User:Y-S.Ko/Wikipedia course2/Internal Medicine
medical profession
]]
- 1 the practice of medicine
- enduring values of the medical profession
- the science and art of medicine
- clinical skills
- history-taking
- physical examination
- diagnostic studies
- management of patient care
- team-based care
- the dichotomy of inpatient and outpatient internal medicine
- mitigating the stress of acute illness
- medical decision-making
- practice guidelines
- precision medicine
- evaluation of outcomes
- errors in the delivery of health care
- electronic medical records
- [[the patient–physician relationship
- expanding frontiers in medical practice
- further reading
- 2 promoting good health]]
- goals and approaches to prevention
- health promotion
- prioritizing prevention strategies
- prevention and health promotion across the life course
- periodic health evaluations
- healthy behaviors and lifestyles
- healthy eating patterns
- physical activity
- sleep hygiene
- weight management
- tobacco cessation
- vaccination
- mental health and addiction
- accidents and suicide
- approach to the patient
- further reading
- 3 vaccine opposition and hesitancy]]
- vaccine coverage and outbreaks
- north america
- outside north america
- [[factors in vaccine hesitancy
- social and cultural trends
- individualized health care
- parenting trends
- traditional media
- the internet and social media
- approach to the patient
- other considerations during clinical encounters
- conclusion
- focus: covid-19 vaccine hesitancy
- further reading
- vaccine coverage and outbreaks
- 4 decision-making in clinical medicine
- [[brief introduction to clinical reasoning
- diagnostic versus therapeutic decision-making
- nonclinical influences on clinical decision-making
- factors related to practice style
- practice setting factors
- payment systems
- interpretation of diagnostic tests
- diagnostic testing: measures of test accuracy
- measures of disease probability and bayes’ rule
- applications to diagnostic testing in cad
- statistical prediction models
- formal decision support tools
- decision support systems
- decision analysis
- diagnosis as an element of quality of care
- evidence-based medicine
- sources of evidence: clinical trials and registries
- meta-analysis
- clinical practice guidelines
- conclusions
- further reading
- 5 precision medicineand clinical care]]
- 6 screening and prevention of disease]]
- 7 global diversity of health system financing and delivery]]
- financing individual patient careservices in developed countries
- total health expenditures
- tax-funded systems
- social insurance–funded systems
- the united states
- delivering individual patient careservices in developed countries
- pharmaceuticals
- governance and regulation
- future challenges
- financing and providing health services in developing countries
- further reading
- financing individual patient careservices in developed countries
- 8 the safety and quality of health care]]
- 9 diagnosis: reducing errors and improving quality]]
- emergence of diagnosis error as an important patient safety issue
- new ways to think about diagnosis and diagnostic errors
- uncertainty in diagnosis
- don’t miss diagnoses and red flags
- diagnostic pitfalls
- diagnosis safety culture
- health information technology and the future of diagnosis
- diagnosis of diagnosis errors and safety: practical conclusions
- further reading
- 10 racial and ethnic disparities in health care
- 11 ethical issues in clinical medicine
- approaches to ethical problems
- ethically complex professional issues for physicians
- conflicts of interest
- ethical issues in clinical research
- emerging technologies
- global considerations
- conclusion
- further reading
- 12 palliative and end-of-life care
diseases presentation
]]
- section 1 pain]]
- [[13 pain: pathophysiology and management]]
- [[the pain sensory system
- treatment: acute pain
- chronic pain
- treatment: chronic pain
- antidepressant medications
- anticonvulsants and antiarrhythmics
- cannabinoids
- chronic opioid medication
- treatment of neuropathic pain
- treatment: chronic pain
- further reading
- [[14 chest discomfort
- epidemiology and natural history
- causes of chest discomfort
- approach to the patient: chest discomfort
- critical pathways for acute chest discomfort
- outpatient evaluation of chest discomfort
- further reading
- [[15 abdominal pain
- [[16 headache
- general principles
- anatomy and physiology of headache
- clinical evaluation of acute, new-onset headache
- secondary headache
- meningitis
- intracranial hemorrhage
- brain tumor
- temporal arteritis
- glaucoma
- primary headachedisorders]]
- primary care and headachemanagement
- [[17 back and neck pain
- anatomy of the spine
- approach to the patient: back pain
- causes of back pain
- lumbar disk disease
- degenerative conditions
- spondylosis and spondylolisthesis
- neoplasms
- infections/inflammation
- trauma
- metabolic causes
- autoimmune inflammatory arthritis
- congenital anomalies of the lumbar spine
- referred pain from visceral disease
- other causes of back pain
- postural back pain
- idiopathic
- global considerations
- treatment: back pain
- pain in the neck and shoulder
- treatment: neck pain without radiculopathy
- treatment: neck pain with radiculopathy
- further reading
- [[13 pain: pathophysiology and management]]
- section 2 alterations in body temperature]]
- [[18 fever
- [[19 fever and rash
- approach to the patient: fever and rash
- classification of rash
- centrally distributed maculopapulareruptions
- peripheral eruptions
- confluent desquamativeerythemas
- vesiculobullous or pustular eruptions
- urticaria-like eruptions
- nodular eruptions
- purpuric eruptions
- eruptions with ulcers or eschars
- further reading
- [[20 fever of unknown origin
- section 3 nervous system dysfunction]]
- [[21 syncope
- [[22 dizziness and vertigo
- approach to the patient: dizziness
- differential diagnosis and treatment
- [[acute prolonged vertigo (Vestibular neuritis)]]
- benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
- vestibular migraine
- Ménière’s disease
- vestibular schwannoma
- bilateral vestibular hypofunction
- central vestibular disorders
- psychosomatic and functional dizziness
- treatment: vertigo
- further reading
- [[23 fatigue
- epidemiology and global considerations
- differential diagnosis
- psychiatric disease
- neurologic disease
- sleep disorders
- endocrine disorders
- liver and kidney disease
- obesity
- physical inactivity
- malnutrition
- infection
- drugs
- cardiovascular and pulmonary disorders
- malignancy
- hematologic disorders
- immune-mediated disorders
- pregnancy
- disorders of unclear cause
- approach to the patient: fatigue
- treatment: fatigue
- prognosis
- further reading
- [[24 neurologic causes of weakness and paralysis
- pathogenesis
- distribution of weakness
- hemiparesis
- paraparesis
- quadriparesis or generalized weakness
- monoparesis
- distal weakness
- proximal weakness
- weakness in a restricted distribution
- further reading
- [[25 tingling, and sensory loss
- [[26 imbalance, and falls]]
- [[27 confusion and delirium
- [[28 coma
- [[29 dementia
- [[30 memory loss, and other cognitive disorders]]
- the left perisylvian network for language and aphasias
- clinical examination
- Wernicke’s aphasia
- Broca's aphasia
- conduction aphasia
- transcortical aphasias: fluent and nonfluent]]
- global and isolation aphasias
- anomic aphasia
- pure word deafness
- pure alexia without agraphia
- aphemia
- gerstmann’s syndrome
- pragmatics and prosody
- subcortical aphasia
- agrammatic ppa
- semantic ppa
- logopenic ppa
- the parietofrontal network for spatial orientation
- the occipitotemporal network forface and object recognition
- limbic network for explicit memory and amnesia
- clinical examination
- causes, including alzheimer’s disease
- the prefrontal network for executive function and behavior
- clinical examination
- causes: trauma, neoplasm, and frontotemporal dementia
- caring for patients with deficits of higher cerebral function
- further reading
- the left perisylvian network for language and aphasias
- [[31 sleep disorders
- physiology of sleep and wakefulness
- disorders of sleep and wakefulness
- approach to the patient: sleep disorders
- evaluation of daytime sleepiness
- insufficient sleep
- sleep apnea syndromes
- narcolepsy
- [[evaluation of insomnia
- psychophysiological factors
- inadequate sleep hygiene
- psychiatric conditions
- medications and drugs of abuse
- medical conditions
- neurologic disorders
- treatment: insomnia
- restless legs syndrome
- periodic limb movement disorder
- parasomnias
- sleepwalking (Somnambulism)
- sleep terrors
- sleep enuresis
- sleep bruxism
- rem sleep behavior disorder (Rbd)
- circadian rhythm sleep disorders
- delayed sleep-wake phase disorder
- advanced sleep-wake phase disorder
- non-24-h sleep-wake rhythm disorder
- shift-work disorder
- treatment: shift-work disorder
- jet lag disorder
- medical implications of circadianrhythmicity
- further reading
- section 4 disorders of eyes, ears, nose, and throat]]
- [[32 disorders of the eye
- [[the human visual system
- clinical assessment of visual function
- refractive state
- visual acuity
- pupils
- eye movements and alignment]]
- stereopsis
- color vision
- visual fields
- disorders
- red or painful eye
- corneal abrasions
- subconjunctival hemorrhage
- pinguecula
- blepharitis
- dacryocystitis
- conjunctivitis
- allergic conjunctivitis
- keratoconjunctivitis sicca
- keratitis
- herpes simplex keratitis
- herpes zoster ophthalmicus
- episcleritis
- anterior uveitis
- posterior uveitis
- acute angle-closure glaucoma
- endophthalmitis
- transient or sudden visual loss
- leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy
- toxic optic neuropathy
- papilledema
- optic disc drusen
- vitreous degeneration
- retinal detachment
- classic migraine
- transient ischemic attacks
- stroke
- factitious (Functional, nonorganic) Visual loss
- chronic visual loss
- proptosis
- Graves' ophthalmopathy
- orbital pseudotumor
- orbital cellulitis
- tumors
- carotid cavernous fistula
- ptosis
- blepharoptosis
- mechanical ptosis
- aponeurotic ptosis
- myogenic ptosis
- neurogenic ptosis
- [[double vision (Diplopia)]]
- red or painful eye
- further reading
- 33 disorders of smell and taste
- [[34 disorders of hearing
- physiology of hearing
- disorders of the sense of hearing
- genetic causes of hearing loss
- approach to the patient: disorders of the sense of hearing
- laboratory assessment of hearing
- audiologic assessment
- evoked responses
- imaging studies
- treatment: disorders of the sense of hearing
- prevention
- further reading
- [[35 earache, sinus symptoms, and sore throat
- upper respiratory infections
- [[nonspecific upper respiratory infection (“the common cold”)]]
- definition and etiology
- symptoms and signs
- treatment: nonspecific upper respiratory infection
- ear pain
- otitis externa
- etiology and clinical manifestations
- malignant otitis externa
- treatment: otitis externa
- acute otitis media
- epidemiology and etiology
- symptoms and signs
- treatment: acute otitis media
- otitis media with effusion
- definition and etiology
- symptoms and signs
- treatment: otitis media with effusion
- acute mastoiditis
- etiology
- symptoms and signs
- evaluation
- evaluation
- differential diagnosis
- treatment: mastoiditis
- otitis externa
- sinus symptoms
- acute sinusitis
- definition and etiology
- symptoms and signs
- complications
- treatment: acute sinusitis
- chronic sinusitis
- definition and etiology
- symptoms and signs
- evaluation
- treatment: chronic sinusitis
- sore throat and neck pain]]
- further reading
- 36 oral manifestations of disease
- diseases of the teeth and periodontal structures
- dental caries, pulpal and periapical disease, and complications]]
- periodontal disease
- prevention of tooth decay and periodontal infection
- developmental and systemic disease affecting the teeth and periodontium
- [[diseases of the oral mucosa
- infections
- pigmented lesions
- dermatologic diseases
- diseases of the tongue
- HIV disease and AIDS
- ulcers
- hematologic and nutritional disease
- [[nondental causes of oral pain
- further reading
- diseases of the teeth and periodontal structures
- [[32 disorders of the eye
- section 5 alterations in circulatory and respiratory functions]]
- [[37 dyspnea
- [[38 cough
- [[39 hemoptysis
- [[40 hypoxia and cyanosis
- hypoxia
- cyanosis
- differential diagnosis
- central cyanosis
- peripheral cyanosis
- approach to the patient
- differential diagnosis
- clubbing
- further reading
- [[41 edema
- plasma and interstitial fluid exchange
- reduction of effective arterial volume
- renal factors and the reninangiotensin-aldosterone system
- arginine vasopressin
- endothelin-1
- natriuretic peptides
- clinical causes of edema
- generalized edema
- localized edema
- distribution of edema
- approach to the patient
- further reading
- plasma and interstitial fluid exchange
- [[42 approach to the patient with a heart murmur
- [[43 palpitations
- [[37
- section 6 alterations in gastrointestinal function]]
- [[44 dysphagia
- [[45 nausea, vomiting, and indigestion
