time.[166][131] Attendees included the new queen consort, Camilla; William, Prince of Wales; Prime Minister Liz Truss; and her predecessors John Major, Tony Blair, Gordon Brown, David Cameron, Theresa May, and Boris Johnson.[167] Charles was also proclaimed king of each of his other realms by the relevant privy or executive council.[168]
The coronation of Charles III and Camilla is due to take place on 6 May 2023 at Westminster Abbey.[169]
Philanthropy and charity
Since founding
In 2010,
Charles was one of the first world leaders to express strong concerns about the human rights record of Romanian dictator Nicolae Ceaușescu, initiating objections in the international arena,[176] and subsequently supported the FARA Foundation,[173] a charity for Romanian orphans and abandoned children.[177]
In December 2022, Charles contributed to a £1m fund with a "substantial personal donation" for a project organised by the Felix Project charity to provide hundreds of fridges and freezers for food banks.[178] In the aftermath of Elizabeth II's death, Charles asked for the money donated in her memory to be given to the Fuel Bank Foundation, a charity that "provides vouchers for pre-payment meters for gas and electricity."[179]
Investigations of donations
In 2021 and 2022, two of Charles's charities,
In June 2022,
Personal interests
Built environment
Charles has openly expressed his views on architecture and
Why can't we have those curves and arches that express feeling in design? What is wrong with them? Why has everything got to be vertical, straight, unbending, only at right angles – and functional?[204]
Charles's book and BBC documentary
Charles helped establish a national trust for the built environment in Canada after lamenting, in 1996, the unbridled destruction of many of the country's historic urban cores. He offered his assistance to the
From 1997, Charles has visited Romania to view and highlight the destruction of Orthodox monasteries and
Charles has occasionally intervened in projects that employ architectural styles such as
In 2010,
Livery company commitments
The Worshipful Company of Carpenters installed Charles as an Honorary Liveryman "in recognition of his interest in London's architecture."[224] Charles is also Permanent Master of the Worshipful Company of Shipwrights, a Freeman of the Worshipful Company of Drapers, an Honorary Freeman of the Worshipful Company of Musicians, an Honorary Member of the Court of Assistants of the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths, and a Royal Liveryman of the Worshipful Company of Gardeners.[225]
Natural environment
Since the 1970s, Charles has promoted environmental awareness.
Upon moving into
In 2007, Charles received the tenth annual Global Environmental Citizen Award from the Harvard Medical School's Center for Health and the Global Environment, the director of which, Eric Chivian, stated: "For decades the Prince of Wales has been a champion of the natural world ... He has been a world leader in efforts to improve energy efficiency and in reducing the discharge of toxic substances on land, and into the air and the oceans".[240] Charles's travels by private jet drew criticism from Plane Stupid's Joss Garman.[241]
In 2007, Charles launched
On 27 August 2012, Charles addressed the International Union for Conservation of Nature – World Conservation Congress, supporting the view that grazing animals are needed to keep soils and grassland productive:
I have been particularly fascinated, for example, by the work of a remarkable man called
feedlots, the land dies.[245]
In February 2014, Charles visited the
In January 2020, Charles launched the Sustainable Markets Initiative at the
In June 2021, Charles attended a reception hosted by the Queen during the
In 2021, Charles spoke to the BBC about the environment and said two days a week he eats no meat nor fish and one day a week he eats no dairy products.[261] In 2022, it was reported that he eats a breakfast of fruit salad, seeds and tea. He does not eat lunch, but takes a break for tea at 5 p.m. and eats dinner at 8:30 p.m. and then returns to work until midnight or after.[262] Ahead of Christmas dinner 2022, Charles confirmed to animal rights group PETA that foie gras would not be served at any royal residences. As Prince of Wales, he had stopped the use of foie gras at his own properties for more than a decade before taking the throne.[263]
Charles, who is patron of the
Alternative medicine
Charles has controversially championed
In April 2008,
Charles's Duchy Originals produced a variety of complementary medicinal products including a "Detox Tincture" that Edzard Ernst denounced as "financially exploiting the vulnerable" and "outright quackery".[278] In 2009, the Advertising Standards Authority criticised an email that Duchy Originals had sent out to advertise its Echina-Relief, Hyperi-Lift and Detox Tinctures products saying that it was misleading.[278] Charles personally wrote at least seven letters[279] to the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) shortly before they relaxed the rules governing labelling of such herbal products, a move that has been widely condemned by scientists and medical bodies.[280] In October 2009, it was reported that Charles had personally lobbied the Health Secretary, Andy Burnham, regarding greater provision of alternative treatments in the NHS.[278]
In April 2010, following accounting irregularities, a former official at the FIH and his wife were arrested for fraud believed to total £300,000.
