STAT1
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Location (UCSC) | Chr 2: 190.91 – 191.02 Mb | Chr 1: 52.16 – 52.2 Mb | |||||||
PubMed search | [3] | [4] |
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Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) is a transcription factor which in humans is encoded by the STAT1 gene. It is a member of the STAT protein family.[5]
Function
All STAT molecules are phosphorylated by receptor associated kinases, that causes activation, dimerization by forming homo- or heterodimers and finally translocate to nucleus to work as transcription factors. Specifically STAT1 can be activated by several ligands such as Interferon alpha (IFNα), Interferon gamma (IFNγ), Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), Platelet Derived Growth Factor (PDGF), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), or IL-27.[6]
Type I interferons (IFN-α, IFN-ß) bind to receptors, cause signaling via kinases, phosphorylate and activate the Jak kinases TYK2 and JAK1 and also STAT1 and STAT2. STAT molecules form dimers and bind to ISGF3G/IRF-9, which is Interferon stimulated gene factor 3 complex with Interferon regulatory Factor 9.[7] This allows STAT1 to enter the nucleus.[8] STAT1 has a key role in many gene expressions that cause survival of the cell, viability or pathogen response. There are two possible transcripts (due to alternative splicing) that encode 2 isoforms of STAT1.[9][10] STAT1α, the full-length version of the protein, is the main active isoform, responsible for most of the known functions of STAT1. STAT1ß, which lacks a portion of the C-terminus of the protein, is less-studied, but has variously been reported to negatively regulate activation of STAT1 or to mediate IFN-γ-dependent anti-tumor and anti-infection activities.[11][12][13]
STAT1 is involved in upregulating genes due to a signal by either
Expression of STAT1 can be induced with diallyl disulfide, a compound in garlic.[15]
Mutations of STAT1
Mutations in the STAT1 molecule can be gain of function (GOF) or loss of function (LOF). Both of them can cause different phenotypes and symptoms. Recurring common infections are frequent in both GOF and LOF mutations. In humans STAT1 has been particularly under strong purifying selection when populations shifted from hunting and gathering to farming, because this went along with a change in the pathogen spectrum.[16]
Loss of function
STAT1 loss of function, therefore STAT1 deficiency can have many variants. There are two main genetic impairments that can cause response to interferons type I and III. First there can be autosomal recessive partial or even complete deficiency of STAT1. That causes intracellular bacterial diseases or viral infections and impaired IFN a, b, g and IL27 responses are diagnosed. In partial form there can also be found high levels of IFNg in blood serum. When tested from whole blood, monocytes do not respond to BCG and IFNg doses with IL-12 production. In complete recessive form there is a very low response to anti-viral and antimycotical medication. Second, partial STAT1 deficiency can also be an autosomal dominant mutation; phenotypically causing impaired IFNg responses and causing patients to suffer with selective intracellular bacterial diseases (MSMD).[17]
In knock-out mice prepared in the 90s, a low amount of CD4+ and CD25+ regulatory T-cells and almost no IFNa, b and g response was discovered, which lead to parasital, viral and bacterial infections. The very first reported case of STAT1 deficiency in human was an autosomal dominant mutation and patients were showing propensity to mycobacterial infections.[9] Another case reported was about an autosomal recessive form. 2 related patients had a homozygous missense STAT1 mutation which caused impaired splicing, therefore a defect in mature protein. Patients had partially damaged response to both IFNa and IFNg. Scientists now claim that recessive STAT1 deficiency is a new form of primary immunodeficiency and whenever a patient suffers sudden, severe and unexpected bacterial and viral infections, should be considered as potentially STAT1 deficient.[18][19]
Gain of function
Gain of function mutation was first discovered in patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC). This disease is characteristic with its symptoms as persistent infections of the skin, mucosae - oral or genital and nails infections caused by Candida, mostly
With various genomic and genetic methods was discovered, that a heterozygous gain of function mutation of STAT1 is a cause of more than a half CMC cases. This mutation is caused by defect in the coiled-coil domain, domain that binds DNA, N-terminal domain or SH2 domain. Because of this there is increased phosphorylation because of impossible dephosphorylation in nucleus. These processes are dependent on cytokines like interferon alpha or beta, interferon gamma or interleukin 27. As mentioned above, low levels of interleukin 17A were observed, therefore impaired the Th17 polarization of the immune response.
Patients with STAT1 gain of function mutation and CMC poorly or not at all respond to treatment with azole drugs such as Fluconazole, Itraconazole or Posaconazole. Besides common viral and bacterial infections, these patients develop autoimmunities or even carcinomas. It is very complicated to find a treatment because of various symptoms and resistances, inhibitors of JAK/STAT pathway such as Ruxolitinib are being tested and are a possible choice of treatment for these patients.[22][6][23]
Interactions
STAT1 has been shown to
- BRCA1,[24]
- C-jun,[25]
- CD117,[26]
- CREB-binding protein,[27]
- Calcitriol receptor,[28]
- Epidermal growth factor receptor,[29][30]
- Fanconi anemia, complementation group C,[31][32][33]
- IFNAR2,[34][36]
- IRF1,[37]
- ISGF3G[38]
- Interleukin 27 receptor, alpha subunit,[39]
- MCM5,[40][41]
- Mammalian target of rapamycin,[42]
- PIAS1,[43]
- PRKCD,[42]
- PTK2,[44]
- Protein kinase R,[45][46]
- STAT2,[47][48][49]
- STAT3,[30][50][51]
- and
- TRADD.[53]
References
- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000115415 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000026104 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- PMID 37384298.
- ^ PMID 27379765.
- PMID 37384298.
- ^ Database GH. "IRF9 Gene - GeneCards | IRF9 Protein | IRF9 Antibody". www.genecards.org. Retrieved 2017-06-01.
- ^ a b "STAT1 - Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1-alpha/beta - Homo sapiens (Human) - STAT1 gene & protein". www.uniprot.org. Retrieved 2017-06-01.
- ^ "STAT1 signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2017-06-01.
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- ^ "Defects of STAT1 in Human. Loss of Function exposes to Mycobacteria. Gain of Function exposes to Candida". www.asid.ma-gb. Archived from the original on 2017-08-29. Retrieved 2017-06-01.
- ^ Dupuis S, Dargemont C, Fieschi C, et al. Impairment of mycobacterial but not viral immunity by a germline human STAT1 mutation. Science. 2001;293(5528):300–303.
- ^ Dupuis S, Jouanguy E, Al Hajjar S, et al. Impaired response to interferon-alpha/beta and lethal viral disease in human STAT1 deficiency. Nat Genet. 2003;33(3):388–391.
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Further reading
- Cebulla CM, Miller DM, Sedmak DD (2000). "Viral inhibition of interferon signal transduction". Intervirology. 42 (5–6): 325–30. S2CID 22135982.
- Kisseleva T, Bhattacharya S, Braunstein J, Schindler CW (February 2002). "Signaling through the JAK/STAT pathway, recent advances and future challenges". Gene. 285 (1–2): 1–24. PMID 12039028.
- Joseph AM, Kumar M, Mitra D (January 2005). "Nef: "necessary and enforcing factor" in HIV infection". Current HIV Research. 3 (1): 87–94. PMID 15638726.