User:Alexis Ivanov/Islamic schools and branches

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See
Ilm al-Kalam
for the concept of theological discourse.
Major schools and branches of Islam.[1]
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This article summarizes the different branches and various types of schools in Islam. There are three types of schools in Islam:

Qur'an
, they differ in which other authorities they acknowledge.

This article also summarizes

Liberal movements within Islam based on Ijtihad
or interpretation of the scriptures.

Islamic denominations

Further information:
Denominations of Islam and History of Islam

In the beginning Islam was divided into three major

African American Muslims were later emerged independently.[9]

See also: Amman Message

Sunni Islam

Part of a series on
Sunni Islam
Beliefs
Five Pillars
Rightly-Guided Caliphs
Sunni schools of law

Others

  • Zahiri
  • Awza'i
  • Thawri
  • Laythi
  • Jariri
Sunni schools of theology

In terms of Ihsan:

Contemporary movements
Holy sites
Lists
 Islam portal
Main article: Sunni Islam

Sunni Muslims are the largest denomination of Islam and are known as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h or simply as Ahl as-Sunnah. The word Sunni comes from the word sunnah, which means the teachings and actions or examples of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad. Therefore, the term "Sunni" refers to those who follow or maintain the sunnah of Muhammad. In many countries, overwhelming majorities of Muslims are Sunnis, so that they simply refer to themselves as "Muslims" and do not use the Sunni label.

The Sunnis believe that Muhammad did not specifically appoint a successor to lead the Muslim

Uthman Ibn Affan and Ali ibn Abu Talib) as "al-Khulafā’ur-Rāshidūn" or "The Rightly Guided Caliphs." Sunnis also believe that the position of caliph may be attained democratically, on gaining a majority of the votes, but after the Rashidun, the position turned into a hereditary dynastic rule because of the divisions started by the Umayyads and others. After the fall of the Ottoman Empire in 1923, there has never been another caliph as widely recognized in the Muslim world
.

Schools of Sunni jurisprudence

Main article:
Madh'hab

Sahaba
had a unique school of jurisprudence, but these schools were gradually consolidated or discarded so that there are currently four recognized schools. The differences between these schools of thought manifest in some practical and philosophical differences. Sunnis generally do not identify themselves with a particular school of thought, simply calling themselves "Muslims" or "Sunnis," but the populations in certain regions will often - whether intentionally or unintentionally - follow the views of one school while respecting others.

Hanafi

Main article:
Hanafi

The

Deobandi. They are concentrated in South Asia
and in most parts of India.

Maliki

Main article:
Maliki

The

Western Africa, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, in parts of Saudi Arabia and in Upper Egypt. The Murabitun World Movement follows this school as well. In the past, it was also followed in parts of Europe under Islamic rule, particularly Islamic Spain and the Emirate of Sicily
.

Shafiʿi

Main article:
Shafiʿi

The

Mappilas of Kerala and Konkani Muslims of India. It is the official school followed by the governments of Brunei and Malaysia
.

Hanbali

Main article:
Hanbali

The

Salafist
movement claims to follow this school.

Ẓāhirī

Main article:
Ẓāhirī

The

Ẓāhirī school was founded by Dawud al-Zahiri. It is followed by minority communities in Morocco and Pakistan. In the past, it was also followed by the majority of Muslims in Mesopotamia, Portugal, the Balearic Islands
, North Africa and parts of Spain.

Green Dome and Prophet's Mosque at sunset.

Shia Islam

Part of a series on
Shia Islam
Beliefs and practices
Days of remembrance
History
Branches and sects
Ahl al-Kisa
Holy women
icon Shia Islam portal
Main articles:
Imamah (Shia doctrine)

plurality in Lebanon
.

Shia Imam
is buried.

In addition to believing in the authority of the

Ali ibn Abi Talib, Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law, was the first of these Imams and was the rightful successor to Muhammad, and thus reject the legitimacy of the first three Rashidun caliphs.[15]

The Shia Islamic faith is broad and includes many different groups. There are various Shia theological beliefs, schools of jurisprudence, philosophical beliefs, and spiritual movements. The Shia identity emerged soon after the martyrdom of Hussain son of Ali (the grandson of Muhammad) and

Shia theology developed as a result of a shift from the political to the ideological in second century Shi'ism[16]
and the first Shia governments and societies were established by the end of the ninth century.

Significant Shia communities exist in the coastal regions of

Shafi'i
Sunnis.