- [[46 diarrhea and constipation
- normal physiology
- diarrhea
- definition
- acute diarrhea
- infectious agents
- other causes
- approach to the patient
- treatment
- chronic diarrhea
- constipation
- further reading
- [[47 unintentional weight loss
- [[48 gastrointestinal bleeding
- [[49 jaundice
- [[50 abdominal swelling and ascites
- section 7 alterations in renal and urinary tract function]]
- [[51 interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome]]
- [[52 azotemia and urinary abnormalities
- azotemia
- assessment of gfr
- approach to the patient
- prerenal failure
- postrenal azotemia
- intrinsic renal disease
- oliguria and anuria
- abnormalities of the urine
- proteinuria
- hematuria, pyuria, and casts]]
- abnormalities of urine volume
- azotemia
- 53 fluid and electrolyte disturbances
- 54 hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia
- [[55 acidosis and alkalosis
- normal acid-base homeostasis
- diagnosis of general types of disturbances
- approach to the patient: acid-base disorders
- metabolic acidosis
- metabolic alkalosis
- respiratory acidosis
- respiratory alkalosis
- section 8 alterations in the skin]]
- [[56 approach to the patient with a skin disorder
- [[57 cutaneous infections, acne, and other common skin disorders]]
- eczema and dermatitis
- atopic dermatitis
- lichen simplex chronicus
- contact dermatitis
- hand eczema
- nummular eczema
- asteatotic eczema
- stasis dermatitis and stasis ulceration
- seborrheic dermatitis
- papulosquamous disorders
- cutaneous infections
- furunculosis
- erysipelas and cellulitis
- dermatophytosis
- tinea(Pityriasis) Versicolor]]
- candidiasis
- warts
- herpes simplex
- herpes zoster
- acne
- acne vulgaris
- acne rosacea
- [[skin diseases and smallpox vaccination
- further reading
- eczema and dermatitis
- [[58 skin manifestations of internal disease
- [[59 immunologically mediated skin diseases
- 60 cutaneous drug reactions
- use of prescription drugs in theunited states
- incidence of cutaneous reactions
- pathogenesis of drug reactions
- clinical presentation of cutaneous drug reactions
- nonimmune cutaneous reactions
- immune cutaneous reactions: common
- maculopapular eruptions
- pruritus
- urticaria/angioedema/anaphylaxis
- anaphylactoid reactions
- irritant/allergic contact dermatitis
- fixed drug eruptions
- immune cutaneous reactions: rare and severe
- management of the patient with suspected drug eruption
- further reading
- 61 photosensitivity and other reactions to sunlight
- [[56 approach to the patient with a
- section 9 hematologic alterations]]
- 62 interpreting peripheral blood smears
- normal peripheral blood smear
- reticulocyte count preparation
- hypochromic microcytic anemia of iron deficiency
- iron deficiency anemia next to normal red blood cells
- polychromatophilia
- macrocytosis
- hypersegmented neutrophils
- spherocytosis
- rouleaux formation
- red cell agglutination
- fragmented red cells
- sickle cells
- target cells
- elliptocytosis
- stomatocytosis
- acanthocytosis
- howell-jolly bodies
- teardrop cells and nucleated red blood cells characteristic of myelofibrosis
- myelofibrosis of the bone marrow
- reticulin stain of marrow myelofibrosis
- stippled red cell in lead poisoning
- heinz bodies
- giant platelets
- normal granulocytes
- normal monocytes
- pelger-hüet anomaly
- döhle body
- chédiak-higashi disease
- 63 anemia and polycythemia
- hematopoiesis and the physiologicbasis of red cell production
- anemia
- polycythemia
- further reading
- 64 disorders of granulocytes and monocytes
- 65 bleeding and thrombosis
- 66 enlargement of lymph nodes and spleen
- lymphadenopathy
- splenomegaly
- splenectomy
- [[further reading
- 62 interpreting peripheral blood smears
pharmacology
]]
- 67 principles of clinical pharmacology]]
- global considerations
- indications for drug therapy: risk versus benefit
- adverse effects
- therapeutic index
- principles of pharmacokinetics
- absorption and bioavailability
- drug transport
- drug metabolism
- plasma half-life
- drug distribution
- drug elimination
- active drug metabolites
- the concept of high-risk pharmacokinetics
- principles of pharmacodynamics
- principles of dose selection
- effects of disease on drug concentration and response
- interactions between drugs
- adverse drug reactions
- the drug development process
- summary
- further reading
- 68 pharmacogenomics]]
- principles of genetic variation and drug response
- types of genetic variants influencing drug response
- candidate gene approaches
- genome-wide association studies
- genetic variants affecting pharmacokinetics
- genetic variants affecting pharmacodynamics
- incorporating pharmacogenetic information into clinical practice
- genetics and drug development
- summary
- [[further reading
- principles of genetic variation and drug response
oncology and hematology
]]
- section 1 neoplastic disorders]]
- 69 approach to the patient with cancer
- the magnitude of the problem
- patient management
- long-term follow-up/latecomplications
- supportive care
- pain
- nausea
- effusions
- nutrition
- psychosocial support
- death and dying
- end-of-life decisions
- further reading
- 70 prevention and early detection of cancer
- 71 cancer genetics
- cancer is a genetic disease
- historical perspective
- the clonal origin and multistep nature of cancer
- two types of cancer genes: oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes
- oncogenes in human cancer
- mechanisms of oncogene activation
- chromosomal instability in solid tumors
- tumor-suppressor gene inactivation in cancer
- familial cancer syndromes
- genetic testing for familial cancer
- viruses in human cancer
- cancer genomes
- tumor heterogeneity
- personalized cancer detection and treatment
- the future
- further reading
- 72 cancer cell biology
- cancer cell biology
- cancer as an organ that ignores its niche
- cell cycle checkpoints
- cellular senescence
- signal transduction pathways in cancer cells
- cancer-specific genetic changes and synthetic lethality
- epigenetic influences on cancer gene transcription
- apoptosis and other mechanisms of cell death
- metastasis
- cancer stem cells
- plasticity and resistance
- cancer metabolism
- tumor microenvironment, angiogenesis, and immune evasion
- obesity and cancer
- mechanisms of tumor vessel formation
- antiangiogenic therapy
- evasion of the immune system by cancers
- summary
- further reading
- 73 principles of cancer treatment
- cancer presentation
- cancer treatment
- localized cancer treatments
- systemic cancer treatments
- systemic cancer therapy overview
- cancer biologic therapy
- antibody-mediated therapeutic approaches
- nontargeted immunomodulators
- cytokines
- t cell–mediated therapies
- oncolytic viruses
- cancer cytotoxic therapy
- cancer molecular targeted therapy
- hormone receptor–directed therapy
- non-receptor-linked tyrosine kinase antagonists
- receptor-linked tyrosine kinase antagonists
- ras/raf/mek antagonists
- multikinase inhibitors
- cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors
- protein homeostasis modulators
- chromatin-modifying agents
- cancer cell metabolism modulators
- dna repair pathway modulators
- miscellaneous targeted therapies
- systemic radiation therapy
- resistance to cancer treatments
- supportive care during cancer treatment
- myelosuppression
- nausea and vomiting
- diarrhea
- mucositis
- alopecia
- gonadal dysfunction and pregnancy
- palliative and supportive care
- further reading
- 74 infections in patients with cancer
- 75 oncologic emergencies
- structural-obstructive oncologicemergencies
- superior vena cava syndrome
- pericardial effusion/tamponade
- intestinal obstruction
- urinary obstruction
- malignant biliary obstruction
- spinal cord compression
- increased intracranial pressure
- neoplastic meningitis
- seizures
- pulmonary and intracerebral leukostasis
- hemoptysis
- airway obstruction
- metabolic emergencies
- hypercalcemia
- syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone
- lactic acidosis
- hypoglycemia
- adrenal insufficiency
- treatment-related emergencies
- further reading
- structural-obstructive oncologicemergencies
- 76 cancer of the skin
- 77 head and neck cancer
- 78 neoplasms of the lung
- epidemiology
- risk factors
- pathology
- immunohistochemistry
- molecular pathogenesis
- early detection and screening
- clinical manifestations
- diagnosing lung cancer
- staging lung cancer
- treatment: non-small-cell lung cancer
- treatment: small-cell lung cancer
- thymic tumors
- covid-19 and lung cancer
- summary
- further reading
- epidemiology
- 79 breast cancer
- introduction and background
- epidemiology and risk factors
- prevention of breast cancer
- screening for breast cancer
- evaluation of breast masses
- pathologic findings of the breast
- staging and diagnostic considerations
- treatment
- general considerations
- local (Primary) Treatments
- adjuvant systemic therapies
- stage iii breast cancer
- simultaneous new primary with detectable metastases
- breast cancer survivorship issues
- metastatic disease
- systemic treatments for metastatic breast cancer
- breast cancer in pregnancy
- male breast cancer
- further reading
- 80 upper gastrointestinal tract cancers
- esophageal cancer
- tumors of the stomach
- gastric lymphomas
- uncommon tumors of the esophagus and stomach
- neuroendocrine tumors
- gastrointestinal stromal tumors
- small-bowel neoplasms
- small-bowel gastrointestinal stromal tumors
- carcinoid (Neuroendocrine) Tumors of the small bowel
- benign neoplasms of the small bowel
- further reading
- 81 lower gastrointestinal cancers
- 82 tumors of the liver and biliary tree
- hepatocellular carcinoma
- cholangiocarcinoma
- epidemiology, risk factors, and molecular traits
- intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
- treatment
- extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
- gallbladder cancer
- other malignant liver tumors
- benign liver tumors
- further reading
- 83 pancreatic cancer
- 84 gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors
- incidence and prevalence
- histologic classification and molecular features
- clinical presentation and management of localized pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors
- clinical presentation and management of localized extrapancreatic gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors
- clinical presentation, diagnosis, and evaluation of patients with metastatic neuroendocrine tumors
- management of symptoms of hormone hypersecretion and the carcinoid syndrome
- diagnosis and treatment of the carcinoid syndrome
- carcinoid crisis
- carcinoid heart disease
- hepatic-directed therapy for metastatic nets
- systemic treatment to control tumor growth
- somatostatin analogues
- peptide receptor radioligand therapy
- alkylating agents
- small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors
- further reading
- 85 renal cell carcinoma
- epidemiology
- pathology and genetics
- clinical presentation
- staging and prognosis
- treatment
- global considerations
- further reading
- 86 cancer of the bladder and urinary tract
- 87 benign and malignant diseases of the prostate
- 88 testicular cancer
- incidence
- global considerations
- epidemiology
- biology
- pathology
- initial presentation
- signs and symptoms
- physical examination
- diagnostic testing
- serum tumor markers
- initial management
- stage-based management
- relapsed disease
- extragonadal gcts
- testicular non–germ cell tumors
- survivorship and late effects
- further reading
- 89 gynecologic malignancies
- 90 primary and metastatic tumors of the nervous system
- approach to the patient
- treatment: brain tumors
- primary brain tumors
- intrinsic “malignant” tumors
- diffuse gliomas
- astrocytomas
- oligodendroglioma
- ependymomas
- other less common gliomas
- primary central nervous system lymphoma
- medulloblastomas
- pineal region tumors
- extrinsic “benign” tumors
- meningiomas
- schwannomas
- pituitary tumors
- craniopharyngiomas
- other benign tumors
- dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors (Dnts)
- epidermoid cysts
- dermoid cysts
- colloid cysts
- neurocutaneous syndromes (Phakomatoses)
- neurofibromatosis type 1 (Von recklinghausen’s disease)
- neurofibromatosis type 2
- tuberous sclerosis (Bourneville disease)
- tumors metastatic to the brain
- leptomeningeal metastases
- epidural metastasis
- neurologic toxicity of therapy
- further reading
- 91 soft tissue and bone sarcomas and bone metastases
- 92 carcinoma of unknown primary
- 93 paraneoplastic syndromes: endocrinologic/hematologic
- endocrine paraneoplastic syndromes
- hypercalcemia caused by ectopic production of pthrp
- ectopic vasopressin: tumor-associated syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
- cushing’s syndrome caused by ectopic acth production
- tumor-induced hypoglycemia caused by excess production of insulin-like growth factor type ii
- human chorionic gonadotropin
- oncogenic osteomalacia
- consumptive hypothyroidism
- hematologic syndromes
- erythrocytosis
- granulocytosis
- thrombocytosis
- eosinophilia
- thrombophlebitis and deep venous thrombosis
- miscellaneous remote effects ofcancer
- further reading
- endocrine paraneoplastic syndromes