Sports
From his youth until 1992, Charles was an avid player of competitive polo. He continued to play informally, including for charity, until 2005.[288] He was occasionally injured after falling off horses,[289] and underwent two operations in 1990 to fix fractures in his right arm.[290] Charles also frequently took part in fox hunting until the sport was banned in the United Kingdom in 2005. By the late 1990s, opposition to the activity was growing when Charles's participation was viewed as a "political statement" by those who were opposed to it. The League Against Cruel Sports launched an attack against Charles after he took his sons on the Beaufort Hunt in 1999. At that time, the government was trying to ban hunting with hounds.[291] In 2001, he broke a small bone in his left shoulder while hunting in Derbyshire.[292]
Charles has been a keen salmon angler since youth and supports Orri Vigfússon's efforts to protect the North Atlantic salmon. He frequently fishes the River Dee in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, while he claims his most special angling memories are from his time in Vopnafjörður, Iceland.[293] Charles is a supporter of Burnley Football Club.[294]
Aside from hunting, Charles has also participated in target rifle competitions, representing the House of Lords in the Vizianagram Match (Lords vs. Commons) at
Visual, performing and contemporary arts
Charles is president or patron of more than 20 performing arts organisations, which include the
Charles is a keen and accomplished
Charles was awarded the 2011 Montblanc de la Culture Arts Patronage Award by the Montblanc Cultural Foundation for his support and commitment to the arts, particularly in regard to young people.[305]
On 23 April 2016, Charles appeared in a comedy sketch for the Royal Shakespeare Company's Shakespeare Live! at the
In 2015, Charles commissioned 12 paintings of
Publications
Charles is the author of several books, and has contributed a foreword or preface to books by others. He has also written, presented, or been featured in documentary films.[309]
Religion and philosophy
Shortly after his accession to the throne, Charles publicly described himself as "a committed Anglican Christian".
In his 1994 documentary with
Media image
Since his birth, Charles has received close media attention, which increased as he matured. It has been an ambivalent relationship, largely impacted by his marriages to Diana and Camilla and their aftermath, but also centred on his future conduct as king, such as the 2014 play King Charles III.[331] Known for expressing his opinions, when asked during an interview to mark his 70th birthday whether this would continue in the same way once he is king, he responded "No. It won't. I'm not that stupid. I do realise that it is a separate exercise being sovereign. So, of course, you know, I understand entirely how that should operate".[332]
Described as the "world's most eligible bachelor" in the late 1970s,[333] Charles was subsequently overshadowed by Diana.[334] After her death, the media regularly breached Charles's privacy and printed exposés. In 2003, Diana's butler Paul Burrell published a note that he claimed had been written by Diana in 1995, in which there were allegations that Charles was "planning 'an accident' in [Diana's] car, brake failure and serious head injury" so that he could marry again.[335] When questioned by the Metropolitan Police inquiry team as a part of Operation Paget, Charles told the authorities that he did not know about his former wife's note from 1995 and could not understand why she had these feelings.[336]
Other people who were formerly connected with Charles have betrayed his confidence. In 1995, he obtained an injunction that prevented a former housekeeper's memoirs from being published in the United Kingdom, although they eventually sold 100,000 copies in the United States.[337] Later, an ex-member of his household handed the press an internal memo in which Charles commented on ambition and opportunity, and which was widely interpreted as blaming meritocracy for creating a combative atmosphere in society. Charles responded: "In my view, it is just as great an achievement to be a plumber or a bricklayer as it is to be a lawyer or a doctor".[338]
Reaction to press treatment
In 1994, German tabloid Bild published nude photos of Charles that were taken while he was vacationing in Le Barroux.[339] They were reportedly put up for sale for £30,000.[339] Buckingham Palace reacted by stating that it was "unjustifiable for anybody to suffer this sort of intrusion".[340]