A significant syncretic Shia minority is present in

Ismaili
Shia, primarily descendants of immigrants from South Asia during the colonial period, such as the [Khoja].

According to the Shia Muslim community,[17] one of the lingering problems in estimating the Shia population is that unless the Shia form a significant minority in a Muslim country, the entire population is often listed as Sunni.[17] The reverse, however, has not held true, which may contribute to imprecise estimates of the size of each sect. For example, the 1926 rise of the House of Saud in Arabia brought official discrimination against Shia.[18] Similarly, after the forced conversion of Sunnis to Shias during the Safavids' rule, anti-Sunni sentiments and persecution have remained in Iran where they are often not allowed to pray or build mosques.[19]

Schools of Shia jurisprudence

Shia Islam is divided into three branches. The largest and best known are the

Zaidi, who dispute the Twelver lineage of Imams and beliefs.[20]

The Twelver Shia faith is predominantly found in Iran (90%), Azerbaijan (85%), Bahrain (70%), Iraq (65%), Lebanon (40%),[21] Kuwait (25%), Albania (20%), Pakistan (25%), Afghanistan (20%).

The Zaidi dispute the succession of the fifth Twelver Imam,

Zaid ibn Ali. They do not believe in a normal lineage, but rather that any descendant of Hasan ibn Ali or Husayn ibn Ali who stages a revolution against a corrupt government is an imam. The Zaidi are mainly found in Yemen
.

The

Ismaili form small communities in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, India, Syria, United Kingdom, Canada, Uganda, Portugal, Yemen, China, Bangladesh and Saudi Arabia[22]
and have several sub-branches.

Branching of Shi'a Islam at a glance.

Twelver

Main articles:
Imamah (Shia Twelver doctrine)

madh'habs
.

Part of a series on Shia Islam
Twelver Shi'ism
The Fourteen Infallibles
The Twelve Imams
Principles
Other beliefs
Practices
Other practices
Holy cities
Groups
Other related sects and groups
Scholarship
Hadith collections
Sources of ijtihad and jurisprudence
Related topics
icon Shia Islam portal


Ja'fari jurisprudence
Main article:
Ja'fari jurisprudence

Followers of the

madh'hab
are divided into the following sub-divisions, although these are not considered different sects:

Batini jurisprudence
Main article:
Batiniyyah

On the other hand, the followers of the

Ja'fari jurisprudence
.

Alawism
Main articles:
Alawism

‘Alawis.[4][26] Slightly over one million of them live in Syria and Lebanon.[8]

Alevism
Main articles:
Kızılbaş and Alevism

The Twelve Imams, but reject polygamy and accept religious traditions predating Islam, like Turkish shamanism. They are significant in East-Central Turkey. They are sometimes considered a Sufi sect, and have an untraditional form of religious leadership that is not scholarship oriented like other Sunni and Shia groups. They number around 24 million worldwide, of which 17 million are in Turkey, with the rest in the Balkans, Albania, Azerbaijan, Iran and Syria
.

Anatolian Qizilbashism and Alevi Islamic School of Theology
Main articles:
Safaviyya, Shaykh Haydar, Qizilbash, Imadaddin Nasimi, Hurufism, and Bektashism and folk religion

In Turkey,

Ja'fari jurisprudence
in conviction.

Further information:
Nur al-Din Muhammad II
The Alevi ʿaqīdah
Main article:
ʿAqīdah

Ismā'īlīsm

Part of a series on Islam
Isma'ilism
Ismail lion calligram
Concepts
Seven Pillars
Nizari history
Branches/sects

States

People

Centers

Other

Early
Imāms
Incumbent leaders
 Islam portal
Main articles:
Imamah (Ismaili doctrine)

The Ismailis and Twelvers both accept the same initial Imams from the descendants of Muhammad through his daughter Fatima Zahra and therefore share much of their early history. However, a dispute arose on the succession to the Sixth Imam,

Druzes
.

Tāiyebī Mustā'līyyah
Main articles:
Taiyabi

Alavi Bohra
.

Nīzār'īyyah
Main articles:
Imamah (Nizari Ismaili doctrine)

legalism), which adheres to an absolutism approach to revelation
.