- 94 paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes and autoimmune encephalitis
- pathogenesis
- approach to the patient: paraneoplastic neurologic disorders
- specific paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes
- paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis and focal encephalitis with antibodies against intracellular neuronal proteins
- encephalitides with antibodies to cell-surface or synaptic proteins
- paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration
- paraneoplastic opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome
- paraneoplastic syndromes of the spinal cord
- paraneoplastic stiff-person syndrome
- paraneoplastic sensory neuronopathy or dorsal root ganglionopathy
- paraneoplastic peripheral neuropathies
- lambert-eaton myasthenic syndrome
- myasthenia gravis
- polymyositis-dermatomyositis
- immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy
- paraneoplastic visual syndromes
- further reading
- 95 cancer survivorship and the long-term impact of cancer and its treatment
- cardiovascular dysfunction
- pulmonary dysfunction
- immune system dysfunction
- reproductive and endocrine dysfunction
- neurologic dysfunction
- hepatic and gastrointestinal dysfunction
- renal and bladder dysfunction
- psychological dysfunction and socioeconomic impact of survivorship
- cancer survivorship care plans
- outlook
- [[further reading
- 69 approach to the patient with cancer
]]
- section 2 hematopoietic disorders]]
- 96 hematopoietic stem cells
- 97 iron deficiency and other hypoproliferative anemias
- iron metabolism
- iron-deficiency anemia
- other hypoproliferative anemias
- further reading
- 98 disorders of hemoglobin
- 99 megaloblastic anemias
- cobalamin
- folate
- biochemical basis of megaloblastic anemia
- clinical features
- hematologic findings
- peripheral blood
- bone marrow
- chromosomes
- ineffective hematopoiesis
- causes of cobalamin deficiency
- causes of folate deficiency
- diagnosis of cobalamin and folate deficiencies
- treatment
- megaloblastic anemia not due to cobalamin or folate deficiency or altered metabolism
- 100 hemolytic anemias
- definitions
- general clinical and laboratoryfeatures
- general pathophysiology
- inherited hemolytic anemias
- acquired hemolytic anemia
- further reading
- 101 anemia due to acute blood loss
- 102 bone marrow failure syndromes including aplastic anemia and myelodysplasia
- aplastic anemia
- definition
- epidemiology
- etiology
- pathophysiology
- clinical features
- laboratory studies
- diagnosis
- prognosis
- treatment
- pure red cell aplasia
- myelodysplastic syndromes
- myelophthisic anemias
- further reading
- aplastic anemia
- 103 polycythemia vera and other myeloproliferative neoplasms
- 104 acute myeloid leukemia
- incidence
- etiology
- classification
- prognostic factors
- clinical presentation
- treatment
- further reading
- 105 chronic myeloid leukemia
- 106 acute lymphoid leukemia
- incidence and age
- etiology
- congenital disorders
- infectious agents
- diagnosis and classification
- peripheral blood
- bone marrow examination
- lumbar puncture
- morphologic subtypes in all
- immunologic subtypes
- cytogenetic and molecular analysis
- minimal residual disease
- molecular response after induction therapy and impact on outcome
- prognostic factors, risk stratification, and mrd
- treatment principles
- pre-phase therapy
- induction therapy
- postremission consolidation
- maintenance therapy
- treatment of all patients according to age
- prophylaxis and treatment of central nervous system leukemia
- stem cell transplantation
- pediatric-inspired therapies for adolescents and young adults
- adult all
- elderly all
- targeted therapies
- tyrosine kinase inhibitors in philadelphia-positive all
- immunotherapeutic approaches
- treatment of t-all
- conclusion and future directions
- further reading
- 107 chronic lymphocytic leukemia
- epidemiology
- biology and pathophysiology
- cell of origin
- b-cell receptor signaling in cll
- cytogenetic abnormalities
- gene mutations and mir alterations
- immunology
- clinical presentation and diagnosisof cll
- monoclonal b-cell lymphocytosis
- complications of cll
- workup of cll and approach to therapy
- conclusion
- further reading
- 108 non-hodgkin’s lymphoma
- epidemiology and etiology
- immunology
- approach to the patient
- clinical features, treatment, and prognosis of specific nhl
- mature b-cell neoplasms
- burkitt’s lymphoma
- diffuse large b-cell lymphoma
- follicular lymphoma
- marginal zone lymphoma
- lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma
- mantle cell lymphoma
- mature (Peripheral) T cell disorders
- mature b-cell neoplasms
- further reading
- 109 hodgkin’s lymphoma
- 110 less common lymphoid and myeloid malignancies
- rare lymphoid malignancies
- mature b-cell neoplasms
- mature t-cell and nk cell neoplasms
- t-cell prolymphocytic leukemia
- t-cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia
- aggressive nk cell leukemia
- extranodal nk/t-cell lymphoma, nasal type
- enteropathy-type t-cell lymphoma
- hepatosplenic t-cell lymphoma
- subcutaneous panniculitis-like t-cell lymphoma
- blastic nk cell lymphoma
- primary cutaneous cd30+ t-cell lymphoma
- angioimmunoblastic t-cell lymphoma
- rare myeloid malignancies
- chronic neutrophilic leukemia
- atypical chronic myeloid leukemia
- chronic myelomonocytic leukemia
- juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia
- mds/mpn, unclassifiable (Mds/mpn-u)
- mds/mpn with ring sideroblasts and thrombocytosis (Mds/mpn-rs-t)
- myeloproliferative neoplasm, unclassifiable (Mpn-u)
- myeloid neoplasms with germline predisposition
- transient myeloproliferative disorder (Tmd)
- primary eosinophilia
- mastocytosis
- dendritic and histiocytic neoplasms
- further reading
- rare lymphoid malignancies
- 111 plasma cell disorders
- multiple myeloma
- waldenström’s macroglobulinemia
- poems syndrome
- heavy chain diseases
- further reading
- 112 amyloidosis
- 113 transfusion therapy and biology
- blood components
- blood group antigens and antibodies
- clinical indications and efficacy assessment of blood components
- adverse reactions to blood components
- alternatives and perspectives
- further reading
- 114 hematopoietic cell transplantation
- the hematopoietic stem cell
- categories of hematopoietic celltransplantation
- the transplant preparative regimen
- treatment
- immunodeficiency disorders
- aplastic anemia
- hemoglobinopathies
- other nonmalignant diseases
- acute leukemia
- chronic leukemia
- myelodysplasia and myeloproliferativedisorders
- lymphoma
- myeloma
- solid tumors
- posttransplant relapse
- further reading
- section 3 disorders of hemostasis]]
- 115 disorders of platelets and vessel wall
- the platelet
- the vessel wall
- disorders of platelets
- thrombocytopenia
- thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and hemolytic-uremic syndrome
- thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
- hemolytic-uremic syndrome
- thrombocytosis
- qualitative disorders of platelet function
- von willebrand disease
- disorders of the vessel wall
- further reading
- 116 coagulation disorders
- hemophilia a and b
- factor xi deficiency
- rare bleeding disorders
- familial multiple coagulation deficiencies
- disseminated intravascular coagulation
- vitamin k deficiency
- coagulation disorders associated with liver failure
- further reading
- 117 arterial and venous thrombosis
- 118 antiplatelet, anticoagulant, and fibrinolytic drugs
- antiplatelet drugs
- anticoagulants
- parenteral anticoagulants
- oral anticoagulants
- warfarin
- direct oral anticoagulants
- fibrinolytic drugs
- conclusions and future directions
- [[further reading
- 115 disorders of platelets and vessel wall
infectious
]]
- section 1 basic considerations in infectious diseases]]
- 119 approach to the patient with an infectious disease
- 120 molecular mechanisms of microbial pathogenesis
- 121 microbial genomics and infectious disease
- 122 approach to the acutely ill infected febrile patient
- approach to the patient
- treatment
- specific presentations
- sepsis without an obvious focus of primary infection
- sepsis with skin manifestations
- meningococcemia
- rocky mountain spotted fever and other rickettsial diseases
- purpura fulminans
- ecthyma gangrenosum
- other infections associated with rash
- erythroderma
- viral hemorrhagic fevers
- sepsis with a soft tissue/muscle primary focus
- necrotizing fasciitis
- clostridial myonecrosis
- neurologic infections with or without septic shock
- bacterial meningitis
- suppurative intracranial infections
- brain abscess
- cerebral malaria
- intracranial and spinal epidural abscesses
- other focal syndromes with afulminant course
- rhinocerebral mucormycosis
- acute bacterial endocarditis
- inhalational anthrax
- viral respiratory tract illness
- avian and swine influenza
- sars, covid-19, and mers
- hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
- clostridioides difficile infection
- summary
- further reading
- 123 immunization principles and vaccine use
- vaccine impact
- immunization practice standards
- vaccine information statements
- storage and handling
- administration of vaccines
- maintenance of vaccine records
- vaccine safety monitoring and adverse event reporting
- consumer access to and demand for immunization
- strategies for providers and health care facilities
- vaccination in nonmedical settings
- performance monitoring
- future trends
- further reading
- 124 health recommendations for international travel
- epidemiology of travel-related conditions
- general approach to advising international travelers
- immunizations for travelers
- prevention of arthropod-borne infections
- malaria prevention
- prevention of other arthropod-borne infections
- gastrointestinal illness
- prevention of other travel-related problems
- activity-specific infection risks
- venous thromboembolism
- altitude illness
- jet lag
- injuries
- travelers with preexisting medical conditions
- other pre-travel preparations
- special travel populations
- post-travel medical care
- outbreaks and emerging infectious diseases
- further reading
- 125 climate change and infectious disease
- overview
- greenhouse gases
- temperature
- precipitation
- hurricanes
- sea level rise
- el niño southern oscillation
- population migration and conflict
- effects of climate change on infectious disease
- vector-borne disease
- waterborne disease
- climate change, population displacement, and infectious disease epidemics
- a broader view of climate change and health
- further reading
- overview
- section 2 clinical syndromes: community-acquired infections]]
- 126 pneumonia
- 127 lung abscess
- 128 infective endocarditis
- 129 infections of the skin, muscles, and soft tissues
- anatomic relationships: clues to the diagnosis of soft tissue infections
- infections associated with vesicles
- infections associated with bullae
- infections associated with crusted lesions
- folliculitis
- papular and nodular lesions
- ulcers with or without eschars
- erysipelas
- cellulitis
- necrotizing fasciitis
- myositis and myonecrosis
- diagnosis
- treatment
- further reading
- 130 infectious arthritis
- 131 osteomyelitis
- 132 intraabdominal infections and abscesses
- 133 acute infectious diarrheal diseases and bacterial food poisoning
- pathogenic mechanisms
- host defenses
- intestinal microbiota
- gastric acid
- intestinal motility
- intestinal mucin
- immunity
- genetic determinants
- approach to the patient
- epidemiology
- travel history
- location
- age
- host immune status
- bacterial food poisoning
- laboratory evaluation
- treatment
- prophylaxis
- further reading
- 134 clostridioides difficile infection, including pseudomembranous colitis
- 135 urinary tract infections, pyelonephritis, and prostatitis
- 136 sexually transmitted infections: overview and clinical approach
- classification and epidemiology
- management of common sexually transmitted disease (Std) Syndromes
- prevention and control of stis
- sti risk assessment
- further reading
- 137 encephalitis
- 138 acute meningitis
- bacterial meningitis
- viral meningitis
- subacute meningitis
- further reading
- 139 chronic and recurrent meningitis
- 140 brain abscess and empyema
- brain abscess
- definition
- epidemiology
- etiology
- pathogenesis and histopathology
- clinical presentation
- diagnosis
- differential diagnosis
- treatment
- prognosis
- nonbacterial causes of infectious focal cns lesions
- subdural empyema
- epidemiology
- etiology
- pathophysiology
- clinical presentation
- diagnosis
- differential diagnosis
- treatment
- prognosis
- cranial epidural abscess
- etiology and pathophysiology
- clinical presentation
- diagnosis
- treatment
- prognosis
- suppurative thrombophlebitis
- further reading
- brain abscess
- 141 infectious complications of bites
- dog bites
- cat bites
- other animal bites
- human bites
- approach to the patient
- treatment
- further reading
- section 3 clinical syndromes: health care–associated infections]]
- 142 infections acquired in health care facilities
- organization, responsibilities, and scrutiny of health care–associated infection programs
- surveillance