In 2002, Charles, "so often a target of the press, got his chance to return fire" when addressing "scores of editors, publishers and other media executives" gathered at St Bride's Fleet Street to celebrate 300 years of journalism.[341][342] Defending public servants from "the corrosive drip of constant criticism", he noted that the press had been "awkward, cantankerous, cynical, bloody-minded, at times intrusive, at times inaccurate and at times deeply unfair and harmful to individuals and to institutions."[342] But, he concluded, regarding his own relations with the press, "from time to time we are probably both a bit hard on each other, exaggerating the downsides and ignoring the good points in each."[342]
Charles's anguish was recorded in his private comments to Prince William, caught on a microphone during a press photo-call in 2005 and published in the national press. After a question from the BBC's royal correspondent, Nicholas Witchell, Charles muttered: "These bloody people. I can't bear that man. I mean, he's so awful, he really is."[343]
In 2006, Charles
In 2006,
In 2015, The Independent noted that Charles would only speak to broadcasters "on the condition they have signed a 15-page contract, demanding that Clarence House attends both the 'rough cut' and 'fine cut' edits of films and, if it is unhappy with the final product, can 'remove the contribution in its entirety from the programme'."[348] This contract stipulated that all questions directed at Charles must be pre-approved and vetted by representatives of Charles.[348]
Guest appearances on television
Charles has occasionally appeared on television. In 1984, he read his children's book The Old Man of Lochnagar for the BBC's Jackanory series. The UK soap opera Coronation Street featured an appearance by Charles during the show's 40th anniversary in 2000,[349] as did the New Zealand young adult cartoon series bro'Town (2005), after he attended a performance by the show's creators during a tour of the country.[350]
Charles was interviewed with Princes William and Harry by Ant & Dec to mark the 30th anniversary of the Prince's Trust in 2006[351] and in 2016 was interviewed by them again along with his sons and the Duchess of Cornwall to mark the 40th anniversary.[352]
His saving of the Scottish stately home Dumfries House was the subject of Alan Titchmarsh's documentary Royal Restoration, which aired on TV in May 2012.[353] Also in May 2012, Charles tried his hand at being a weather presenter for the BBC, reporting the forecast for Scotland as part of their annual week at Holyrood Palace alongside Christopher Blanchett. He injected humour in his report, asking, "Who the hell wrote this script?" as references were made to royal residences.[354]
Residences and finance
Clarence House, previously the residence of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, was Charles's official London residence from 2003 after being renovated at a cost of £4.5 million.[355][356] He previously shared Apartments 8 and 9 at Kensington Palace with his first wife, Diana, before moving to York House, St James's Palace, which remained his principal residence until 2003.[356] As prince, his primary source of income was generated from the Duchy of Cornwall, which owns 133,658 acres of land (around 54,090 hectares), including farming, residential, and commercial properties, as well as an investment portfolio. Highgrove House in Gloucestershire is owned by the Duchy of Cornwall, having been purchased for his use in 1980, and which Charles rents for £336,000 per annum.[357] The Public Accounts Committee published its 25th report into the Duchy of Cornwall accounts in November 2013 noting that the duchy performed well in 2012–13, increasing its total income and producing an overall surplus of £19.1 million.[358]
In 2007 Charles purchased a 192-acre property (150 acres of grazing and parkland, and 40 acres of woodland) in Carmarthenshire, and applied for permission to convert the farm into a Welsh home for him and the Duchess of Cornwall, to be rented out as holiday flats when the couple is not in residence.[359] A neighbouring family said the proposals flouted local planning regulations, and the application was put on hold temporarily while a report was drafted on how the alterations would affect the local bat population.[360] Charles and Camilla first stayed at the new property, called Llwynywermod, in June 2008.[361] They also stay at Birkhall for some holidays, which is a private residence on the Balmoral Castle estate in Scotland, and was previously used by Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother.[362]