Further information:
History of the Shī‘a Imāmī Ismā'īlī Ṭarīqah
Durziyyah
Main articles:
ad-Darazi
Druze star
.

neo-Platonic and other philosophies. Druze are considered heretical and non-Muslims by most other Muslims because they are believed to address prayers to the Fatimid caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, the third Fatimid caliph of Egypt, whom they regard as "a manifestation of God in His unity." The Druze believe that he had been hidden away by God and will return as the Mahdi on Judgement Day. Like Alawis, most Druze keep the tenets of their Faith secret, and very few details are known. They neither accept converts nor recognize conversion from their religion to another. They are located primarily in the Levant. Druze in different states can have radically different lifestyles. Some claim to be Muslim, some do not, though the Druze faith itself abides by Islamic principles.[citation needed
]

Further information:
Rasa'il al-hikmah, and Al-Sayyid al-Tanukhi

Zaidiyyah

Main articles:
Zaydi Revolt

madh'habs. A great majority of them, more than Seven Million people who constitutes less than 1% of the World overall Muslim population, lives in Yemen.[38]

See also: Religion in Yemen and List of extinct Shia sects

Ghulāt movements in history

Main articles:
Kaysanites Shia, Muhammerah, and Khurramites

Muslim groups who either ascribe divine characteristics to some figures of Islamic history (usually a member of Muhammad's family (Ahl al-Bayt)) or hold beliefs deemed deviant by mainstream Shi'i theology were called as Ghulāt.

Further information: List of extinct Shia sects

Kharijite Islam

Main article:
Kharijite

Kharijite
(literally, "those who seceded") is a general term embracing a variety of Muslim sects which, while originally supporting the Caliphate of Ali, later on fought against him and eventually succeeded in his martyrdom while he was praying in the mosque of Kufa. While there are few remaining Kharijite or Kharijite-related groups, the term is sometimes used to denote Muslims who refuse to compromise with those with whom they disagree.

Ibadi

The major Kharijite sub-sect today is the

Khawārij
. Nonetheless, Ibadis see themselves as quite different from the Kharijites. Believed to be one of the earliest schools, it is said to have been founded less than 50 years after the death of Muhammad.

It is the dominant form of Islam in

Rustamid dynasty in Algeria
was Ibadi.

Ibadis usually consider non-Ibadi Muslims as unbelievers, though nowadays this attitude has highly relaxed.[

Umar ibn al-Khattab, whom they regard as the "Two Rightly Guided Caliphs". Specific beliefs include: walāyah, friendship and unity with the practicing true believers and the Ibadi Imams; barā'ah, dissociation and hostility towards unbelievers and sinners; and wuqūf, reservation towards those whose status is unclear. While Ibadi Muslims maintain most of the beliefs of the original Kharijites, they have rejected the more aggressive methods.[citation needed
]

Extinct groups

The

Sura. Their most important branches were the Qurrīyya and Nukkarīyya
.

The

Arabic: الحرورية) were an early Muslim sect from the period of the Four Rightly-Guided Caliphs
(632-661 CE), named for their first leader, Habīb ibn-Yazīd al-Harūrī.

The other extinct branches of the

Khawarij were Azariqa, Najdat
, and Adjarites.

Sufism

Part of a series on Islam
Sufism
Tomb of Abdul Qadir Gilani, Baghdad, Iraq
Ideas
Practices
Sufi orders
List of sufis
Topics in Sufism
 Islam portal
Main articles:
Ṭarīqah

Sufism in Islam is represented by schools known as

Ṭarīqah. Sufism is a mystical-ascetic form of Islam. It is not a sect, rather it is considered as the branch of Islamic teaching that deals with the purification of inner self. By focusing on the more spiritual aspects of religion, Sufis strive to obtain direct experience of God by making use of "intuitive and emotional faculties" that one must be trained to use.[39]
Tasawwuf is regarded as a science of Islam that has always been an integral part of Orthodox Islam. In his Al-Risala al-safadiyya, Shaykh Ibn Taymiyya describes the Sufis as those who belong to the path of the Sunna and represent it in their teachings and writings.

Jurist and Hadith master Ibn Taymiyya's Sufi inclinations and his reverence for Sufis like 'Abd al-Qadir Gilani can also be seen in his hundred-page commentary on Futuh al-ghayb, covering only five of the seventy-eight sermons of the book, but showing that he considered tasawwuf essential within the life of the Islamic community.