- epidemiologic basis and general measures for prevention and control
- nosocomial and device-relatedinfections
- urinary tract infections
- pneumonia
- surgical-site (Wound) Infections
- infections related to vascular access and monitoring
- isolation techniques
- epidemic and emerging problems
- viral respiratory infections: coronavirus epidemics and pandemic influenza
- other emerging viral pathogens
- nosocomial diarrhea
- chickenpox
- mycobacteria
- group a streptococcal infections
- fungal infections
- legionellosis
- antibiotic-resistant bacteria: surveillance, control, and antibiotic and diagnostic stewardship
- bioterrorism and other surge-event preparedness
- employee health service issues
- further reading
- 143 infections in transplant recipients
- pretransplantation evaluation
- infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients
- bacterial infections
- fungal infections
- parasitic infections
- viral infections
- global considerations
- kidney transplantation
- heart transplantation
- lung transplantation
- liver transplantation
- pancreas transplantation
- composite-tissue transplantation
- miscellaneous infections in solid organ transplantation
- vaccination of transplant recipients
- in memoriam
- further reading
- 142 infections acquired in health care facilities
- section 4 therapy for bacterial diseases]]
- 144 treatment and prophylaxis of bacterial infections
- mechanisms of action
- inhibition of cell wall synthesis
- inhibition of protein synthesis
- aminoglycosides
- tetracyclines
- macrolides and ketolides
- lincosamides
- streptogramins
- chloramphenicol
- oxazolidinones
- pleuromutilins
- mupirocin
- inhibition of bacterial metabolism
- sulfonamides
- trimethoprim
- inhibition of dna and rna synthesis or activity
- quinolones
- rifamycins
- nitrofurantoin
- metronidazole
- disruption of membrane integrity
- polymyxins
- daptomycin
- pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
- approach to therapy
- clinical use of antibacterial agents
- β-lactams
- glycopeptides and lipoglycopeptides
- lipopeptides
- aminoglycosides
- macrolides and ketolides
- clindamycin
- tetracyclines
- trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
- fluoroquinolones
- rifamycins
- metronidazole
- oxazolidinones
- pleuromutilins
- nitrofurantoin
- polymyxins
- quinupristin-dalfopristin
- fosfomycin
- chloramphenicol
- approach to prophylaxis of infection
- antimicrobial stewardship
- further reading
- 145 bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents
- definition of resistance
- mechanisms of resistance
- β-lactams
- glycopeptides and lipoglycopeptides
- aminoglycosides
- tetracyclines
- macrolides, ketolides, lincosamides, and streptogramins
- chloramphenicol
- oxazolidinones
- pleuromutilins
- mupirocin
- sulfonamides and trimethoprim
- quinolones
- rifampin and rifabutin
- metronidazole
- nitrofurantoin
- polymyxins
- daptomycin
- epidemiology of resistance and reduction of its occurrence
- further reading
- 144 treatment and prophylaxis of bacterial infections
- section 5 diseases caused by gram-positive bacteria]]
- 146 pneumococcal infections
- microbiology
- etiologic agent
- virulence factors
- epidemiology
- serotype distribution
- nasopharyngeal carriage
- invasive disease and pneumonia
- antibiotic resistance
- pathogenesis
- host defense mechanisms
- innate immunity
- acquired immunity
- approach to the patient
- clinical manifestations
- treatment
- prevention
- global health
- further reading
- websites
- microbiology
- 147 staphylococcal infections
- 148 streptococcal infections
- 149 enterococcal infections
- 150 diphtheria and other corynebacterial infections
- diphtheria
- etiology
- epidemiology
- pathogenesis and immunology
- approach to the patient
- clinical manifestations
- respiratory diphtheria
- cutaneous diphtheria
- infections due to non-diphtheriae corynebacterium species and nontoxigenic c. Diphtheriae
- other clinical manifestations
- complications
- diagnosis
- treatment
- diphtheria antitoxin
- antimicrobial therapy
- management strategies
- prognosis
- prevention
- other corynebacterial and rhodococcus infections
- further reading
- diphtheria
- 151 listeria monocytogenes infections
- 152 tetanus
- 153 botulism
- 154 gas gangrene and other clostridial infections
- etiologic agent
- epidemiology and transmission
- clinical syndromes
- further reading
- 146 pneumococcal infections
- section 6 diseases caused by gram-negative bacteria]]
- 155 meningococcal infections
- 156 gonococcal infections
- 157 haemophilus and moraxella infections
- 158 infections due to the hacek group and miscellaneous gram-negative bacteria
- 159 legionella infections
- 160 pertussis and other bordetella infections
- 161 diseases caused by gram-negative enteric bacilli
- general features and principles
- escherichia coli infections
- klebsiella infections
- proteus infections
- enterobacter and cronobacter infections
- serratia infections
- citrobacter infections
- morganella and providencia infections
- edwardsiella infections
- infections caused by miscellaneous genera
- further reading
- 162 acinetobacter infections
- definition
- etiology and epidemiology
- pathogenesis
- clinical manifestations
- pneumonia
- bloodstream infections
- skin and soft tissue infections
- urinary tract infections
- meningitis
- other miscellaneous infections
- treatment
- complications and prognosis
- infection control and prevention
- further reading
- 163 helicobacter pylori infections
- 164 infections due to pseudomonas, burkholderia, and stenotrophomonas species
- pseudomonas aeruginosa
- epidemiology
- laboratory features
- pathogenesis
- clinical manifestations
- bacteremia
- acute pneumonia
- chronic respiratory tract infections
- endovascular infections
- bone and joint infections
- central nervous system (Cns) Infections
- eye infections
- ear infections
- urinary tract infections
- skin and soft tissue infections
- infections in febrile neutropenic patients
- infections in patients with aids
- gastrointestinal infections
- multidrug-resistant infections
- burkholderia species
- stenotrophomonas maltophilia
- further reading
- pseudomonas aeruginosa
- 165 salmonellosis
- 166 shigellosis
- 167 infections due to campylobacter and related organisms
- 168 cholera and other vibrioses
- 169 brucellosis
- 170 tularemia
- definition
- francisella species, subspecies, and clades
- epidemiology
- pathogenesis
- clinical manifestations
- diagnosis
- nonspecific biologic findings
- radiologic findings
- clinical samples
- serologic diagnosis
- culture-based diagnosis
- molecular diagnosis
- optimized diagnostic strategy
- treatment
- antibiotic therapy
- surgical treatment
- prognosis
- prevention
- lack of human-to-human transmission
- exposure prevention
- postexposure prophylaxis
- vaccination
- further reading
- 171 plague and other yersinia infections
- 172 bartonella infections, including cat-scratch disease
- 173 donovanosis
- section 7 miscellaneous bacterial infections]]
- 174 nocardiosis
- 175 actinomycosis
- 176 whipple’s disease
- etiologic agent
- epidemiology
- pathogenesis and pathology
- clinical manifestations
- asymptomatic colonization/carriage
- acute infection
- chronic infection
- diagnosis
- treatment
- further reading
- 177 infections due to mixed anaerobic organisms
- section 8 mycobacterial diseases]]
- 178 tuberculosis
- etiologic agent
- epidemiology
- pathogenesis and immunity
- infection and macrophage invasion
- virulence of tubercle bacilli
- innate resistance to infection
- the host response, granuloma formation, and “latency”
- macrophage-activating response
- delayed-type hypersensitivity
- role of macrophages and monocytes
- role of t lymphocytes
- mycobacterial lipids and proteins
- skin-test reactivity
- clinical manifestations
- pulmonary tb
- extrapulmonary tb
- lymph node tb (Tuberculous lymphadenitis)
- pleural tb
- tb of the upper airways
- genitourinary tb
- skeletal tb
- tb of the central nervous system (Cns)
- gastrointestinal tb
- pericardial tb (Tuberculous pericarditis)
- miliary or disseminated tb
- less common extrapulmonary forms
- post-tb complications
- hiv-associated tb
- diagnosis
- treatment
- prevention
- further reading
- websites
- 179 leprosy
- etiology
- epidemiology
- pathogenesis
- clinical manifestations
- leprosy reactions
- diagnosis
- clinical diagnosis
- diagnostic tools
- differential diagnosis
- diagnostic tools for nerve function impairment
- treatment
- rehabilitation and social aspects
- physical rehabilitation
- mental and social support
- prevention and control
- further reading
- 180 nontuberculous mycobacterial infections
- 181 antimycobacterial agents
- tuberculosis
- general principles
- first-line antituberculosis drugs
- isoniazid
- rifampin
- pyrazinamide
- ethambutol
- other rifamycin drugs
- second-line antituberculosis drugs
- group a
- fluoroquinolones
- diarylquinolines
- oxazolidinones
- group b
- group c
- nitroimidazoles
- amoxicillin-clavulanate and carbapenems
- aminoglycosides
- ethionamide
- para-aminosalicylic acid
- group a
- drugs in development
- nontuberculous mycobacteria
- conclusion
- further reading
- tuberculosis
- 178 tuberculosis
- section 9 spirochetal diseases]]
- 182 syphilis
- definition
- etiology
- transmission and epidemiology
- natural course and pathogenesis ofuntreated syphilis
- clinical manifestations
- primary syphilis
- secondary syphilis
- latent syphilis
- reinfection syphilis
- involvement of the cns
- other manifestations of late syphilis
- congenital syphilis
- laboratory examinations
- treatment
- immunity to syphilis
- further reading
- 183 endemic treponematoses
- 184 leptospirosis
- 185 relapsing fever and borrelia miyamotoi disease
- 186 lyme borreliosis
- 182 syphilis
- section 10 diseases caused by rickettsiae, mycoplasmas, and chlamydiae]]
- 187 rickettsial diseases
- 188 infections due to mycoplasmas
- 189 chlamydial infections
- section 11 viral diseases: general considerations]]
- 190 principles of medical virology
- virus structure
- classification of viruses
- viral replication in cells
- viral effects on the host cell
- host antiviral responses and viral antagonistic mechanisms
- molecular epidemiology of viruses
- detection and quantification of viruses
- detection of virus-specific antibodies
- immunization against viral diseases
- antiviral therapeutics
- summary
- 191 antiviral chemotherapy, excluding antiretroviral drugs
- antiviral drugs for herpesvirus infections
- antiviral drugs for respiratory virus infections
- antiviral drugs for human papillomavirus and poxvirus infections
- investigational antiviral drugs for picornavirus
- antiviral drugs for hepatitis b virus infection
- antiviral drugs for hepatitis c infection
- further reading
- 190 principles of medical virology
- section 12 infections due to dna viruses]]
- 192 herpes simplex virus infections
- 193 varicella-zoster virus infections
- 194 epstein-barr virus infections, including infectious mononucleosis
- 195 cytomegalovirus and human herpesvirus types 6, 7, and 8
- 196 molluscum contagiosum, monkeypox, and other poxvirus infections
- 197 parvovirus infections
- 198 human papillomavirus infections
- section 13 infections due to dna and rna respiratory viruses]]
- 199 common viral respiratory infections, including covid-19
- anatomic sites in the humanrespiratory tract
- disease syndromes
- etiologic agents
- epidemiology
- approach to the patient
- clinical manifestations
- diagnosis
- treatment
- complications: co-infections
- prevention
- global considerations
- summary
- further reading
- 200 influenza
- 199 common viral respiratory infections, including covid-19
- section 14 infections due to human immunodeficiency virus and other human retroviruses]]
- 201 the human retroviruses
- 202 human immunodeficiency virus disease: aids and related disorders
- definition
- etiologic agent
- transmission
- epidemiology
- pathophysiology and pathogenesis
- early events in hiv infection: primary infection and initial dissemination of virus
- establishment of chronic infection
- advanced hiv disease
- long-term survivors, long-term nonprogressors, and elite controllers
- lymphoid organs and hiv pathogenesis
- the role of immune activation and inflammation in hiv pathogenesis
- cytokines and other soluble factors in hiv pathogenesis
- lymphocyte turnover in hiv infection
- the role of viral receptors and co-receptors in hiv pathogenesis
- cellular targets of hiv
- qualitative and quantitative abnormalities of mononuclear cells
- genetic factors in hiv-1 and aids pathogenesis
- neuropathogenesis in hiv disease
- pathogenesis of kaposi’s sarcoma
- immune response to hiv
- humoral immune response
- cellular immune response
- diagnosis and laboratory monitoring of hiv infection
- diagnosis of hiv infection
- laboratory monitoring of patients with hiv infection
- acute hiv infection
- the asymptomatic stage—clinical latency
- symptomatic disease
- diseases of the respiratory system
- diseases of the cardiovascular system
- diseases of the oropharynx and gastrointestinal system
- hepatobiliary diseases
- diseases of the kidney and genitourinary tract
- diseases of the endocrine system and metabolic disorders