In 2016 it was reported that his estates received £100,000 a year in European Union agricultural subsidies.[363] Since 1993 Charles has paid tax voluntarily under the Memorandum of Understanding on Royal Taxation, updated 2013.[364] In December 2012, HM Revenue and Customs were asked to investigate alleged tax avoidance by the Duchy of Cornwall.[365] The Duchy of Cornwall is named in the Paradise Papers, a set of confidential electronic documents relating to offshore investment that were leaked to the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung. The papers show that the Duchy invested in a Bermuda-based carbon credits trading company run by one of Charles's Cambridge contemporaries. The investment was kept secret but there is no suggestion that Charles or the estate avoided UK tax.[366]
In November 2022, the King asked for one-off payments of up to £600 to be made to royal household employees on top of their monthly salary to help them during the
Titles, styles, honours and arms
Titles and styles
Charles was originally styled "His Royal Highness Prince Charles of Edinburgh".[371] On his mother's accession in 1952, he automatically acquired the Duchy of Cornwall as the monarch's eldest son and became known as "His Royal Highness The Duke of Cornwall". Though he continued to hold the title until his accession in 2022, this style was superseded when he was created Prince of Wales in 1958. From then on until he became king, he was generally styled "His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales". In Scotland he was styled, from his mother's accession until his own, "His Royal Highness The Duke of Rothesay" instead.
Between the death of his father in 2021 and his own accession, Charles also held the title of Duke of Edinburgh.[372] The title merged with the Crown upon his accession to the throne.[373]
Since his accession, Charles has been styled "His Majesty The King". When conversing with the King, the traditional etiquette is to address him initially as
Honours and military appointments
Charles has held substantive ranks in the armed forces of a number of countries since he was commissioned as a
Charles has been inducted into seven orders and received eight decorations from the Commonwealth realms, and has been the recipient of 20 different honours from foreign states, as well as nine honorary degrees from universities in the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand.
Arms
On his mother's death, Charles became king and therefore inherited the royal coats of arms of the
The design of his royal cypher, featuring a depiction of the Tudor crown instead of St Edward's Crown, was announced on 27 September 2022. According to the College of Arms, the Tudor crown will now be used in representations of the royal arms of the United Kingdom and on uniforms and crown badges.[377]
As Prince of Wales, Charles used the arms of the United Kingdom differenced with a white label, and an inescutcheon of the Principality of Wales surmounted by the heir apparent's crown.
Coat of arms as Prince of Wales (1958–2022) | Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom | Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom for use in Scotland | Royal coat of arms of Canada |
Banners, flags, and standards
As Prince of Wales
The banners used by Charles whilst Prince of Wales varied depending upon location. His Personal Standard was the Royal Standard of the United Kingdom differenced as in his arms with a label of three points Argent, and the escutcheon of the arms of the Principality of Wales in the centre. It is used outside Wales, Scotland, Cornwall, and Canada, and throughout the entire United Kingdom when the prince is acting in an official capacity associated with the UK Armed Forces.[378]
The personal flag for use in Wales was based upon the Royal Badge of Wales (the historic arms of the Kingdom of Gwynedd), which consist of four quadrants, the first and fourth with a red lion on a gold field, and the second and third with a gold lion on a red field. Superimposed is an escutcheon Vert bearing the single-arched coronet of the Prince of Wales.[378]
In Scotland, the personal banner used since 1974 is based upon three ancient Scottish titles:
In Cornwall, the banner was the arms of the Duke of Cornwall: "Sable 15 bezants Or", that is, a black field bearing 15 gold coins.[378]
In 2011, the
As sovereign
The Royal Standard is used to represent the King in the United Kingdom and overseas when he makes official visits. It is the royal arms in banner form undifferentiated, having been used by successive British monarchs since 1702.