In his commentary, Ibn Taymiyya stresses that the primacy of the Shari`a forms the soundest tradition in tasawwuf, and to argue this point he lists over a dozen early masters, as well as more contemporary shaykhs like his fellow Hanbalis, al-Ansari al-Harawi and `Abd al-Qadir, and the latter's own shaykh, Hammad al-Dabbas: The upright among the followers of the Path—like the majority of the early shaykhs (shuyukh al-salaf) such as Fudayl ibn `Iyad, Ibrahim ibn Adham, Ma`ruf al-Karkhi, al-Sari al-Saqati, al-Junayd ibn Muhammad, and others of the early teachers, as well as Shaykh Abd al-Qadir, Shaykh Hammad, Shaykh Abu al-Bayan and others of the later masters—do not permit the followers of the Sufi path to depart from the divinely legislated command and prohibition

Imam Ghazali narrates in Al-Munqidh min-al-dalal:

The vicissitudes of life, family affairs and financial constraints engulfed my life and deprived me of the congenial solitude. The heavy odds confronted me and provided me with few moments for my pursuits. This state of affairs lasted for ten years but wherever I had some spare and congenial moments I resorted to my intrinsic proclivity. During these turbulent years, numerous astonishing and indescribable secrets of life were unveiled to me. I was convinced that the group of Aulia (holy mystics) is the only truthful group who follow the right path, display best conduct and surpass all sages in their wisdom and insight. They derive all their overt or covert behaviour from the illumining guidance of the holy Prophet, the only guidance worth quest and pursuit.

Ba 'Alawiyya

Main article: Ba 'Alawiyya

The Ba'Alawi order was founded in 13th century in

Qadiriyyah. The members of this Sufi way are mainly sayyids
whose ancestors hail from the valley of Hadramaut,

Bektashi

Main article:
Bektashi

The Bektashi Order was founded in the 13th century by the Islamic saint

Twelver Shia Islam. Bektashi are concentrated in Turkey and Albania and their headquarters are in Albania[citation needed
].

Chishti

Main article: Chishti Order

The Chishti Order (

Moinuddin Chishti
.

Kubrawiya

Main article: Kubrawiya

The

Sheikh Nadjm ed-Din Kubra
was among those killed by the Mongols.

Mawlawiyya

Main article:
Mawlawiyyah

The Mevlevi Order is better known in the West as the "whirling dervishes".

Muridiyya

Main article:
Muridiyya

Touba, Senegal.[41]

Naqshbandīyyā

Main article:
Nāqshbandīyyā

The Naqshbandi order is one of the major Sufi orders of Islam. Formed in 1380, the order is considered by some to be a "sober" order known for its silent

Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari. Some have said that the translation means "related to the image-maker", some also consider it to mean "Pattern Maker" rather than "image maker", and interpret "Naqshbandi" to mean "Reformer of Patterns", and others consider it to mean "Way of the Chain" or "Golden Chain
".

The conception of Naqshbandi may require more elaboration and clarity as the explanation to this effect creating ambiguity and complicity with in it. The meanings of "Naqshbandi" is to follow the pattern of head of the former. In other words, "Naqshbandi" may be taken as "followup or like a flow chart" of practices exercised by the head of this school of thought.

Khālidīyyā

Main article: Khālidīyyā

Khālidīyyā Sufi Order is a branch of the

Ṭarīqah in Turkey
.

Sülaymānīyyā

Main article: Sülaymānīyyā

Sülaymānī Ṭarīqah is an offshoot of

Islamic Ṭarīqah founded by Sülaymān Hilmi Silistrevī in Turkey.[42] It was estimated that there were more than two million followers in Turkey in the early 1990s.[43] They are the most active branch in the private Hāfīz education in Turkey
.

Haqqānīyyā

Main article: Haqqānī-Naqshbadīyyā

Haqqānīyyā Ṭarīqah is an offshoot of

Shaykh Nazim al-Qubrusi in order to spread the Sufi teachings and the Unity of belief in God that is present in all religions and spiritual paths as announced by its official website
.

Ni'matullāhī

Main article: Ni'matullāhī

The Ni'matullāhī order is the most widespread Sufi order of

Ma'rufiyyah circle.[44] There are several suborders in existence today, the most known and influential in the West following the lineage of Dr. Javad Nurbakhsh who brought the order to the West following the 1979 Revolution in Iran
.

"Naqshbandi" does not meant for images or patterns followed by the followers of this school of thoughts. "Naqshbandi" manes the "flow chart" OR to follow the sayings and doings of former.

Nurbakshi

Main article: Noorbakshia Islam

The "Noorbakshia"

Shah Syed Muhammad Nurbakhsh Qahistani who was attached with Kubrawiya
order Sufi order ("tariqa") .