- immunologic and rheumatologic diseases
- immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (Iris)
- diseases of the hematopoietic system
- dermatologic diseases
- neurologic diseases
- ophthalmologic diseases
- additional disseminated infections and wasting syndrome
- neoplastic diseases
- idiopathic cd4+ t lymphocytopenia
- treatment
- general principles of patient management
- antiretroviral therapy
- principles of therapy
- hiv and the health care worker
- hiv prevention
- further reading
- section 15 infections due to rna viruses]]
- 203 viral gastroenteritis
- 204 enterovirus, parechovirus, and reovirus infections
- enteroviruses
- classification and characterization
- pathogenesis and immunity
- epidemiology
- clinical features
- poliovirus infection
- paralytic poliomyelitis
- vaccine-associated poliomyelitis
- postpolio syndrome
- other enteroviruses
- nonspecific febrile illness (Summer grippe)
- generalized disease of the newborn
- aseptic meningitis and encephalitis
- acute flaccid myelitis
- pleurodynia (Bornholm disease)
- myocarditis and pericarditis
- exanthems
- hand-foot-and-mouth disease
- herpangina
- acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis
- other manifestations
- poliovirus infection
- diagnosis
- treatment
- prevention and eradication of poliovirus
- parechoviruses
- reoviruses
- further reading
- 205 measles (Rubeola)
- 206 rubella (German measles)
- 207 mumps
- 208 rabies and other rhabdovirus infections
- rabies
- other rhabdoviruses
- other lyssaviruses
- vesicular stomatitis virus
- further reading
- 209 arthropod-borne and rodent-borne virus infections
- 210 ebolavirus and marburgvirus infections
- section 16 fungal infections]]
- 211 pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of fungal infections
- definition and etiology
- pathogenesis
- diagnosis
- antifungal drugs
- amphotericin b
- azoles
- echinocandins
- flucytosine (5-fluorocytosine)
- griseofulvin and terbinafine
- topical antifungal agents
- further reading
- 212 histoplasmosis
- 213 coccidioidomycosis
- 214 blastomycosis
- 215 cryptococcosis
- 216 candidiasis
- 217 aspergillosis
- epidemiology and ecology
- risk factors and pathogenesis
- clinical features and approach to the patient
- invasive pulmonary aspergillosis
- invasive sinusitis
- tracheobronchitis
- aspergillus bronchitis
- disseminated aspergillosis
- cerebral aspergillosis
- endocarditis
- cutaneous aspergillosis
- chronic pulmonary aspergillosis
- aspergilloma
- aspergillus nodule
- chronic aspergillus sinusitis
- allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
- severe asthma with fungal sensitization (Safs)
- allergic fungal rhinosinusitis
- superficial aspergillosis
- diagnosis
- treatment
- prophylaxis
- outcome
- further reading
- 218 mucormycosis
- 219 less common systemic mycoses and superficial mycoses
- 220 pneumocystis infections
- 211 pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of fungal infections
- section 17 protozoal and helminthic infections: general considerations]]
- section 18 protozoal infections]]
- 223 amebiasis and infection with free-living amebae
- amebiasis
- definition
- life cycle and transmission
- epidemiology
- pathogenesis and pathology
- clinical syndromes
- intestinal amebiasis
- amebic liver abscess
- complications of amebic liver abscess
- involvement of other extraintestinal sites
- diagnostic tests
- treatment
- prevention
- infection with free-living amebae
- further reading
- 224 malaria
- etiology and pathogenesis
- pathophysiology
- erythrocyte changes
- host response
- clinical features
- severe falciparum malaria
- malaria in pregnancy
- malaria in children
- transfusion malaria
- chronic complications of malaria
- hyperreactive malarial splenomegaly
- quartan malarial nephropathy
- burkitt’s lymphoma and epstein-barr virus infection
- treatment
- global considerations
- malaria prevention
- further reading
- 225 babesiosis
- 226 leishmaniasis
- 227 chagas disease and african trypanosomiasis
- 228 toxoplasma infections
- 229 protozoal intestinal infections and trichomoniasis
- 223 amebiasis and infection with free-living amebae
- section 19 helminthic infections]]
- 230 introduction to helminthic infections
- nematodes
- cestodes
- trematodes
- conclusion
- 231 trichinellosis and other tissue nematode infections
- 232 intestinal nematode infections
- ascariasis
- hookworm
- strongyloidiasis
- trichuriasis
- enterobiasis (Pinworm)
- trichostrongyliasis
- anisakiasis
- capillariasis
- abdominal angiostrongyliasis
- 233 filarial and related infections
- 234 schistosomiasis and other trematode infections
- 235 cestode infections
- 230 introduction to helminthic infections
cardiovascular
]]
- section 1 introduction to cardiovascular disorders]]
- 236 approach to the patient with possible cardiovascular disease
- 237 basic biology of the cardiovascular system
- 238 epidemiology of cardiovascular disease
- section 2 diagnosis of cardiovascular disorders]]
- 239 physical examination of the cardiovascular system
- the general physical examination
- skin
- head and neck
- chest
- abdomen
- extremities
- cardiovascular examination
- cardiac auscultation
- heart sounds
- systolic sounds
- diastolic sounds
- cardiac murmurs
- diastolic murmurs
- continuous murmur
- dynamic auscultation
- prosthetic heart valves
- pericardial disease
- the general physical examination
- 240 electrocardiography
- 241 noninvasive cardiac imaging: echocardiography, nuclear cardiology, and magnetic resonance/computed tomography imaging
- principles of multimodality cardiac imaging
- echocardiography
- radionuclide imaging
- cardiac computed tomography
- cardiac magnetic resonance
- assessment of cardiac structure and function
- patient safety considerations
- patient-centered applications of cardiac imaging
- principles of multimodality cardiac imaging
- 242 diagnostic cardiac catheterization and coronary angiography
- 239 physical examination of the cardiovascular system
- section 3 disorders of rhythm]]
- 243 principles of clinical cardiac electrophysiology
- 244 the bradyarrhythmias: disorders of the sinoatrial node
- 245 the bradyarrhythmias: disorders of the atrioventricular node
- 246 approach to supraventricular tachyarrhythmias
- clinical presentation
- 247 physiologic and nonphysiologic sinus tachycardia
- 248 focal atrial tachycardia
- 249 paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias
- 250 common atrial flutter and macroreentrant and multifocal atrial tachycardias
- 251 atrial fibrillation
- 252 approach to ventricular arrhythmias
- 253 premature ventricular contractions, nonsustained ventricular tachycardia, and accelerated idioventricular rhythm
- premature ventricular contractions and non-sustained vt
- pvcs and nsvt during acute illness
- pvcs and nsvt in patients without heart disease
- treatment of idiopathic arrhythmias
- pvcs and nsvt associated with acute coronary syndromes
- pvcs and nsvt associated with depressed ventricular function and heart failure
- pvc and nsvt associated with other cardiac diseases
- pvc-induced ventricular dysfunction
- accelerated idioventricular rhythms
- future directions
- 254 sustained ventricular tachycardia
- diagnosis
- treatment and prognosis
- sustained monomorphic vt in specific diseases
- arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
- adult congenital heart disease
- bundle branch reentry vt
- idiopathic monomorphic vt
- management of idiopathic vt
- future directions
- 255 polymorphic ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation
- polymorphic ventricular tachycardia
- polymorphic vt associated with acute myocardial infarction/ischemia
- repolarization abnormalities and genetic arrhythmia syndromes
- future directions
- 256 electrical storm and incessant ventricular tachycardia
- section 4 disorders of the heart, muscles, valves, and pericardium]]
- 257 heart failure: pathophysiology and diagnosis
- 258 heart failure: management
- heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
- acute decompensated heart failure
- heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
- neurohormonal antagonism
- mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists
- raas therapy and neurohormonal “escape”
- alternative vasodilators
- novel neurohormonal antagonists
- heart rate modification
- sglt-2 inhibition
- soluble guanylyl cyclase stimulation
- myosin activation
- digoxin
- oral diuretics
- calcium channel antagonists
- anti-inflammatory therapy
- hmg-coa reductase inhibitors (Statins)
- anticoagulation and antiplatele ttherapy
- fish oil
- micronutrients
- enhanced external counterpulsation
- exercise
- management of selected comorbidity
- neuromodulation using device therapy
- cardiac contractility modulation
- cardiac resynchronization therapy
- sudden cardiac death prevention in heart failure
- surgical therapy in heart failure
- cellular and gene-based therapy
- disease management and supportive care
- global considerations
- 259 cardiomyopathy and myocarditis
- definition and classification
- general presentation
- dilated cardiomyopathy
- myocarditis
- infective myocarditis
- specific viruses implicated in myocarditis
- therapy of viral myocarditis
- other infectious causes
- noninfective myocarditis
- peripartum cardiomyopathy
- toxic cardiomyopathy
- metabolic causes of cardiomyopathy
- familial dilated cardiomyopathy
- takotsubo cardiomyopathy
- idiopathic dcm
- overlapping types of cardiomyopathy
- restrictive cardiomyopathy
- hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- global perspectives
- 260 cardiac transplantation and prolonged assisted circulation
- cardiac transplantation
- prolonged assisted circulation
- global considerations
- 261 aortic stenosis
- 262 aortic regurgitation
- 263 mitral stenosis
- 264 mitral regurgitation
- 265 mitral valve prolapse
- 266 tricuspid valve disease
- tricuspid stenosis
- tricuspid regurgitation
- 267 pulmonic valve disease
- pulmonic stenosis
- pulmonic regurgitation
- 268 multiple and mixed valvular heart disease
- 269 congenital heart disease in the adult
- prevalence
- the changing landscape of adult chd
- special considerations for the achdpatient
- congenital terminology, development, and genetics
- specific chd lesions
- dilated right heart
- atrial septal defect
- partial anomalous pulmonary venous return
- ebstein anomaly
- shunt lesions causing left heart dilation
- ventricular septal defects
- patent ductus arteriosus
- moderate and complex chd
- tetralogy of fallot
- transposition of the great arteries
- coarctation of the aorta
- single ventricle physiology
- unrepaired cyanotic chd
- global considerations
- 270 pericardial disease
- normal functions of the pericardium
- acute pericarditis
- cardiac tamponade
- viral or idiopathic acute pericarditis
- chronic pericardial effusions
- chronic constrictive pericarditis
- 271 atrial myxoma and other cardiac tumors
- primary tumors
- clinical presentation
- myxoma
- other benign tumors
- malignant tumors
- tumors metastatic to the heart
- 272 cardiac trauma
- section 5 coronary and peripheral vascular disease]]
- 273 ischemic heart disease
- 274 non-st-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (Non-st-segment elevation myocardial infarction and unstable angina)
- pathophysiology
- clinical presentation
- treatment
- long-term management
- prinzmetal’s variant angina
- global considerations
- 275 st-segment elevation myocardial infarction
- pathophysiology: role of acute plaque rupture
- clinical presentation
- laboratory findings
- electrocardiogram
- serum cardiac biomarkers
- cardiac imaging
- initial management
- management in the emergency department
- control of discomfort
- management strategies
- limitation of infarct size
- hospital phase management
- pharmacotherapy
- complications and their management
- 276 percutaneous coronary interventions and other interventional procedures
- 277 hypertension
- 278 renovascular disease
- 279 deep-venous thrombosis and pulmonary thromboembolism
- 280 diseases of the aorta
- 281 arterial diseases of the extremities
- peripheral artery disease
- fibromuscular dysplasia
- thromboangiitis obliterans
- vasculitis
- acute limb ischemia
- atheroembolism
- thoracic outlet compression syndrome
- popliteal artery entrapment
- popliteal artery aneurysm
- arteriovenous fistula
- raynaud’s phenomenon
- acrocyanosis
- livedo reticularis
- pernio (Chilblains)
- erythromelalgia
- frostbite
- 282 chronic venous disease and lymphedema
- chronic venous disease
- venous anatomy
- pathophysiology of chronic venous disease
- clinical presentation
- differential diagnosis
- classification of chronic venous disease
- diagnostic testing
- treatment
- lymphedema
- lymphatic anatomy
- etiology
- clinical presentation
- differential diagnosis
- diagnostic testing
- treatment
- 283 pulmonary hypertension
- pathobiology
- pathophysiology
- diagnosis
- pulmonary hypertension classification
- other disorders affecting the pulmonary vasculature
- pharmacologic treatment of pah
- approach to pah treatment
- [[unmet and future research needs in pulmonary hypertension
respiratory
]]
- section 1 diagnosis of respiratory disorders]]