Issue
Name | Birth | Marriage | Children | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Date | Spouse | |||
William, Prince of Wales | 21 June 1982 | 29 April 2011 | Catherine Middleton
|
Prince George of Wales Princess Charlotte of Wales Prince Louis of Wales |
Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex | 15 September 1984 | 19 May 2018 | Meghan Markle
|
|
Ancestry
Ancestors of Charles III Princess Victoria Mary of Teck | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3. Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom | |||||||||||||
14. Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne | |||||||||||||
7. Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon | |||||||||||||
15. Cecilia Cavendish-Bentinck | |||||||||||||
See also
- Cultural depictions of Charles III
- List of current monarchs of sovereign states
- List of covers of Time magazine (1960s), (1970s), (1980s), (2010s)
Notes
- ^ As the reigning monarch, Charles does not usually use a family name, but when one is needed, it is Mountbatten-Windsor.[1]
- ^ As monarch, Charles is Supreme Governor of the Church of England. He is also a member of the Church of Scotland.
- ^ honorary appointmentsin the armed forces of Australia, Canada, New Zealand and Papua New Guinea as well as the United Kingdom.
- ^ In addition to the United Kingdom, the King's fourteen other realms are: Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, The Bahamas, Belize, Canada, Grenada, Jamaica, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, the Solomon Islands, and Tuvalu.
- Dowager Marchioness of Milford Haven (his paternal great-grandmother); the Lady Brabourne (his cousin); and the Hon David Bowes-Lyon (his maternal great-uncle).[6]
- ^ The Stuart kings Charles I, who was beheaded, and Charles II who was known for his promiscuous lifestyle. Charles Edward Stuart, once a Stuart pretender to the English and Scottish thrones, was called "Charles III" by his supporters.[162]
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- ^ Rourke, Matt (28 January 2007). "Prince Charles to receive environmental award in NYC". USA Today. Archived from the original on 25 September 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2013.; Alderson, Andrew (14 March 2009). "Prince Charles given 'friend of the forest' award". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 1 October 2013. Retrieved 11 May 2013.; Lange, Stefan (29 April 2009). "Prince Charles collects award in Germany". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 11 May 2013.; "2012 Lifetime Achievement Award Winner – HRH The Prince of Wales". greenawards.com. Archived from the original on 3 October 2013. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
- ^ "No. 38455". The London Gazette. 15 November 1948. p. 1.
- ^ Brandreth 2007, p. 120.
- ^ "The Christening of Prince Charles". Royal Collection Trust. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
- ^ "HRH The Prince of Wales | Prince of Wales". www.princeofwales.gov.uk. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
- ^ Brandreth 2007, p. 127.
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- ^ a b Brandreth 2007, p. 170.
- ^ Ranter, Harro. "Incident British Aerospace BAe-146-100 ZE700, 29 Jun 1994". aviation-safety.net. Archived from the original on 27 October 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2017.; Boggan, Steve (19 July 1995). "Prince gives up flying royal aircraft after Hebrides crash". The Independent. Archived from the original on 24 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
- ^ "Prince Charles: Video shows 'upside down' parachute jump". BBC News. 15 July 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
- ^ Junor 2005, p. 72.
- ^ Brandreth 2007, p. 192.
- ^ Brandreth 2007, p. 193.
- ^ Brandreth 2007, p. 194.
- ^ Brandreth 2007, p. 195.
- ^ Brandreth 2007, p. 178.
- ^ Brandreth 2007, pp. 15–17.
- ^ Dimbleby 1994, pp. 204–206; Brandreth 2007, p. 200
- ^ Dimbleby 1994, p. 263.