Oveyssi (Uwaiysi)

Main article: Uwaisi

The

Farid ad-Din Attar of Nishapur and Sheikh Muhammad Ghader Bagheri, the first recipient of Muhammad's cloak was Uwais al-Qarni. The 'Original Cloak' as it is known is thought to have passed down the generations from the prophet Abraham to Muhammad, to Uwais al-Qarni, and so on."[48]

The Oveyssi order exists today in various forms and in different countries. According to Dr. Alan Godlas of the University of Georgia's Department of Religion, a Sufi Order or tariqa known as the Uwaysi is "very active", having been introduced in the West by the 20th century Sufi, Shah Maghsoud Angha. The Uwaysi Order is a Shi'i branch of the Kubrawiya.

Godlas writes that there are two recent and distinct contemporary branches of the Uwaysi Order in the West:

Uwaiysi Tarighat, led by Shah Maghsoud Sadegh Angha's daughter, Seyyedeh Dr. Nahid Angha, and her husband Shah Nazar Seyed Ali Kianfar. Dr. Angha and Dr. Kianfar went on to found another the International Association of Sufism (IAS) which operates in California and organizes international Sufi symposia.

Now developed into an international non-profit organization, the Oveyssi order has over five-hundred thousand students with centers spanning five continents. With the use of modern technology and reach of the internet, weekly webcasts of the order's lecture and zekr sessions are broadcast live through the order's official website.[49]

Qadiri

Main article:
Qadiriyyah

The Qadiri Order is one of the oldest Sufi Orders. It derives its name from

Gīlān. The order is one of the most widespread of the Sufi orders in the Islamic world, and can be found in Central Asia, Turkey, Balkans and much of East and West Africa
. The Qadiriyyah have not developed any distinctive doctrines or teachings outside of mainstream Islam. They believe in the fundamental principles of Islam, but interpreted through mystical experience.

Senussi

Main article:
Senussi

Senussi is a religious-political Sufi order established by

ulema. Originally from Mecca, as-Senussi left due to pressure from Wahhabis to leave and settled in Cyrenaica where he was well received.[50] Idris bin Muhammad al-Mahdi as-Senussi was later recognized as Emir of Cyrenaica[51] and eventually became King of Libya. The monarchy was abolished by Muammar Gaddafi
but, a third of Libyan still claim to be Senussi.

Shadhiliyyah

Main article:
Shadhiliyyah

The

Abu-l-Hassan ash-Shadhili. Followers (murids Arabic: seekers) of the Shadhiliyya are often known as Shadhilis.[52][53]

Suhrawardiyya

Main article: Suhrawardiyya

The Suhrawardiyya order (

Abu al-Najib al-Suhrawardi
(1097–1168).

Tijaniyya

Main article: Tijaniyyah

The Tijaniyyah order attach a large importance to culture and education, and emphasize the individual adhesion of the disciple (murīd).

Ahmadiyya Islam

Main article: Ahmadiyya - Non Muslims Because Muslim Did not believe that Mirja Ghulam Ahmed is a Promised Mahdi (Guided One) and Messiah
Part of a series on
Ahmadiyya
Beliefs and practices
Distinct views
Days of remembrance
Foundational texts and sciences
Key literature
Organizational structure
Key sites
Hijaz
United Kingdom
Qadian
Rabwah
Miscellaneous

The

Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam
, the former believing that Ghulam Ahmad was a non-law bearing prophet and the latter believing that he was only a religious reformer though a prophet in an allegorical sense. Ahmadis consider themselves Muslims and claim to practice the pristine form of Islam as re-established with the teachings of Ghulam Ahmad.

In many Islamic countries the Ahmadis have been defined as heretics and non-Muslim and subjected to persecution and often systematic oppression.[54]

Ahmadiyya Muslim Community

Main article:
Ahmadiyya Muslim Community
Masjid
Mubarak.

It originated with the life and teachings of

Islamic century, the promised Messiah and Mahdi awaited by Muslims.[55][56][57]
The adherents of the Ahmadiyya movement are referred to as Ahmadis or Ahmadi Muslims.

Ahmadis thought emphasizes the belief that Islam is the final dispensation for humanity as revealed to Muhammad and the necessity of restoring to it its true essence and pristine form, which had been lost through the centuries. Thus, Ahmadis view themselves as leading the revival and peaceful propagation of Islam.[58] The Ahmadis were among the earliest Muslim communities to arrive in Britain and other Western countries.[58]

Ahmadiyya adherents believe that

Khalifatul Masih
(successor of the Messiah). .

Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement

Main article:
Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam

The Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement also known as the Lahoris, formed as a result of ideological differences within the

Khalifa after its founder, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad. The main dispute was based on differing interpretations of a verse [Quran 33:40] related to the finality of prophethood. Other issues of contention were the Kalima, funeral prayers, and the suitability of the elected Khalifa (2nd successor) Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad (the son of the Founder). The Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement is led by a President or Emir
.

New American denominations

Islamic Center of Greater Toledo, Ohio.
Main article: Islam in the United States

African American denominations

Main article:
African American Muslims

Moorish Science

Main article: Moorish Science Temple of America

The Moorish Science Temple of America is an American organization founded in 1913 AD by Prophet Noble Drew Ali, whose name at birth was Timothy Drew. He claimed it was a sect of Islam but he also drew inspiration from Buddhism, Christianity, Gnosticism and Taoism. Its significant divergences from mainstream Islam and strong African-American ethnic character[60] make its classification as an Islamic denomination a matter of debate among Muslims and scholars of religion.

Its primary tenet was the belief that they are the ancient Moabites who inhabited the Northwestern and Southwestern shores of Africa. The organization also believes that their descendents after being conquered in Spain are slaves who were captured and held in slavery from 1779–1865 by their slaveholders.

Although often criticised as lacking scientific merit, adherents of the Moorish Science Temple of America believe that the Negroid Asiatic was the first human inhabitant of the Western Hemisphere. In their religious texts, adherents refer to themselves as "Asiatics",

African Americans
".

File:Nation of Islam Symbol.png Nation of Islam flag.

Nation of Islam

Main article: Nation of Islam
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 Islam portal icon Politics portal

The Nation of Islam was founded by

black man and woman of America and the world. The group believes Fard Muhammad was God on earth,[62][63] a belief viewed as shirk by mainstream Muslims. It does not see Muhammad as the final prophet, but Elijah Muhammad
as the "Messenger of Truth" and only allows people of black ethnicity and believes they are the original race on earth.

In 1975, the teachings were abandoned and the group was renamed the American Society of Muslims by Warith Deen Mohammed, the son of Elijah Muhammad.[64] He brought the group into mainstream Sunni Islam, establishing mosques instead of temples and promoting the Five pillars of Islam.[65][66] Thousands (estimated 2 million) of African Americans joined Imam Muhammad in mainstream Islam.[67] Some members were dissatisfied, including Louis Farrakhan, who revived the group again in 1978 with the same teachings of the previous leaders. It currently has from 30,000 to 70,000 members.[68]

Five Percenter
Main article: Five-Percent Nation

The Five-Percent Nation was founded in 1964 in the United States.

United Nation of Islam
Main article: United Nation of Islam

United Nation of Islam was founded in 1978 by Royall Jenkins, who remained as a member of Nation of Islam until after the death of Elijah Muhammad but later split from the organization in 1978.

Aqidah schools of Islamic divinity

Main articles:
Islamic theology

Mu'tazili
may for example, belong to Jafari, Zaidi or even Hanafi school of jurisprudence.

Part of a series on
Aqidah
Silhouette of a mosque
Six Articles of Belief
Five Pillars of Islam
Sunni theological traditions
Shi'a
Theology of the Twelvers4,5
Ancillaries of the Faith
Seven pillars of Ismailism6
Theology of the Zaydis
Muhakkima
Theology of the Ibadis
Other variants

Including:

    • 6
      Alavi Bohra
      )
  • 7 Various Ṭarīqah


    •  Islam portal


    Kalām

    Main article: Kalam

    Kalām is the

    Maturidi
    schools in Sunni Islam.

    Ash'ari

    Main article:
    Ash'ari

    Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari. The Asharite view was that comprehension of the unique nature and characteristics of God
    were beyond human capability.

    Maturidi

    Main article:
    Maturidi

    A

    Abu Mansur Al Maturidi's theology, which is a close variant of the Ash'ari school. Points which differ are the nature of belief and the place of human reason. The Maturidis state that belief (iman) does not increase nor decrease but remains static; it is piety (taqwa
    ) which increases and decreases. The Ash'aris say that belief does in fact increase and decrease. The Maturidis say that the unaided human mind is able to find out that some of the more major sins such as alcohol or murder are evil without the help of revelation. The Ash'aris say that the unaided human mind is unable to know if something is good or evil, lawful or unlawful, without divine revelation.