- 284 approach to the patient with disease of the respiratory system
- 285 disturbances of respiratory function
- ventilation
- gas exchange
- pathophysiology
- ventilatory restriction due to increased elastic recoil—example: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
- ventilatory restriction due to chest wall abnormality—example: moderate obesity
- ventilatory restriction due to reduced muscle strength—example: myasthenia gravis
- airflow obstruction due to decreased airway diameter—example: acute asthma
- airflow obstruction due to decreased elastic recoil—example: severe emphysema
- functional measurements
- measurement of ventilatory function
- measurement of gas exchange
- arterial blood gases
- 286 diagnostic procedures in respiratory disease
- bedside pleural procedures
- thoracic surgical procedures
- bronchoscopy
- medical imaging
- chest x-ray
- computed tomography
- magnetic resonance imaging
- positron emission tomography
- artificial intelligence/deep learning
- transthoracic needle aspiration
- miscellaneous testing
- sputum testing
- exhaled breath condensate
- sweat testing
- allergy testing
- section 2 diseases of the respiratory system]]
- 287 asthma
- 288 hypersensitivity pneumonitis and pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophilia
- 289 occupational and environmental lung disease
- history and exposure assessment
- laboratory tests
- determinants of inhalational exposure
- occupational exposures and pulmonary disease
- asbestos-related diseases
- silicosis
- coal worker’s pneumoconiosis (Cwp)
- chronic beryllium disease
- other metals
- other inorganic dusts
- organic dusts
- toxic chemicals
- occupational respiratory carcinogens
- assessment of disability
- general environmental exposures
- outdoor air pollution
- indoor exposures
- 290 bronchiectasis
- 291 cystic fibrosis
- 292 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- pathogenesis
- pathophysiology
- risk factors
- natural history
- clinical presentation
- treatment
- 293 interstitial lung disease
- diagnostic approach
- history
- physical examination
- laboratory studies
- pulmonary function tests
- chest imaging studies
- lung biopsy
- individual forms of ild
- idiopathic interstitial pneumonias
- idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
- nonspecific interstitial pneumonia
- smoking-related ild
- cryptogenic organizing pneumonia
- acute or subacute iips
- ild associated with connective tissue disease
- systemic sclerosis
- rheumatoid arthritis
- dermatomyositis/polymyositis
- granulomatous ilds
- genetics and ild
- global considerations
- diagnostic approach
- 294 disorders of the pleura
- 295 disorders of the mediastinum
- 296 disorders of ventilation
- 297 sleep apnea
- 298 lung transplantation
- 299 interventional pulmonary medicine
- diagnostic bronchoscopy
- endobronchial ultrasound
- peripheral bronchoscopy
- therapeutic bronchoscopy
- central airway obstruction
- ablative therapies for cao
- bronchoplasty
- airway stenting
- endobronchial intratumoral chemotherapy
- ablative therapies for early-stage lung cancer
- bronchoscopic therapies for asthma
- bronchoscopic therapies for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- bronchoscopic lung volume reduction
- targeted lung denervation
- pleural interventions
- pneumothorax and persistent air leak
- [[summary
- diagnostic bronchoscopy
critical care
]]
- section 1 respiratory critical care]]
- 300 approach to the patient with critical illness
- assessment of illness severity
- shock
- respiratory failure
- care of the mechanically ventilated patient
- multiorgan system failure
- monitoring in the icu
- prevention of complications of critical illness
- sepsis in the critical care unit
- nosocomial infections in the icu
- deep-venous thrombosis (Dvt)
- stress ulcers
- nutrition and glycemic control
- icu-acquired weakness
- anemia
- acute kidney failure
- neurologic dysfunction in critically ill patients
- 301 acute respiratory distress syndrome
- etiology
- clinical course and pathophysiology
- treatment
- general principles
- management of mechanical ventilation
- other strategies in mechanical ventilation
- fluid management
- neuromuscular blockade
- glucocorticoids
- other therapies
- recommendations
- prognosis
- 302 mechanical ventilatory support
- 300 approach to the patient with critical illness
- section 2 shock and cardiac arrest]]
- 303 approach to the patient with shock
- 304 sepsis and septic shock
- 305 cardiogenic shock and pulmonary edema
- 306 cardiovascular collapse, cardiac arrest, and sudden cardiac death
- section 3 neurologic critical care]]
- 307 nervous system disorders in critical care
- pathophysiology
- approach to the patient
- critical care disorders of the cns
- treatment
- postcardiac bypass brain injury
- metabolic encephalopathies
- sepsis-associated encephalopathy
- osmotic demyelination syndrome (Central pontine myelinolysis)
- wernicke’s disease
- hyperperfusion disorders (Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome)
- post–solid organ transplant brain injury
- cns complications of checkpoint inhibitor and chimeric antigen receptor t-cell therapy
- [[critical care disorders of the peripheral nervous system
- 307 nervous system disorders in critical care
kidney and urinary
]]
- 308 approach to the patient with renal disease or urinary tract disease]]
- 309 cell biology and physiology of the kidney]]
- embryologic development
- determinants and regulation of glomerular filtration
- mechanisms of renal tubular transport
- loop of henle
- distal convoluted tubule
- collecting duct
- hormonal regulation of sodium and water balance
- 310 acute kidney injury]]
- 311 chronic kidney disease]]
- pathophysiology of ckd
- identification of risk factors and staging of ckd
- etiology and epidemiology
- pathophysiology and biochemistry of uremia
- clinical and laboratory manifestations of ckd and uremia
- evaluation and management ofpatients with ckd
- treatment
- implications for global health
- 312 dialysis in the treatment of kidney failure]]
- 313 transplantation in the treatment of renal failure]]
- 314 glomerular diseases]]
- pathogenesis of glomerular disease
- progression of glomerular disease
- approach to the patient
- renal pathology
- acute nephritic syndromes
- poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
- subacute bacterial endocarditis
- lupus nephritis
- antiglomerular basement membrane disease
- iga nephropathy
- anca small-vessel vasculitis
- granulomatosis with polyangiitis
- microscopic polyangiitis
- churg-strauss syndrome
- c3 glomerulopathies
- membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
- mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis
- nephrotic syndrome
- pulmonary-renal syndromes
- basement membrane syndromes
- anti-gbm disease
- alport’s syndrome
- thin basement membrane disease
- nail-patella syndrome
- glomerular-vascular syndromes
- atherosclerotic nephropathy
- hypertensive nephrosclerosis
- cholesterol emboli
- sickle cell disease
- thrombotic microangiopathies
- antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
- global considerations
- 315 polycystic kidney disease and other inherited disorders of tubule growth and development]]
- autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
- autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
- other diseases characterized bylarge kidney cysts
- other inherited diseases of tubulegrowth and development
- nephronophthisis
- karyomegalic tubulointerstitial nephritis
- medullary sponge kidney
- congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract
- mitochondrial disease
- diagnostic considertions
- global considerations
- 316 tubulointerstitial diseases of the kidney]]
- acute interstitial nephritis
- allergic interstitial nephritis
- sjögren’s syndrome
- tubulointerstitial nephritis with uveitis
- systemic lupus erythematosus
- granulomatous interstitial nephritis
- igg4-related systemic disease
- ain associated with the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors
- idiopathic ain
- infection-associated ain
- crystal deposition disorders and obstructive tubulopathies
- light chain cast nephropathy
- lymphomatous infiltration of the kidney
- chronic tubulointerstitial diseases
- vesicoureteral reflux and reflux nephropathy
- sickle cell nephropathy
- tubulointerstitial abnormalities associated with glomerulonephritis
- analgesic nephropathy
- aristolochic acid nephropathy
- karyomegalic interstitial nephritis
- lithium-associated nephropathy
- calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity
- heavy metal (Lead) Nephropathy
- metabolic disorders
- global perspective
- 317 vascular injury to the kidney]]
- thrombotic microangiopathy
- hemolytic-uremic syndrome/thromboticthrombocytopenic purpura
- hematopoietic stem cell transplantation–associated thrombotic microangiopathy
- hiv-related thrombotic microangiopathy
- radiation nephropathy
- scleroderma (Progressive systemic sclerosis)
- antiphospholipid syndrome
- hellp syndrome
- sickle cell nephropathy
- renal vein thrombosis
- 318 nephrolithiasis]]
- 319 urinary tract obstruction]]
- 320 interventional nephrology]]
- history
- physiology and pathophysiology of dialysis access
- arteriovenous grafts and fistulas
- [[approach to the patient
gastrointestinal
]]
- section 1 disorders of the alimentary tract]]
- 321 approach to the patient with gastrointestinal disease
- 322 gastrointestinal endoscopy
- endoscopic procedures
- risks of endoscopy
- urgent endoscopy
- elective endoscopy
- dyspepsia
- gastroesophageal reflux disease
- peptic ulcer
- nonulcer dyspepsia
- dysphagia
- endoscopic treatment of obesity
- treatment of malignancies
- anemia and occult blood in the stool
- colorectal cancer screening
- diarrhea
- minor hematochezia
- pancreatitis
- cancer staging
- open-access endoscopy
- 323 diseases of the esophagus
- esophageal structure and function
- symptoms of esophageal disease
- diagnostic studies
- endoscopy
- radiography
- endoscopic ultrasound
- esophageal manometry
- reflux testing
- structural disorders
- hiatal hernia
- rings and webs
- diverticula
- tumors
- congenital anomalies
- esophageal motility disorders
- gastroesophageal reflux disease
- infectious esophagitis
- candida esophagitis
- herpetic esophagitis
- cytomegalovirus
- mechanical trauma and iatrogenic injury
- esophageal manifestations of systemic disease
- 324 peptic ulcer disease and related disorders
- 325 disorders of absorption
- overview: nutrient digestionand absorption
- intestinal mucosal disorders
- short-bowel syndrome
- protein-losing enteropathy
- approach to the patient
- summary
- 326 inflammatory bowel disease
- global considerations: epidemiology
- global considerations: ibd phenotypes
- etiology and pathogenesis
- pathology
- clinical presentation
- ulcerative colitis
- crohn’s disease
- differential diagnosis of uc and cd
- infectious diseases
- noninfectious diseases
- the atypical colitides
- extraintestinal manifestations
- dermatologic
- rheumatologic
- ocular
- hepatobiliary
- urologic
- metabolic bone disorders
- thromboembolic disorders
- other disorders
- treatment
- 5-asa agents
- glucocorticoids
- antibiotics
- azathioprine and mercaptopurine
- methotrexate
- cyclosporine
- tacrolimus
- biologic therapies
- anti-integrins
- small molecules
- ozanimod
- nutritional therapies
- surgical therapy
- ibd and pregnancy
- cancer in ibd
- ulcerative colitis
- crohn’s disease
- management of dysplasia and cancer
- covid-19 and ibd
- 327 irritable bowel syndrome
- 328 diverticular disease and common anorectal disorders
- 329 mesenteric vascular insufficiency
- 330 acute intestinal obstruction
- 331 acute appendicitis and peritonitis
- section 2 nutrition]]
- 332 nutrient requirements and dietary assessment
- 333 vitamin and trace mineral deficiency and excess
- vitamins
- thiamine (Vitamin b1)
- riboflavin (Vitamin b2)
- niacin (Vitamin b3)
- pyridoxine (Vitamin b6)
- folate (Vitamin b12)
- vitamin c
- biotin
- pantothenic acid (Vitamin b5)
- choline
- flavonoids
- vitamin a
- vitamin d
- vitamin e
- vitamin k
- minerals
- 334 malnutrition and nutritional assessment
- 335 enteral and parenteral nutrition
- section 3 liver and biliary tract disease]]
- 336 approach to the patient with liver disease
- 337 evaluation of liver function
- serum bilirubin
- serum enzymes
- serum albumin
- serum globulins
- coagulation factors
- other diagnostic tests
- use of liver tests
- global considerations
- 338 the hyperbilirubinemias
- 339 acute viral hepatitis
- virology and etiology
- hepatitis a
- hepatitis b
- hepatitis d
- hepatitis c
- hepatitis e
- pathogenesis
- hepatitis b
- hepatitis c
- hepatitis a and e
- extrahepatic manifestations
- pathology
- epidemiology and global features
- hepatitis a
- hepatitis b
- hepatitis d
- hepatitis c
- hepatitis e
- clinical and laboratory features
- symptoms and signs
- laboratory features
- prognosis
- complications and sequelae
- differential diagnosis
- treatment
- prophylaxis
- hepatitis a
- hepatitis b
- hepatitis d
- hepatitis c
- hepatitis e
- virology and etiology
- 340 toxic and drug-induced hepatitis
- drug metabolism
- liver injury caused by drugs
- treatment: toxic and drug-induced hepatic disease
