Amfonelic acid

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Amfonelic acid
Clinical data
ATC code
  • none
Legal status
Legal status
  • In general: uncontrolled
Identifiers
  • 7-benzyl-1-ethyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid
JSmol)
  • CCN1C=C(C(=O)C2=C1N=C(C=C2)CC3=CC=CC=C3)C(=O)O
  • InChI=1S/C18H16N2O3/c1-2-20-11-15(18(22)23)16(21)14-9-8-13(19-17(14)20)10-12-6-4-3-5-7-12/h3-9,11H,2,10H2,1H3,(H,22,23) checkY
  • Key:WHHHJDGNBVQNAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
 ☒NcheckY (what is this?)  (verify)

Amfonelic acid (AFA; WIN 25,978) is a research chemical and dopaminergic stimulant with antibiotic properties. Although limited clinical trials have been conducted, it's primarily used in scientific research.[1]

History

The stimulant properties of AFA were discovered serendipitously at

gray market and there are numerous anecdotal reports detailing its non-medical use.[1]

Pharmacology

In studies, it proved to be a potent and highly selective

5HIAA.[7] Amfonelic acid displays no activity in the norepinephrine system.[8]

Despite its different mechanism of action, amfonelic acid displays discriminatory substitution with 150% the stimulant potency of dextroamphetamine.[9] Amfonelic acid has been shown to be neuroprotective against methamphetamine damage to dopamine neurons.[10] It also increases the effects of the antipsychotic drugs haloperidol, trifluoperazine and spiperone.[11] Rats are shown to self-administer amfonelic acid in a dose-dependent manner.[12]

Though AFA was discovered in the course of antibiotic research, there is very little data available on the drug's antimicrobial activity. In 1988, the biologist G.C. Crumplin wrote, "[AFA] is less active against bacteria than are many other 4-quinolones, but studies in our laboratory on selected mammalian cell lines have shown it to be markedly more toxic to these cells than are the 4-quinolones that are more active antibacterial agents. Furthermore, it can be shown that sublethal doses induced marked changes in the pattern of proteins produced by the cell, thus suggesting a possible effect of 4-quinolones on gene transcription in mammalian cells."[13] When evaluated via broth microdilution the MIC of AFA for Escherichia coli is 125 μg/mL, a concentration thirty times higher than the MIC for nalidixic acid in the same E. coli strain.[1]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Morris H (October 2015). "Sad Pink Monkey Blues". Harper's Magazine. Retrieved 2015-09-19.
  2. ^ US patent 3590036, "Naphthyridine-3-carboxylic Acids, Their Derivatives and Preparation Thereof" 
  3. PMID 4393073
    .
  4. S2CID 28881012
    .
  5. S2CID 34793566
    .
  6. S2CID 24436917
    .
  7. S2CID 13008483
    .
  8. S2CID 19112365
    .
  9. S2CID 30259648
    .
  10. S2CID 23292364
    .
  11. PMID 2857083
    .
  12. S2CID 24551129
    .
  13. PMID 3279494
    .

External links
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amfonelic_acid&oldid=1199205226"