TBX5 (gene)

T-box transcription factor TBX5, (T-box protein 5) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TBX5 gene.^[5][6][7] Abnormalities in the TBX5 gene can result in altered limb development, Holt-Oram syndrome, Tetra-amelia syndrome, and cardiac and skeletal problems.

This gene is a member of a phylogenetically conserved family of genes that share a common DNA-binding domain, the T-box. T-box genes encode transcription factors involved in the regulation of developmental processes. This gene is closely linked^{[clarification needed]} to related family member T-box 3 (ulnar mammary syndrome) on human chromosome 12.

TBX5 is located on the long arm of chromosome 12.^[8] TBX5 produces a protein called T-box protein 5 that acts as a transcription factor.^[9] TBX5 is involved with forelimb and heart development.^[10] This gene impacts the early development of the forelimb by triggering fibroblast growth factor, FGF10.^[11]

Function

TBX5 is a transcription factor that codes for the protein called T-box 5. The transcription factors it encodes are necessary for development, especially in the pattern formation of upper limbs and cardiac growth.

This gene is also involved in the muscle connective tissue for muscle and tendon patterning. A study showed that deletion of TBX5 in forelimbs causes disruption in the muscle and tendon patterning without affecting the skeleton's development.[14] T-box protein 5 expression is in the cells of the lateral plate mesoderm which form the forelimb bud and the cascade of limb initiation. In its absence, no forelimb bud forms.

The encoded protein plays a major role in

As a protein-coding gene, TBX5 encodes for the protein T-box Transcription Factor 5, which is a part of the T-box family of transcription factors. It also interacts with other genes, such as GATA4 and NKX2-5, and the BAF chromatin-remodeling complex to drive and repress gene expression during development.[18]

Role in non-human animals

Mice that were genetically modified to not have the TBX5 gene did not survive gestation, due to the heart not developing past embryonic day E10.5. Mice that only had one working copy of TBX5 were born with morphological problems such as enlarged hearts, atrial and ventral septum defects, and limb malformations similar to those found in the Holt-Oram Syndrome.^[19]

Pigeons with feathered feet have Tbx5 active in the hind feet, which cause them to develop feathered hindlimbs with thicker bones, more similar to their frontlimb wings.^[20][21]

Role in human embyronic development

A gene "knockout" model for TBX5 by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing has been created.^[22] This homozygous TBX5 knockout human embryonic stem cell line, called TBX5-KO maintained stem cell-like morphology, pluripotency markers, normal karyotype, and could differentiate into all three germ layers in vivo. This cell line can provide an in vitro platform for studying the pathogenic mechanisms and biological function of TBX5 in the heart development.^[22] By understanding what happens in development without this gene, further treatment options for fetuses with a TBX5 mutation might be possible to prevent the severe cardiac defects associated with Holt-Oram Syndrome.

Clinical significance

Mutations in this gene can result in Holt–Oram syndrome, a developmental disorder affecting the heart and upper limbs.^[23][10] Holt-Oram syndrome can cause a hole in the septum,^[9] bone abnormalities in the fingers, wrists, or arms,^[24] and a conduction disease leading to abnormal heart rates and arrhythmias.^[8] The most common cardiac issue associated with this condition is the malformation of the septum, which separates the left and right sides of the heart.^[25]

Tetra-amelia syndrome is a condition where forelimb malformation occurs because FGF-10 is not triggered due to Tbx5 mutations.^[26] This condition can lead to the absence of one or both forelimbs.

Skeletally, there may be abnormally bent fingers, sloping shoulders, and phocomelia. Cardiac defects include ventral and atrial septation and problems with the conduction system.^[27] Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene.^[7]

Interactions

TBX5 (gene) has been shown to

• GATA4^[28] and
• NKX2-5.^[28][29]