    Traditionalist Theology

    Main article:
    Traditionalist Theology (Islam)

    Salafi. The central aspect of traditionalist theology is its definition of Tawhid, meaning literally unification or asserting the oneness of Allah.[69][70][71][72]

    Murji'ah

    Main article: Murji'ah

    Arabic: المرجئة) is an early Islamic school whose followers are known in English as "Murjites" or "Murji'ites" (المرجئون). During the early centuries of Islam, Muslim thought encountered a multitude of influences from various ethnic and philosophical groups that it absorbed. Murji'ah emerged as a theological school that was opposed to the Kharijites
    on questions related to early controversies regarding sin and definitions of what is a true Muslim.

    They advocated the idea of "delayed judgement". Only

    Umayyads
    and converts to Islam who appeared half-hearted in their obedience. The Murjite opinion would eventually dominate that of the Kharijites.

    The Murjites exited the way of the Sunnis when they declared that no Muslim would enter the

    Salafis
    .

    Qadar’iyyah

    Main articles:
    Qadariyyah and Ma'bad al-Juhani

    The idea of

    Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan
    .

    Mu'tazili

    Main article:
    Mu'tazili

    Greek philosophy, seeking to combine them with Islamic doctrines and show that the two were inherently compatible. The Mu'tazili debated philosophical questions such as whether the Qur'an was created or eternal, whether evil was created by God, the issue of predestination versus free will, whether God's attributes in the Qur'an were to be interpreted allegorically or literally, and whether sinning believers would have eternal punishment in hell
    .

    Jabr’iyyah

    Main article:
    Jahmites

    Jahmis were the followers of the Islamic theologian Jahm bin Safwan who associate himself with Al-Harith ibn Surayj. He was an exponent of extreme determinism according to which a man acts only metaphorically in the same way in which the sun acts or does something when it sets.[73]

    Further information:
    Jahm ibn Safwan and Determinism

    Bāṭen’iyyah

    Main article:
    Batiniyyah

    The

    Hashashins were amongst the followers of this school of divinity
    .

    Islamism

    Main article: Islamism

    Islamism is a term that refers to a set of political

    September 11, 2001 attacks and perhaps the most prominent; and the Muslim Brotherhood
    , the largest and perhaps the oldest. Although violence is often employed by some organizations, most Islamist movements are nonviolent.

    Wahhabism

    Flag of Saudi Arabia.

    The

    Wahhabi
    " is specific for followers of Muhammad ibn Abd-al-Wahhab. The works of scholars like
    Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab
    are used for religious guidance. [75] Critics claim that Muslim Terrorism is the direct offshoot of the fanatical Islamic cult known as Wahabism, which runs Mecca and believes in the destruction of non Islamic cultures and is financed by Saudi Arabia.[76]

    Ahl al-Hadith

    The

    Wahhabism.[82]

    Political movements

    Main article: Political aspects of Islam
    Al-Ikhwan Al-Muslimun
    Main article: Muslim Brotherhood

    The Al-Ikhwan Al-Muslimun, or Muslim Brotherhood, is an organisation that was founded by Egyptian scholar

    Islamist group. Its aims are to re-establish the Caliphate and in the mean time push for more Islamisation of society. The Brotherhood's stated goal is to instill the Qur'an and sunnah as the "sole reference point for... ordering the life of the Muslim family, individual, community... and state".[citation needed
    ]


    Jamaat-e-Islami
    Main article: Jamaat-e-Islami

    The Jamaat-e-Islami is an Islamist political party in the

    Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh), Kashmir (Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir),and Sri Lanka, and there are "close brotherly relations" with the Islamist movements and missions "working in different continents and countries", particularly those affiliated with the Muslim Brotherhood or Akhwan-al-Muslimeen. The JI envisions an Islamic government in Pakistan and Bangladesh governing by Islamic law. It opposes Westernization—including secularization, capitalism, socialism, or such practices as interest based banking, and favours an Islamic economic order and Caliphate. [citation needed
    ]

    Jamaat-al-Muslimeen

    The Jamaat ul-Muslimeen is a movement in Sunni Islam revived by the Imam Syed Masood Ahmad in the 1960s.[83] The present leader of this group is Muhammad Ishtiaq.[84]

    Revivalists

    Main article:
    Islamic Modernism

    Salafi movement

    Main article:
    Salafi Modernism

    The teachings of the reformer Abd Al-Wahhab are more often referred to by adherents as

    Muwahideen[85]
    ("Unitarians", or "unifiers of Islamic practice"). Salafism is a puritanical and legalistic Islamic movement and is the dominant creed in Saudi Arabia. The Salafi sect[86] is a group who believe themselves the only correct interpreters of the Koran, consider moderate Muslims to be infidels, seek to convert all Muslims to their way of thinking and to insure that its own fundamentalist version of Islam will dominate the world.[87] Traditional Sunni Sufis who oppose the movement classify it as movement of only thirty years old, and as the modern outgrowth of a two-century old heresy spawned by a scholar of the Najd area in the Eastern part of the Arabian peninsula by the name of Muhammad ibn `Abd al- Wahhab.[88]

