Activating transcription factor 2
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Activating transcription factor 2, also known as ATF2, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ATF2 gene.[5]
Function
This gene encodes a
c-Jun. The protein is also a histone acetyltransferase (HAT) that specifically acetylates histones H2B and H4 in vitro; thus, it may represent a class of sequence-specific factors that activate transcription by direct effects on chromatin components. Additional transcript variants have been identified but their biological validity has not been determined.[5]
The gene atf2 is located at human chromosome 2q32.
Several studies implicate abnormal activation of ATF-2 in growth and progression of mammalian skin tumors.Ras protein[12] and regulate maintenance of the aggressive cancer phenotype of some types of epithelial cells.
ATF2 has also been shown to be
ATM upon double-stranded breaks.[13]
Mice with mutations of these two serines are sensitive to irradiation and easier to tumorigenesis under p53 knockout background.
Interactions
Activating transcription factor 2 has been shown to
interact
with
- Casein kinase 2, alpha 1,[17]
- CREB binding protein,[18]
- CSNK2A2,[17]
- JDP2,[19]
- MAPK14,[20][21][22]
- MAPK8,[20][21][22][23]
- Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3[24]
- NCOA6,[25]
- RUVBL2,[26]
- UBE2I.[27]
See also
References
- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000115966 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000027104 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ a b "Entrez Gene: ATF2 activating transcription factor 2".
- PMID 1833307.
- S2CID 4326412.
- S2CID 40268838.
- PMID 19176525.
- S2CID 23515325.
- S2CID 14845890.
- S2CID 678541.
- PMID 15916964.
- S2CID 85570533.
- PMID 2320002.
- PMID 1827203.
- ^ PMID 9685505.
- PMID 9786917.
- PMID 18307971.
- ^ PMID 7535770.
- ^ PMID 11279118.
- ^ PMID 9207092.
- PMID 9405416.
- PMID 10085140.
- PMID 14734562.
- PMID 11713276.
- PMID 9488727.
External links
- Human ATF2 genome location and ATF2 gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser.
Further reading
- Denys H, Desmet R, Stragier M, Vergison R, Lemahieu SF (1977). "Cystitis emphysematosa". Acta Urol Belg. 45 (4): 327–31. PMID 602896.
- Kim SJ, Wagner S, Liu F, O'Reilly MA, Robbins PD, Green MR (1992). "Retinoblastoma gene product activates expression of the human TGF-beta 2 gene through transcription factor ATF-2". Nature. 358 (6384): 331–4. S2CID 9770957.
- Hai T, Curran T (1991). "Cross-family dimerization of transcription factors Fos/Jun and ATF/CREB alters DNA binding specificity". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88 (9): 3720–4. PMID 1827203.
- Hoeffler JP, Lustbader JW, Chen CY (1991). "Identification of multiple nuclear factors that interact with cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate response element-binding protein and activating transcription factor-2 by protein-protein interactions". Mol. Endocrinol. 5 (2): 256–66. PMID 1828107.
- Ozawa K, Sudo T, Soeda E, Yoshida MC, Ishii S (1991). "Assignment of the human CREB2 (CRE-BP1) gene to 2q32". Genomics. 10 (4): 1103–4. PMID 1833307.
- Diep A, Li C, Klisak I, Mohandas T, Sparkes RS, Gaynor R, Lusis AJ (1991). "Assignment of the gene for cyclic AMP-response element binding protein 2 (CREB2) to human chromosome 2q24.1-q32". Genomics. 11 (4): 1161–3. PMID 1838349.
- Kara CJ, Liou HC, Ivashkiv LB, Glimcher LH (1990). "A cDNA for a human cyclic AMP response element-binding protein which is distinct from CREB and expressed preferentially in brain". Mol. Cell. Biol. 10 (4): 1347–57. PMID 2320002.
- Gonzalez GA, Yamamoto KK, Fischer WH, Karr D, Menzel P, Biggs W, Vale WW, Montminy MR (1989). "A cluster of phosphorylation sites on the cyclic AMP-regulated nuclear factor CREB predicted by its sequence". Nature. 337 (6209): 749–52. S2CID 4345950.
- Maekawa T, Sakura H, Kanei-Ishii C, Sudo T, Yoshimura T, Fujisawa J, Yoshida M, Ishii S (1989). "Leucine zipper structure of the protein CRE-BP1 binding to the cyclic AMP response element in brain". EMBO J. 8 (7): 2023–8. PMID 2529117.
- Raingeaud J, Gupta S, Rogers JS, Dickens M, Han J, Ulevitch RJ, Davis RJ (1995). "Pro-inflammatory cytokines and environmental stress cause p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation by dual phosphorylation on tyrosine and threonine". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (13): 7420–6. PMID 7535770.
- Livingstone C, Patel G, Jones N (1995). "ATF-2 contains a phosphorylation-dependent transcriptional activation domain". EMBO J. 14 (8): 1785–97. PMID 7737129.
- van Dam H, Wilhelm D, Herr I, Steffen A, Herrlich P, Angel P (1995). "ATF-2 is preferentially activated by stress-activated protein kinases to mediate c-jun induction in response to genotoxic agents". EMBO J. 14 (8): 1798–811. PMID 7737130.
- Zhou Q, Gedrich RW, Engel DA (1995). "Transcriptional repression of the c-fos gene by YY1 is mediated by a direct interaction with ATF/CREB". J. Virol. 69 (7): 4323–30. PMID 7769693.
- Newell CL, Deisseroth AB, Lopez-Berestein G (1994). "Interaction of nuclear proteins with an AP-1/CRE-like promoter sequence in the human TNF-alpha gene". J. Leukoc. Biol. 56 (1): 27–35. S2CID 85570533.
- Nomura N, Zu YL, Maekawa T, Tabata S, Akiyama T, Ishii S (1993). "Isolation and characterization of a novel member of the gene family encoding the cAMP response element-binding protein CRE-BP1". J. Biol. Chem. 268 (6): 4259–66. PMID 8440710.
- Martin ML, Lieberman PM, Curran T (1996). "Fos-Jun dimerization promotes interaction of the basic region with TFIIE-34 and TFIIF". Mol. Cell. Biol. 16 (5): 2110–8. PMID 8628277.
- Yang L, Lanier ER, Kraig E (1997). "Identification of a novel, spliced variant of CREB that is preferentially expressed in the thymus". J. Immunol. 158 (6): 2522–5. S2CID 29299351.
- Shuman JD, Cheong J, Coligan JE (1997). "ATF-2 and C/EBPalpha can form a heterodimeric DNA binding complex in vitro. Functional implications for transcriptional regulation". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (19): 12793–800. PMID 9139739.
- Fukunaga R, Hunter T (1997). "MNK1, a new MAP kinase-activated protein kinase, isolated by a novel expression screening method for identifying protein kinase substrates". EMBO J. 16 (8): 1921–33. PMID 9155018.
- Kumar S, McDonnell PC, Gum RJ, Hand AT, Lee JC, Young PR (1997). "Novel homologues of CSBP/p38 MAP kinase: activation, substrate specificity and sensitivity to inhibition by pyridinyl imidazoles". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 235 (3): 533–8. PMID 9207191.
External links
- PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human Cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-2
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