- acetaminophen hepatotoxicity (Direct toxin)
- isoniazid hepatotoxicity (Toxic and idiosyncratic reaction)
- sodium valproate hepatotoxicity (Toxic and idiosyncratic reaction)
- nitrofurantoin hepatotoxicity (Idiosyncratic reaction)
- amoxicillin-clavulanate hepatotoxicity (Idiosyncratic mixed reaction)
- amiodarone hepatotoxicity (Toxic and idiosyncratic reaction)
- anabolic steroids (Cholestatic reaction)
- trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole hepatotoxicity (Idiosyncratic reaction)
- hmg-coa reductase inhibitors (Statins) (Idiosyncratic mixed hepatocellular and cholestatic reaction)
- alternative and complementary medicines (Idiosyncratic hepatitis, steatosis)
- checkpoint inhibitor and other immunotherapies for cancer
- highly active antiretroviral therapy for hiv infection (Mitochondrial toxic, idiosyncratic, steatosis; hepatocellular,cholestatic, and mixed)
- 341 chronic hepatitis
- 342 alcohol-associated liver disease
- 343 nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- 344 cirrhosis and its complications
- alcohol-associated cirrhosis
- cirrhosis due to chronic viral hepatitis b or c
- cirrhosis from autoimmune hepatitis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
- biliary cirrhosis
- primary biliary cholangitis
- primary sclerosing cholangitis
- cardiac cirrhosis
- other types of cirrhosis
- major complications of cirrhosis
- portal hypertension
- portal hypertensive gastropathy
- splenomegaly and hypersplenism
- ascites
- spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
- hepatorenal syndrome
- hepatic encephalopathy
- liver-lung syndromes
- malnutrition in cirrhosis
- abnormalities in coagulation
- bone disease in cirrhosis
- hematologic abnormalities in cirrhosis
- 345 liver transplantation
- indications
- contraindications
- technical considerations
- postoperative course and management
- outcome
- 346 diseases of the gallbladder and bile ducts
- physiology of bile production and flow
- diseases of the gallbladder
- congenital anomalies
- gallstones
- acute and chronic cholecystitis
- the hyperplastic cholecystoses
- diseases of the bile ducts
- congenital anomalies
- choledocholithiasis
- trauma, strictures, and hemobilia
- extrinsic compression of the bile ducts
- hepatobiliary parasitism
- sclerosing cholangitis
- section 4 disorders of the pancreas]]
- 347 approach to the patient with pancreatic disease
- 348 acute and chronic pancreatitis
- biochemistry and physiology of pancreatic exocrine secretion
- acute pancreatitis
- general considerations
- etiology and pathogenesis
- activation of pancreatic enzymes in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis
- approach to the patient
- laboratory data
- diagnosis
- clinical course, definitions, and classifications
- acute pancreatitis management
- recurrent acute pancreatitis
- pancreatitis in patients with aids
- chronic pancreatitis and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
- other conditions
- annular pancreas
- pancreas divisum
- [[macroamylasemia
]]
- section 1 the immune system in health and disease]]
- 349 introduction to the immune system
- definitions
- introduction
- the innate immune system
- pattern recognition
- effector cells of innate immunity
- cytokines
- the adaptive immune system
- cellular interactions in regulation of normal immune responses
- immune tolerance and autoimmunity
- the cellular and molecular control of programmed cell death
- mechanisms of immune-mediated damage to microbes or host tissues
- clinical evaluation of immune function
- immunotherapy
- 350 mechanisms of regulation and dysregulation of the immune system
- 351 primary immune deficiency diseases
- diagnosis of primary immunodeficiencies
- primary immunodeficiencies of the innate immune system
- primary immunodeficiencies of the adaptive immune system
- t lymphocyte deficiencies
- severe combined immunodeficiencies
- thymic defects
- omenn syndrome
- functional t-cell defects
- t-cell primary immunodeficiencies with dna repair defects
- t-cell primary immunodeficiencies with hyper-ige
- autosomal dominant hyper-ige syndrome
- cartilage hair hypoplasia
- cd40 ligand and cd40 deficiencies
- wiskott-aldrich syndrome
- b lymphocyte deficiencies
- t lymphocyte deficiencies
- primary immunodeficiencies affecting regulatory pathways
- conclusion
- 349 introduction to the immune system
- section 2 disorders of immune-mediated injury]]
- 352 urticaria, angioedema, and allergic rhinitis
- 353 anaphylaxis
- 354 mastocytosis
- 355 autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases
- 356 systemic lupus erythematosus
- 357 antiphospholipid syndrome
- 358 rheumatoid arthritis
- introduction
- clinical features
- epidemiology
- genetic considerations
- environmental factors
- pathology
- pathogenesis
- diagnosis
- laboratory features
- clinical course
- treatment
- approach to the patient
- global challenges
- summary
- 359 acute rheumatic fever
- 360 systemic sclerosis (Scleroderma) And related disorders
- definition and classification
- incidence and prevalence
- genetic contribution to disease pathogenesis
- environmental and occupational exposures
- pathogenesis
- pathology
- clinical features
- organ involvement
- management of systemic sclerosis
- treatment
- course
- prognosis
- localized scleroderma
- mixed connective tissue disease
- eosinophilic fasciitis (Diffuse fasciitis with eosinophilia)
- 361 sjögren’s syndrome
- 362 spondyloarthritis
- 363 the vasculitis syndromes
- definition
- classification
- pathophysiology and pathogenesis
- approach to the patient
- granulomatosis with polyangiitis
- microscopic polyangiitis
- eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg-strauss)
- polyarteritis nodosa
- giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica
- takayasu arteritis
- iga vasculitis (Henoch-schönlein)
- cryoglobulinemic vasculitis
- single-organ vasculitis
- idiopathic cutaneous vasculitis
- primary central nervous system vasculitis
- behçet’s disease
- cogan’s syndrome
- kawasaki’s disease
- polyangiitis overlap syndromes
- secondary vasculitis
- 364 behçet syndrome
- diagnosis
- pathogenesis
- clinical presentation
- treatment
- 365 inflammatory myopathies
- 366 relapsing polychondritis
- 367 sarcoidosis
- definition
- etiology
- incidence, prevalence, and global impact
- pathophysiology and immunopathogenesis
- clinical manifestations
- lung
- skin
- eye
- liver
- bone marrow and spleen
- calcium metabolism
- renal disease
- nervous system
- cardiac
- musculoskeletal system
- other organ involvement
- complications
- laboratory findings
- diagnosis
- prognosis
- treatment
- 368 igg4-related disease
- 369 familial mediterranean fever and other hereditary autoinflammatory diseases
- background and pathophysiology
- acute attacks
- amyloidosis
- diagnosis
- treatment: familial mediterranean fever
- other hereditary recurrent fevers
- tnf receptor–associated periodic syndrome
- hyperimmunoglobulinemia d with periodic fever syndrome (Also known as mevalonate kinase deficiency)
- nlrp3-associated autoinflammatory disease (Also known as the cryopyrinopathies or cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes)
- periodic fever with aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and cervical adenitis
- other inherited autoinflammatory diseases
- [[global considerations
]]
- section 3 disorders of the joints and adjacent tissues]]
- 370 approach to articular and musculoskeletal disorders
- articular versus nonarticular
- inflammatory versus noninflammatory disorders
- rheumatologic evaluation of the elderly
- rheumatologic evaluation of the hospitalized patient
- physical examination
- approach to regional rheumatic complaints
- telehealth musculoskeletal evaluation
- laboratory investigations
- diagnostic imaging in joint diseases
- 371 osteoarthritis
- 372 gout and other crystal-associated arthropathies
- gout
- calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease
- calcium apatite deposition disease
- caox deposition disease
- 373 fibromyalgia
- 374 arthritis associated with systemic disease, and other arthritides
- 375 periarticular disorders of the extremities
- bursitis
- rotator cuff tendinitis and impingement syndrome
- calcific tendinitis
- bicipital tendinitis and rupture
- de quervain’s tenosynovitis
- patellar tendinitis
- drug-induced tendinopathies
- iliotibial band syndrome
- adhesive capsulitis
- lateral epicondylitis
- medial epicondylitis
- [[plantar fasciitis
- 370 approach to articular and musculoskeletal disorders
endocrinology
]]
- section 1 endocrinology]]
- 376 approach to the patient with endocrine disorders
- 377 mechanisms of hormone action
- 378 physiology of anterior pituitary hormones
- 379 hypopituitarism
- developmental causes of hypopituitarism
- hypothalamic endocrine dysfunction
- kallmann syndrome
- bardet-biedl syndrome
- leptin and leptin receptor mutations
- prader-willi syndrome
- acquired hypopituitarism
- hypothalamic infiltration disorders
- inflammatory lesions
- cranial irradiation
- lymphocytic hypophysitis
- immunotherapy and hypophysitis
- pituitary apoplexy
- empty sella
- presentation and diagnosis
- laboratory investigation
- treatment
- disorders of growth and development
- adult gh deficiency
- acth deficiency
- gonadotropin deficiency
- diabetes insipidus
- 380 pituitary tumor syndromes
- hypothalamic, pituitary, and other sellar masses
- evaluation of sellar masses
- sellar masses
- pituitary adenomas and hypersecretion syndromes
- hyperprolactinemia
- galactorrhea
- prolactinoma
- acromegaly
- cushing’s disease (Acth-producing adenoma)
- nonfunctioning and gonadotropin-producing pituitary adenomas
- tsh-secreting adenomas
- aggressive adenomas
- 381 disorders of the neurohypophysis
- 382 thyroid gland physiology and testing
- 383 hypothyroidism
- congenital hypothyroidism
- autoimmune hypothyroidism
- other causes of hypothyroidism
- treatment
- 384 hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis
- thyrotoxicosis
- graves’ disease
- other causes of thyrotoxicosis
- acute thyroiditis
- subacute thyroiditis
- silent thyroiditis
- drug-induced thyroiditis
- chronic thyroiditis
- sick euthyroid syndrome (Nonthyroidal illness)
- amiodarone effects on thyroid function
- 385 thyroid nodular disease and thyroid cancer
- goiter and thyroid nodular disease
- diffuse nontoxic (Simple) Goiter
- nontoxic multinodular goiter
- toxic multinodular goiter
- hyperfunctioning solitary nodule
- benign lesions
- thyroid cancer
- classification
- pathogenesis and genetic basis
- well-differentiated thyroid cancer
- anaplastic and other forms of thyroid cancer
- medullary thyroid carcinoma
- 386 disorders of the adrenal cortex
- adrenal anatomy and development
- regulatory control of steroidogenesis
- steroid hormone synthesis, metabolism, and action
- cushing’s syndrome
- mineralocorticoid excess
- approach to the patient: incidentally discovered adrenal mass
- adrenocortical carcinoma
- adrenal insufficiency
- congenital adrenal hyperplasia
- 387 pheochromocytoma
- 388 multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes
- 389 autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes
- section 2 sex- and gender-based medicine]]
- 390 sex development
- 391 disorders of the testes and male reproductive system
- development and structureof the testis
- normal male pubertal development
- regulation of testicular function
- clinical and laboratory evaluation of male reproductive function
- disorders of sexual differentiation
- disorders of puberty
- disorders of the male reproductive axis during adulthood
- gynecomastia
- aging-related changes in male reproductive function
- approach to the patient: androgen deficiency
- treatment: androgen deficiency
- approach to the patient: androgenic-anabolic steroids use
- 392 disorders of the female reproductive system
- 393 menstrual disorders and pelvic pain
- menstrual disorders
- definition and prevalence
- primary amenorrhea
- secondary amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea
- disorders of the uterus or outflow tract
- disorders of ovulation
- hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
- hypergonadotropic hypogonadism
- polycystic ovarian syndrome
- pelvic pain
- acute pelvic pain
- chronic pelvic pain
- 394 hirsutism
- 395 menopause and postmenopausal hormone therapy
- perimenopause
- physiology
- diagnostic tests
- symptoms
- treatment
- menopause and postmenopausal ht
- 396 infertility and contraception
- 397 sexual dysfunction
- male sexual dysfunction
- female sexual dysfunction
- 398 women’s health
- 399 men’s health
- 400 lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (Lgbt) Health
- section 3 obesity, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome]]
- 401 pathobiology of obesity
- definition of obesity and overweight
- epidemiology
- physiologic regulation of energy balance
- the physiology of nutrient storage in adipose tissue
- the causes of obesity: an interaction of genes and environment
- the relative roles of excess intake and lower energy expenditure in conferring biologic predisposition
- environmental factors predisposing to obesity
- why doesn’t leptin prevent obesity?