    Most of the violent terrorist groups come from the Salafi movement and their sub groups. In recent years, the Salafi doctrine has often been correlated with the jihad of terrorist organizations such as Al Qaeda and those groups in favor of killing innocent civilians.[89][90][91]

    Quranism

    Main article: Quranism

    Sunnis, who consider hadith essential for the Islamic faith.[92]

    Ahle Qur'an

    Main article:
    Ahle Qur'an

    "Ahle Qur'an" is an organisation formed by

    Qur'an
    .

    Submitters

    Main article:
    United Submitters International

    The United Submitters International (USI) is a branch of Quranism, founded by Rashad Khalifa. Submitters considers themselves to be adhering to "true Islam", but prefer not to use the terms "Muslim" or "Islam", instead using the English equivalents: "Submitter" or "Submission". Submitters consider Khalifa to be a Messenger of God. Specific beliefs of the USI include: the dedication of all worship practices to God alone, upholding the Qur'an alone with the exception of two rejected Qur'an verses,[95] and rejecting the Islamic traditions of hadith and sunnah attributed to Muhammad. The main group attends "Masjid Tucson"[96] in Arizona, USA.

    Others

    Gülen movement

    Main articles: Gülen movement and Interfaith dialogue
    Students of Gülen schools from Senegal in the Fifth Turkish Language Olympiads.

    The

    Islamic scholar and preacher Fethullah Gülen in Turkey, Central Asia, and in other parts of the world, is active in education, with private schools and universities in over 180 countries as well as with many American charter schools operated by followers. It has initiated forums for interfaith dialogue.[98][99] The Cemaat movement's structure has been described as a flexible organizational network.[100] Movement schools and businesses organize locally and link themselves into informal networks.[101] Estimates of the number of schools and educational institutions vary widely; it appears there are about 300 Gülen movement schools in Turkey and over 1,000 schools worldwide.[102][103]

    Fethullah Gülen advocates cooperation between followers of different religions as well as between those practicing different forms of Islam such as

    Rumi Forum, and the New Delhi-based Indialogue Foundation. In addition, in 2004 a diverse group of Gülen-movement academics founded the London Centre for Social Studies (LCSS)
    to generate thinking and debate amongst academics, activists, policy makers, practitioners, media and civil-society organisations both at the national and international level. As a non-profit independent research organisation, LCSS uses social-science research tools to address major social, political and economic issues such as migration, social cohesion, subjectivity, education, gender, human rights in a critical way.

    Liberal Muslims

    Main articles:
    Liberal Islam and Ijtihad

    Liberal and progressive movements have in common a religious outlook which depends mainly on

    Liberal Muslims & thought have lead to the birth of certain small denominations from primarily unaffiliated followers who believe in greater autonomy of the individual in interpretation of scripture, a critical examination of religious texts, gender equality, human rights, LGBT rights and a modern view of culture, tradition, and other ritualistic practices in Islam.[citation needed
    ]

    Mahdavia

    Main article:
    Mahdavia

    Mahdavia (

    Imam Mahdi at the holy city of Mecca, right in front of the Kaaba
    (between rukn and maqam) in the Hijri year 901 (10th Hijri), and is revered as such by Mahdavia community and Zikri Mahdavis in Balochistan.

    five pillars of Islam. About five million Mahdavis populated in Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan, and also in the Pakistani provinces of Sindh and Balochistan
    .

    Zikri Mahdavis

    Arabic word dhikr
    , meaning "remembrance, devotion, invocation". The
    Balochistan, but a large number also live in Karachi, the Sindh
    interior, Oman and Iran.

    Non-denominational Islam

    Main article: Non-denominational Muslim

    Non-denominational Muslims is an

    umbrella term that has been used for and by Muslims who do not belong to or do not self-identify with a specific Islamic denomination.[107][108][109][110]

    Tolu-e-Islam

    Main article: Tolu-e-Islam

    Tolu-e-Islam ("Resurgence of Islam") is a

    Ghulam Ahmed Pervez
    .

    See also

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    External links

    New International Encyclopedia article about "Islamic schools and branches
    ".
    Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Alexis_Ivanov/Islamic_schools_and_branches&oldid=1029695290"