- ^ a b Dimbleby 1994, pp. 263–265.
- ^ Dimbleby 1994, pp. 299–300.
- ^ Brandreth 2007, p. 196.
- ^ Dimbleby 1994, p. 279.
- ^ Dimbleby 1994, pp. 280–282.
- ^ Dimbleby 1994, pp. 281–283.
- ^ "Royally Minted: What we give them and how they spend it". New Statesman. UK. 13 July 2009.
- ^ Brown, Tina (2007). The Diana Chronicles. p. 720.
- ^ Smith 2000, p. 561.
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{{cite journal}}
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- ISBN 978-0-284-40016-1.
Sources
- ISBN 978-0-09-949087-6.
- ISBN 0-688-12996-X.
- ISBN 978-0-593-02470-6.
- OCLC 59360110.
- ISBN 978-1-4391-0839-0.
- ISBN 978-0-451-20108-9.
Further reading
- ISBN 978-0-312-10950-9.
- ISBN 978-0-00-829173-0.
- Brown, Michèle (1980). Prince Charles. Crown. ISBN 978-0-517-54019-0.
- Campbell, J. (1981). Charles: Prince of Our Times. Smithmark. ISBN 978-0-7064-0968-0.
- Cathcart, Helen (1977). Prince Charles: The biography (illustrated ed.). Taplinger Pub. Co; Ltd. ISBN 978-0-8008-6555-9.
- Fisher, Graham; Fisher, Heather (1977). Charles: The Man and the Prince. Robert Hale. ISBN 978-0-7091-6095-3.
- Gilleo, Alma (1978). Prince Charles: Growing Up in Buckingham Palace. Childs World. ISBN 978-0-89565-029-0.
- ISBN 978-1-84454-195-9.
- Heald, Tim; Mohrs, Mayo (1979). The Man Who Will Be King H.R.H. (Prince of Wales Charles). New York: Arbor House.
- Hedley, Olwen (1969). Charles, 21st Prince of Wales. Pitkin Pictorials. ISBN 978-0-85372-027-0.
- Hodgson, Howard (2007). Charles: The Man Who Will Be King (illustrated ed.). John Blake Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84454-306-9.
- ISBN 978-1-55584-309-0.
- Holden, Anthony (1998). Charles at Fifty. Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50175-3.
- Holden, Anthony (1999). Charles: A Biography. Corgi Books. ISBN 978-0-552-99744-7.
- ISBN 978-0-8478-1010-9.
- Jobson, Robert (2018). Charles at Seventy – Thoughts, Hopes & Dreams: Thoughts, Hopes and Dreams. John Blake. ISBN 978-1-78606-887-3.
- Junor, Penny (1998). Charles: Victim or Villain?. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-255900-3.
- Lane, Peter (1988). Prince Charles: a study in development. Robert Hale. ISBN 978-0-7090-3320-2.
- Liversidge, Douglas (1975). Prince Charles: monarch in the making. A. Barker. ISBN 978-0-213-16568-0.
- Martin, Christopher (1990). Prince Charles and the Architectural Debate (Architectural Design Profile). St Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-04048-2.
- ISBN 978-1-62779-438-1.
- ISBN 978-0-7535-5593-4.
- Nugent, Jean (1982). Prince Charles, England's Future King. Dillon. ISBN 978-0-87518-226-1.
- ISBN 978-0-905018-50-8.
- Smith, Sally Bedell (2017). Prince Charles: The Passions and Paradoxes of an Improbable Life. Random House Trade Paperbacks. ISBN 978-0-8129-7980-0.
- Veon, Joan M. (1997). Prince Charles: The Sustainable Prince. Hearthstone. ISBN 978-1-57558-021-0.
- Wakeford, Geoffrey (1962). Charles, Prince of Wales. Associated Newspapers.
External links
- The King at the Royal Family website
- King Charles III at the website of the Government of Canada
- Charles III at IMDb
- Appearances on C-SPAN