- single-gene disorders leading to obesity
- classical syndromic disorders
- disorders of leptin-melanocortin signaling
- genetic subtypes of obesity associated with neurobehavioral abnormalities
- obesity secondary to other disorders
- adverse consequences of obesity
- conclusion
- 402 evaluation and management of obesity
- 403 diabetes mellitus: diagnosis, classification, and pathophysiology
- 404 diabetes mellitus: management and therapies
- overall goals
- ongoing aspects of comprehensive diabetes care
- pharmacologic treatment of diabetes
- establishment of target level ofglycemic control
- type 1 diabetes mellitus
- type 2 diabetes mellitus
- other therapies for diabetes
- emerging therapies
- adverse effects of therapy for dm
- acute disorders related to severe hyperglycemia
- diabetic ketoacidosis
- hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state
- management of diabetes in a hospitalized patient
- special considerations in dm
- 405 diabetes mellitus: complications
- glycemic control and complications
- mechanisms of complications
- ophthalmologic complications of diabetes mellitus
- renal complications of diabetes mellitus
- neuropathy and diabetes mellitus
- gastrointestinal/genitourinary dysfunction
- cardiovascular morbidity and mortality
- lower extremity complications
- infections
- dermatologic manifestations
- 406 hypoglycemia
- 407 disorders of lipoprotein metabolism
- lipoprotein structureand metabolism
- screening
- disorders associated with elevated apob-containing lipoproteins
- disorders associated with reduced apob-containing lipoproteins
- disorders associated with reduced high-density lipoproteins
- approach to the patient
- treatment: severe hypertriglyceridemia
- treatment: hypercholesterolemia (Elevated ldl-cwith or without elevated tg)
- 408 the metabolic syndrome
- 401 pathobiology of obesity
- section 4 disorders of bone and mineral metabolism]]
- 409 bone and mineral metabolism in health and disease
- bone structure and metabolism
- calcium metabolism
- phosphorus metabolism
- magnesium metabolism
- vitamin d
- 410 disorders of the parathyroid gland and calcium homeostasis
- introduction
- pth
- pthrp
- calcitonin
- hypercalcemia
- introduction
- primary hyperparathyroidism
- other parathyroid causes of hypercalcemia
- genetic disorders causing hyperparathyroidism-like syndromes
- malignancy-related hypercalcemia
- vitamin d–related hypercalcemia
- high-bone-turnover states
- renal failure–associated hypercalcemia
- other causes of hypercalcemia
- differential diagnosis of hypercalcemia
- treatment
- hypocalcemia
- 411 osteoporosis
- definition
- epidemiology
- pathophysiology
- bone remodeling
- calcium nutrition
- vitamin d
- estrogen status
- physical activity
- chronic diseases
- medications
- smoking
- other potential factors
- diagnosis
- approach to the patient
- treatment
- glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis
- 412 paget’s disease and other dysplasias of bone
- paget’s disease of bone
- sclerosing bone disorders
- osteopetrosis
- pyknodysostosis
- progressive diaphyseal dysplasia
- hyperostosis corticalis generalisata
- melorheostosis
- osteopoikilosis
- hepatitis c–associated osteosclerosis
- disorders associated with defective mineralization
- fibrous dysplasia and mccune-albright syndrome
- other dysplasias of bone and cartilage
- pachydermoperiostosis
- osteochondrodysplasias
- extraskeletal (Ectopic) Calcification and ossification
- 409 bone and mineral metabolism in health and disease
- section 5 disorders of intermediary metabolism]]
- 413 heritable disorders of connective tissue
- 414 hemochromatosis
- 415 wilson’s disease
- history of wilson’s disease
- phenotypes
- clinical
- biochemical
- molecular
- diagnosis
- treatment
- future outlook
- 416 the porphyrias
- the porphyrias: introduction
- global considerations
- heme biosynthesis
- regulation of heme biosynthesis
- classification of the porphyrias
- diagnosis of porphyria
- the hepatic porphyrias
- the erythropoietic porphyrias
- x-linked sideroblastic anemia
- congenital erythropoietic porphyria
- erythropoietic protoporphyria
- 417 disorders of purine and pyrimidine metabolism
- 418 lysosomal storage diseases
- pathogenesis
- selected disorders
- tay-sachs disease
- fabry disease
- gaucher disease
- niemann-pick diseases
- mucopolysaccharidoses
- pompe disease
- lysosomal acid lipase deficiency
- krabbe disease
- 419 glycogen storage diseases and other inherited disorders of carbohydrate metabolism
- selected liver glycogenoses
- disorders with hepatomegaly and hypoglycemia
- type i gsd (Glucose-6-phosphatase or translocase deficiency, von gierke disease)
- type iii gsd (Debrancher deficiency, limit dextrinosis)
- type ix gsd (Liver phosphorylase kinase deficiency)
- type iv gsd (Branching enzyme deficiency, amylopectinosis,polyglucosan disease, or andersen disease)
- other liver glycogenoses with hepatomegaly and hypoglycemia
- disorders with hepatomegaly and hypoglycemia
- selected muscle glycogenoses
- selected disorders of galactose metabolism
- selected disorders of fructose metabolism
- global considerations
- selected liver glycogenoses
- 420 inherited disorders of amino acid metabolism in adults
- 421 inherited defects of membrane transport
neurology
]]
- section 1 diagnosis of neurologic disorders]]
- 422 approach to the patient with neurologic disease
- 423 neuroimaging in neurologic disorders
- computed tomography
- magnetic resonance imaging
- magnetic resonance angiography
- echo-planar mri
- arterial spin labeling
- magnetic resonance neurography
- positron emission tomography
- myelography
- spine interventions
- angiography
- interventional neuroradiology
- 424 pathobiology of neurologic diseases
- neuroimmunology and neuroinflammation
- lymphatics of the central nervous system
- microbiota and neurologic disease
- pathologic proteins, prions, and neurodegeneration
- protein aggregation and cell death
- prions and neurodegenerative diseases
- neural stem cell biology
- organoids
- brain development and developmental disorders: microcephaly and lissencephaly
- acquired neurodevelopmental disorders: zika
- neurodevelopmental disorders: autism and schizophrenia
- alzheimer’s disease
- cell type disorders: als and huntington’s disease
- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- huntington’s disease
- [[future perspectives
poisoning, drug
]]
- 458 heavy metal poisoning]]
- 459 poisoning and drug overdose]]
- 460 disorders caused by venomous snakebites and marine animal exposures]]
- venomous snakebite
- marine envenomations
- invertebrates
- cnidarians
- sea sponges
- annelid worms
- sea urchins
- starfish
- sea cucumbers
- cone snails
- octopuses
- vertebrates
- stingrays
- stonefish
- lionfish
- platypuses
- treatment
- approach to the patient
- sources of antivenoms and other assistance
- marine poisonings
- histamine (Scombroid) Fish poisoning
- ciguatera
- paralytic shellfish poisoning
- amnesic shellfish poisoning
- diarrhetic shellfish poisoning
- 461 ectoparasite infestations and arthropod injuries]]
- scabies
- chiggers and other biting mites
- tick bites and tick paralysis
- louse infestation (Pediculiasis and pthiriasis)
- myiasis (Fly infestation)
- pentastomiasis
- leech infestations
- spider bites
- scorpion stings
- hymenoptera stings
- bee and wasp stings
- stinging ants
- dipteran (Fly and mosquito) Bites
- flea bites
- hemipteran/heteropteran (True bug) Bites
- centipede bites and millipede dermatitis
- caterpillar stings and dermatitis
- beetle vesication and dermatitis
- [[delusional infestations
environmental disorders
]]
- 462 altitude illness]]
- 463 hyperbaric and diving medicine]]
- what is hyperbaricand diving medicine?
- mechanisms of hyperbaric oxygen
- adverse effects of therapy
- contraindications to hyperbaric oxygen
- indications for hyperbaric oxygen
- late radiation tissue injury
- selected problem wounds
- carbon monoxide poisoning
- current controversies in hyperbaric medicine
- diving medicine
- introduction
- breathing equipment
- suitability for diving
- barotrauma
- decompression sickness
- treatment
- 464 hypothermia and peripheral cold injuries]]
- hypothermia
- causes
- thermoregulation
- clinical presentation
- diagnosis and stabilization
- rewarming strategies
- treatment
- frostbite
- clinical presentation
- treatment
- hypothermia
- 465 heat-related illnesses]]
medical genetics
]]
- 466 principles of human genetics]]
- 467 the practice of genetics in clinical medicine]]
- applications of molecular genetics in clinical medicine
- common adult-onset genetic disorders
- inheritance patterns
- family history
- genetic testing for adult-onset disorders
- methodologic approaches to genetic testing
- direct-to-consumer genetic testing
- informed consent
- follow-up care after testing
- therapeutic interventions based on genetic risk for disease
- 468 mitochondrial dna and heritable traits and diseases]]
- mitochondrial dna structure and function
- mitochondrial dna disease
- impact of homoplasmic sequence variation on heritable traits and disease
- impact of acquired somatic mtdna mutation on human health and disease
- prospects for clinical management of mtdna disease
- genetic counseling, prenatal diagnosis, and pgd in mtdna disorders
- 469 telomere disease]]
- 470 gene- and cell-based therapy in clinical medicine]]
- gene transfer for genetic disease
- long-term expression in genetic disease: in vivo gene transfer with recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors
- first licensed product
- retinal gene therapy
- spinal muscular atrophy type 1
- gene therapy for cancer
- summary
- 471 the human microbiome]]
global medicine
]]
- 472 global issues in medicine]]
- 473 emerging and reemerging infectious diseases]]
- the concept of emerging infectious diseases
- examples of emerging infectious diseases
- west nile virus
- dengue virus
- ebola and marburg viruses
- zika virus
- sars-cov-2
- poliovirus
- measles virus
- control of emerging infectious diseases
- 474 primary care and global health]]
- 475 health effects of climate change]]
aging
]]
- 476 biology of aging]]
- aging
- evolutionary theories of aging
- the hallmarks of aging
- genomic instability
- telomere attrition
- epigenetic alterations
- loss of proteostasis
- deregulated nutrient sensing
- mitochondrial dysfunction
- cellular senescence
- stem cell exhaustion
- altered intracellular communication and inflammation
- geroscience and the relationship between aging and disease
- strategies that increase health span and delay aging
- caloric restriction
- periodic fasting
- pharmacologic interventions to delay aging and increase life span
- exercise and physical activity
- hormesis
- conclusions
- 477 caring for the geriatric patient]]
- aging and geriatric care
- fundamentals of geriatric care
- treatment of common diseases in the geriatric population
- geriatric syndromes and conditions
- [[end-of-life and palliative care
consultative medicine
]]
- 478 approach to medical consultation]]
- 479 medical disorders during pregnancy]]
- hypertension
- preeclampsia
- gestational hypertension
- treatment
- chronic hypertension
- renal disease
- cardiac disease
- valvular heart disease
- congenital heart disease
- aortopathy
- cardiac complications in pregnancy
- endocrine and metabolic disorders
- hematologic disorders
- neurologic disorders
- gastrointestinal and liver disease
- infections
- bacterial infections
- viral infections
- vaccinations
- maternal mortality
- summary
- hypertension
- 480 medical evaluation of the surgical patient]]
frontiers
]]
- 481 behavioral economics and health]]
- 482 complementary and integrative therapies and practices]]
- definitions and scope
- patterns of use
- categories of complementary and integrative health therapies and practices based on primary therapeutic input
- multimodal therapies and systems
- naturopathy
- chiropractic
- osteopathic medicine
- homeopathy
- research challenges
- therapeutic output—systems impacted and challenges of mechanistic research
- patient and provider resources
- summary
- 483 the role of epigenetics in disease and treatment]]
- 484 applications of stem cell biology in clinical medicine]]
- general strategies for stem cell replacement
- sources of stem cells for tissue repair
- embryonic stem cells
- induced pluripotent stem cells
- umbilical-cord stem cells
- organ-specific multipotent stem cells
- disease-specific applications of stem cells
- ethical issues
- 485 the role of circadian biology in health and disease]]
- 486 network medicine: systems biology in health and disease]]
- 487 emerging neurotherapeutic technologies]]
- 488 machine learning and augmented intelligence in clinical medicine]]
- 489 metabolomics]]
- 490 circulating nucleic acids as liquid biopsies and noninvasive disease biomarkers
- cell-free dna in oncology
- cell-free dna in transplantation
- cell-free dna in prenatal medicine
- noninvasive prenatal testing for fetal aneuploidy
- noninvasive prenatal screening versus noninvasive prenatal diagnosis versus noninvasive prenatal testing
- dependence on fetal fraction
- nipt in multiple gestations
- nipt for fetal microdeletion/duplication syndromes
- whole genome nipt and single-gene disorders
- nipt using cell-free rna
- nipt detecting maternal malignancy
- beyond next-generation sequencing
- summary
- 491 protein folding disorders
- protein quality control mechanisms
- cell stress responses: sensors and regulators of protein damage
- organismal proteostasis in aging and disease
- properties of protein folding diseases
- disorders that enhance misfolding and cause premature degradation (Cystic fibrosis)
- disorders that induce toxic aggregates and loss of function (Aat deficiency)
- interactions with pn components that change conformation, stability, or function (Cancer)
- strongly enhanced aggregation propensity and amyloid formation (Alzheimer’s disease, parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, huntington’s disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus)
- secreted aggregated and amyloid species causing systemic amyloidosis
- native proteins prone to aggregate when the cellular environment is altered by stress and aging
- infectious diseases and imbalanced cell stress responses in aging
- 492 novel approaches to diseases of unknown etiology