Rearrangement reaction

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

In

carbon skeleton of a molecule is rearranged to give a structural isomer of the original molecule.[1] Often a substituent
moves from one atom to another atom in the same molecule, hence these reactions are usually intramolecular. In the example below, the substituent R moves from carbon atom 1 to carbon atom 2:

Intermolecular rearrangements also take place.

A rearrangement is not well represented by simple and discrete

ionic bond-breaking and forming. In pericyclic reactions, explanation by orbital interactions give a better picture than simple discrete electron transfers. It is, nevertheless, possible to draw the curved arrows for a sequence of discrete electron transfers that give the same result as a rearrangement reaction, although these are not necessarily realistic. In allylic rearrangement
, the reaction is indeed ionic.

Three key rearrangement reactions are 1,2-rearrangements, pericyclic reactions and olefin metathesis.

1,2-rearrangements

Main article: 1,2-rearrangement

A 1,2-rearrangement is an organic reaction where a substituent moves from one atom to another atom in a chemical compound. In a 1,2 shift the movement involves two adjacent atoms but moves over larger distances are possible. Skeletal isomerization is not normally encountered in the laboratory, but is the basis of large applications in

n-butane to isobutane and pentane to isopentane. Highly branched alkanes have favorable combustion characteristics for internal combustion engines.[2]

Isomerization of pentane

Further examples are the Wagner–Meerwein rearrangement:

Wagner–Meerwein

and the Beckmann rearrangement,[3] which is relevant to the production of certain nylons:[4]

Beckmann rearrangement

Pericyclic reactions

Main article:
pericyclic reactions

A pericyclic reaction is a type of reaction with multiple carbon–carbon bond making and breaking wherein the transition state of the molecule has a cyclic geometry, and the reaction progresses in a concerted fashion. Examples are

hydride shifts

Sigmatropic Hydride Shifts

and the Claisen rearrangement:[5]

Claisen rearrangement

Olefin metathesis

Main article: Olefin metathesis

Olefin metathesis is a formal exchange of the alkylidene fragments in two alkenes. It is a catalytic reaction with carbene, or more accurately, transition metal carbene complex intermediates.

General mechanism olefin metathesis

In this example (ethenolysis, a pair of vinyl compounds form a new symmetrical alkene with expulsion of ethylene.

Other rearragement reactions

1,3-rearrangements

1,3-rearrangements take place over 3 carbon atoms. Examples:

See also

References

  1. OCLC 642506595
  2. ISBN 3-527-30673-0
    .
  3. ISBN 978-0-19-927029-3
    .
  4. doi:10.3390/polym5020361
    .
  5. doi:10.1021/cr00090a001
    .
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